Section 2. Summary of the Survey Returns

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

I. Background

Fisheries plays an important role in national economy and well-being of the people. The national fisheries policy gives importance to aquaculture, and investment to aquaculture has been increased. Total aquaculture production in 1995 was estimated at 700,000 tons from 64,000 ha.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

The Aquaculture Department of the Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for formulating and implementing the national aquaculture development plans.

Aquaculture Development Objectives	Priority Areas
Seed production (shellfish, echinoderms, crustaceans)	Breeding technology Improved rate of spawning and fertilization Technology for water and environmental management
Introduction of mariculture technology	Technology for oyster, abalone and shellfish culture
Modernization of culture facilities	Modernization of hatcheries Improvement of aquaculture equipment Improved water monitoring methods, including remote monitoring
Stock enhancement through intensive release of fish seed	Hatchery construction & increased production of seed Stock enhancement
Introduction of culture species with short production cycle and high productivity	Identification, research on suitable native species Introduction of superior foreign species
Culture of cold water species and mountain aquaculture	Identification, research on appropriate cold water species, e.g., trout

II. 2 Processes followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

No information was provided.

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Action plans	Resulting Changes	Issues	Required Actions
Seed production of shellfish, echinoderm, crustacean	Industrialization and automation of seed production Secure seed supply	Need to introduce modern science and technology for seed production	International cooperation and assistance in training and information exchange, particularly with NACA
Introduction of culture technologies for three important species	Availability of new productive species for culture	Lack of culture technology for three important marine species	Training and study tours through NACA program
Improvement of culture facilities and modernization of mariculture	Modernization of culture facilities Implementation of environmental monitoring methods	none	none

(Table continues)

Action plans

Resulting Changes

Issues

Required Actions

Introduction of new fish species

Introduction of productive species that require less strict feeds and feeding
Introduction of cold fresh water species

Lack of information on the species that can be fed on a variety of feeds and cold fresh water species

Cooperation with NACA

Intensive production and release of fry

Guaranteed & increased seed production

Access to technology

II. 4 Issues and needs in formulating and implementing national aquaculture development plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Actions required
Administrative and institutional aspects	none
Legal	none
Information	Difficulty in obtaining technical documents		Assistance in cooperation with other organizations and obtaining technical information Assistance from NACA
Technical Aspects	Lack of technical documents and aquaculture guidelines in all aspects		Assistance from NACA
Human resources	none		Training (in-country and overseas)
Physical Environment	none
Socio-economic Aspects	none
Others	none

It was noted that DPRK has no critical issues or problems in aquaculture development.

III. Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Objectives and Priorities of aquaculture development research

The functions of research sector are to provide scientific and technical support and guidance in support of the national fisheries policies. The overall aquaculture research objective is to develop technology for seed production and mariculture. Specific objectives are:

to improve skills of technical staff
to increase understanding of biology of the target species
to develop culture technologies, including technologies for seed and feed production
to improve quality and quantity of seeds
to improve management standards for seed production

Priority Research Areas	Research programs	Duration From/To	Implementing Organisation	Budget (N. Korean Won)
Seaweeds	Production of quality, both taste and nutritional contents, sea weeds Development of new strain that is resistant or tolerant of warm/high water temperature	1998- 1996-	East Seaside Aquaculture Institute	60,000 40,000
Breeding & hatchery technologies for three target species	Research on genetics Identification and mass production of natural organisms to feed larvae of the cultivated species Research on breeding and production	1996- 1998- 1996-	West Seaside aquaculture Institute	140,000 60,000
Coastal aquaculture	Improvement of natural habitats and breeding grounds for fries and seeds Identification of suitable culture species Research on breeding & stock enhancement	1996- 1996- 1998-	East/West Seaside Aquaculture Institute	50,000 100,000 100,000
Mariculture	Research on improved culture technology for three target species Technologies for intensive culture	1996- 1998-	East/West Seaside Aquaculture Institute	100,000 100,000
Inland aquaculture	Assessment of aquaculture potentials of inland waters Biology and population dynamics of target species in lakes and reservoirs	1996-	Fish Farming Institute	90,000 60,000
Intensification of aquaculture	Research on biology of target species Standards for water management	1996- 1996-	Fish Farming Institute	40,000 60,000

III. 2 Processes and criteria used in formulating aquaculture development research plan and priorities.

The Korea Academy of Fisheries under the Korea State Academy is responsible for planning and coordinating national aquaculture development research programs.

