Frontispiece |
Satellite imagery shows overgrazing in the Sahel
|
2.1 |
Erosion damage from abnormal storms, Queensland, Australia |
2.2 |
Erosion damage from abnormal storms, Queensland, Australia |
2.3 |
Wind erosion on an irrigation project, USA |
2.4 |
Severe geological erosion in a semi-arid climate |
4.1 |
An erodible soil devastated by water erosion in Mexico |
4.2 |
An example of expensive gully control, Australia |
4.3 |
A self-help group in Kenya |
4.4 |
The single-ox harness and hitch being developed at ILCA |
4.5 |
Level irrigation terraces in Bhutan |
4.6 |
Bench terraces in the Yemen Arab Republic |
4.7 |
Step terraces |
4.8 |
Fanya juu terrace in Kenya |
4.9 |
Vegetation planted on a fanya juu terrace |
4.10 |
Murundum terrace in Brazil |
4.11 |
Contour bund |
4.12 |
Graded channel terraces |
4.13 |
Ridging |
4.14 |
Tied ridging |
4.15 |
Orchard terracing |
4.16 |
Hillside ditch with lock and spill drain |
4.17 |
Long-established terraces in Ethiopia |
4.18 |
Old terraces in the Yemen Arab Republic |
4.19 |
Overtopping one contour bank can cause the others to fail |
4.20 |
Simple stop-wash lines in Ethiopia |
4.21 |
Grass strips, Swaziland |
4.22 |
Grass strips do not eliminate erosion on steep land,
Swaziland |
4.23 |
Live hedge in Kenya |
4.24 |
A vegetative barrier, southern Mali |
4.25 |
Grass strips can provide fodder, in Kenya, and in Brazil |
4.26 |
Stone lines on the contour, Burkina Faso |
4.27 |
Improved grass near stone lines, Mali |
4.28 |
Stone lines on an eroded cattle track, Kenya |
4.29 |
A stone barrier across a small wash, Mali |
5.1 |
Broad bed and furrow system layout, ICRISAT, India |
5.2 |
Cross-section of broad bed and furrow |
5.3 |
A tool carrier for forming and cultivating beds, ICRISAT |
5.4 |
An ox-drawn ridger at ILCA in Ethiopia |
5.5 |
Run-off and erosion on a vertisol in India |
5.6 |
Wide beds with open furrows in Ethiopia |
5.7 |
Trials at ICRISAT of a 3-row planter on broad beds |
5.8 |
Experiments with 'tied-mounding', Burkina Faso |
5.9 |
Basin listing for wheat production in Israel |
5.10 |
Lifting the ridger by hand, Malawi |
5.11 |
The ridger lifted by an eccentric wheel |
5.12 |
Ridges and ties from crop residues and roots, Ethiopia |
5.13 |
Contour bunds with ties, Ethiopia |
5.14 |
Contour bunds give increased grass growth, Ethiopia |
5.15 |
Pits used to increase surface water retention on a tea
estate in Malawi |
5.16 |
Contour furrows in north-eastern Brazil |
5.17 |
Contour furrows in Kitui Province, Kenya |
5.18 |
Animal-drawn ridger to form contour ridges |
5.19 |
A tractor-drawn ridger-blade |
5.20 |
Field trials of contour ridges and furrows, Mexico |
5.21 |
Terraced wadis, Tunisia |
5.22 |
Ancient terraced wadis now abandoned, Negev, Israel |
5.23 |
Ancient terraced wadis, some being cultivated by Bedouins |
5.24 |
Run-off farming in the Negev, Israel |
5.25 |
Shaped gravel strips increase run-off, Negev, Israel |
5.26 |
Run-off farming on terraced fields in Afghanistan |
5.27 |
Run-off farming for olive groves, Tunisia |
5.28 |
An oasis in the Hunza valley, northern Pakistan |
5.29 |
The supply canals or 'khuls' cross steep slopes |
5.30 |
Terraced cultivation using run-off, Yemen Arab Republic |
5.31 |
Run-off farming in the Yemen Arab Republic |
5.32 |
Flood diversion structure, Yemen Arab Republic |
5.33 |
Floodwater control structure, Mali |
5:34 |
Inundation of an olive orchard, Tunisia |
5.35 |
Flood diversion structures, Tigre, Ethiopia |
5.36 |
Feeder canal in flood diversion scheme, Tigre; Ethiopia |
5.37 |
Traditional surface drains cut through modern terraces,
Ethiopia |
6.1 |
Water harvesting from a granite outcrop, Kenya |
6.2 |
Roaded catchments, shaping the soil surface, Australia |
6.3 |
Smoothing and compacting the 'roads', Australia |
6.4 |
Erosion can be a problem on the 'roads' |
6.5 |
Two different layouts of roaded catchments, Western
Australia |
6.6 |
Flat-batter dams, Western Australia |
6.7 |
A simple sand trap weir, Zimbabwe |
6.8 |
A large sediment trapping dam, Republic of South Africa |
6.9 |
The 'sausage' method of constructing water storage tanks |
7.1 |
Reduced vegetation from overgrazing, Zimbabwe |
7.2 |
Satellite imagery showing overgrazing, Namibia |
7.3 |
Spreading floodwater to improve pasture, Australia |
7.4 |
Pasture furrows to spread surface run-off, Australia |
7.5 |
Marking out semi-circular hoops, Burkina Faso |
7.6 |
Building the low stone wall, Burkina Faso |
7.7 |
The opposed disc pitter, Western Australia |
7.8 |
Opposed discs with ripper and grass seeder, Western
Australia |
7.9 |
Pits and furrows formed by machine, Western Australia |
7.10 |
Range pitting, New South Wales, Australia |
7.11 |
A spiked roller for range improvement, Western Australia |
7.12 |
The imprinter for corrugating range land, New South Wales,
Australia |
7.13 |
The effect of excluding grazing, Ethiopia |
7.14 |
Restoration of grazing land, India |
7.15 |
A roller chopper to control shrubs, New South Wales,
Australia |
7.16 |
Staggered furrows to increase infiltration, Northern
Territory, Australia |
7.17 |
Ponding banks to leach salinity, New South Wales,
Australia |
7.18 |
Spirals of furrows to increase infiltration, Northern
Territory, Australia |
7.19 |
Grass seeded in pits, Northern Territory, Australia |
7.20 |
Microcatchments for growing fruit trees |
7.21 |
Half-moons for tree planting in Niger |
7.22 |
Grass between rows of leucaena, India |
7.23 |
Double rows of leucaena for mulch or fodder with space for
arable crops, India |