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

Aquaculture research organisations and their programme competence

Name of research institution	Affiliation	Programme competence
Korea Academy of Fisheries	Korea State Academy	Co-ordination of aquaculture research; Dissemination of research outputs; Technical exchange with international organisations
East Coast Aquaculture Institute	Korea State Academy	All aspects of coastal aquaculture and resource conservation
West Coast Aquaculture Institute	Korea State Academy	All aspects of coastal aquaculture and resource conservation
Fish Farming Institute	Korea State Academy	All aspects of fishfarming

National Aquaculture Research Capacity

Aquaculture Development Priority	Priority Research Needs	Adequacy of Research Facil. No. staff Skills
Seed production for three target	Technology for breeding and genetic research	4	4	4
species (shellfish, echinoderms	Modernization of breeding facilities	3	4	4
and crustaceans)	Prevention and control of diseases and improved hatchery management	2	4	3
Culture technology for	Cell biology and genetics	3	4	4
three target species	Improved production technology	3	4	2
Modernization of mariculture facilities	Modernization of hatchery facilities and standardization of hatchery management methods	3	4	3
	Implementation of environmental monitoring	2	4	4
Promotion of species that require less strict feeds and are	Selection and introduction of species that require less strict feeds and feeding	3	3	3
cold water tolerant	Select and introduce species suitable for cold water	4	4	3
Secure seed supply, both in	Improved quality and quantity of hatchery facilities	3	4	4
quantity and quality	Industrialization of seed production	2	4	3

Note: 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programmes of Aquaculture Research Organisations

No information was provided.

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilisation of Research Outputs

Target groups	Main Dissemination Methods
Policy planners	Reports
Administrator, managers and agency	Reports
Fishfarming community	Technical manuals, guidelines
Private sector and supporting industries	Reports and analysis of data
Research community	Technical documents
Extension Community
Public at large

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research Programs

Category	Issues	Constraints	Actions Needed
Administrative and institutional aspects	none	none	none
Legal aspects	none	none	none
Information	Inadequate information exchange and sharing	Lack of efforts to contact regional and international programs and services	Closer co-operation with NACA
Category	Issues	Constraints	Actions Needed
Human resources & research competence	Shortage of physiological experts		In-country and international training Participation in regional programs, e.g. NACA
Research facilities	Lack of special equipment, e.g., electron microscope	Insufficient funds	More national and international supports
Research environment	none	none	none

VI. List of Ongoing Projects of Aquaculture Development Agency

No information was provided.

V. List of Ongoing Projects of Aquaculture Research Organizations

No information was provided.

VI. List of Research Organizations Responding to the Survey.

None

Hong Kong China

I. Background

Aquaculture in Hong Kong contributes significantly towards meeting domestic demand for live fish. In 1995, pond fish culture production represented about 11 percent of consumption of freshwater fish while marine fish culture contributed 20 percent of total marine live fish consumption.

The 1995 aquaculture statistics shows that production from aquaculture was 8270 mt from a total production area of 1398 hectares. (This does not include area under oyster culture.) Production was valued at HK$ 298 million. The sector also directly employs 6350 people. In 1993, the contribution of aquaculture and the fishery sector to GDP was 0.2%.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Aquaculture Development Objectives	Aquaculture Development Priorities
To increase productivity	Water quality management Fish health management Improvement of culture environment Better and more efficient feed Supply of healthy fry
To find new culture sites	Culture in exposed waters
To reduce market competition	Alternative species for culture

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

Processes	Criteria	Participants
Consultative process Local initiatives (fishfarmers report problems)	Importance of the problem/issue Availability of expertise and resources Farmers’ needs	AFD staff (sets priorities and action plans; implements plans) Fishfarmers (reports problems and areas for development, collaborates in field trials, provides feedback) Other government departments (interaction with other issues, provides assistance) Environmentalists (offers observations and criticisms on environmental impact) Tertiary institutes (academic and applied research)

The Agriculture and Fisheries Department (AFD) is the agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans Main cultured species

Species	Common Name	Production (tonnes)	Value (US$ x1000s)	Culture System
Fresh water pond fish culture Channa maculatus Clarias fuscus Lates calcarifer Ctenopharyngodon idella Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cyprinus carpio Carassius auratus Mugil cephalus Oreochromis niloticus/ mossambicus	Snakehead Catfish Sea bass Grass carp Bighead carp Silver carp Common carp Edible goldfish Grey mullet Tilapia	310 120 - 860 1,220 490 920 - 605 1,195	1,133 342 - 1,433 2,080 471 1,427 - 1,606 1,195	Pond, monoculture Pond, monoculture - Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture Pond, polyculture
Marine fish culture Epinephelus tauvina Epinephelus areolatus Epinephelus akaara Mylio latus Rhabdosargus sarba Chrysophrys major Lutjanus russelli Lates calcarifer Seriola purpurascens	Green grouper Spotted grouper Red grouper Yellow finned seabream Goldlined seabream Red pargo Russels snapper Seabass Amberjack	199 500 166 130 830 80 227 324 167	2,190 4,237 2,266 1,541 5,091 539 1,874 2,876 1,207	Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages Floating netcages
Oyster culture Crassostrea gigas	Oyster	805	811	Bottom/raft culture

Action plans and objectives of the national aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Improvement of culture conditions	To increase water circulation To reduce raft density To reduce self-pollution	Fishfarmers Administrators	Improved culture conditions
Development and extension of better feed	To reduce self-pollution To provide balanced diet To increase feed efficiency	Fishfarmers Administrators	Improved feed for major cultured species
Fish disease and fish health management	To diagnose disease To find preventive and control measures	Fishfarmers Extension staff	Reduced disease outbreak
Fish culture in exposed waters	To find new culture sites To improve conditions in sheltered fish culture zones	Fishfarmers Administrators	Better fish culture environment
Alternative species for culture (note: this is yet in the planning stage)	To reduce market competition Possibly undertake integrated farming to improve environment	Fishfarmers	Better productivity Better returns

Changes and emerging issues resulting from implementation of the aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Changes or effects	Issues	Actions required
Improvement of culture conditions	Significant improvement of culture conditions in the expanded zones	Mariculturists’ demand to expand to other zones	Set criteria for zone expansion to avoid conflicts with other users
Development and extension of better feed	Adoption by fishfarmers of moist pellet feed	Problems with transportation and delivery (fishfarmers try to make it themselves)	Assist and facilitate local manufacture of pellet machine Secure supply of good quality feed ingredients Extension of the importance of fish meal quality
Fish disease and fish health management	Positive response of fishfarmers to need for reports on fish disease incidence for proper diagnosis	Lack of ready cure for diseases Non-reporting of diseases after disappointment due to lack of ready cure	Active monitoring of fish disease situation
Fish culture in exposed waters	Cage culture in exposed waters found technically feasible (leads to faster growth of fish)	Poaching problem	Ensure security Increase operational size to as to economize on security costs

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of support for aquaculture	Bad image of aquaculture (portrayed by environmentalists as "serious polluter")	Promotion of environmentally sound practices & increase public awareness on such practices
Legal aspects	Overlapping jurisdiction	Aquaculture zone and its control given to AFD and water quality standards to another department (EID)	Negotiation re water quality standards Press for mixing zone concept
Information	Lack of appropriate information delivery methods and mechanisms	Reluctance of fishfarmers to attend seminars, training classes, etc.	Farm visits On-site demonstrations Farm trials in collaboration with progressive farmers
Human resources	Lack of skilled personnel in fish disease diagnosis	Lack of training and expertise particularly for marine finfish disease	Appropriate training in suitable institutions (assistance from NACA needed)
Technical aspects	Lack of guidelines on fish disease treatment and prevention	Lack of research support in this area	Assistance from NACA-OIE program
Physical and environment aspects	Shortage of suitable sites for aquaculture Pollution	Limited land and water space	Improvement of existing sites Explore possibility of cage culture in exposed waters Measures to reduce pollution
Socio-economic aspects	Low market price	Markets flooded with imports	Culture a variety of species to avoid market competition

The supply of healthy fish fry is a critical aquaculture development need that is not addressed by the existing aquaculture development programs and projects. It is considered uneconomical to establish hatcheries in Hong Kong. A possible course of action is to ensure adequate supply of fish fry from neighboring countries - Taiwan, Thailand, China - at reasonable price.

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Role, Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

The agency responsible for planning and coordinating the national aquaculture development research sector is the Agriculture and Fisheries Department (AFD), Hong Kong Government.

The main objectives of the national aquaculture research sector is the planning and coordination of aquaculture research, particularly by;

Conducting research on technical problems and providing solutions/measures to alleviate situation.
Conducting adaptive studies on technological methods for introduction to local farmers.

The role of the public research organizations is to promote and facilitate aquaculture production (on the part of the government); and on the part of tertiary institutions, to conduct academic research on specific issues and undertake collaborative studies with AFD.

In supporting national aquaculture development, the research programmes of AFD give priorities to such areas as feed development, fish health management, cage design, environmental management and culture trial of new culture species.

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

Type of organization	Process	Criteria	Participants
National aquaculture research coordinating body	Local initiatives (farmers’ reports) Consultative process (identification of issues and problems by AFD)	Assessment of the importance of the problem/issue Availability of expertise and resources Farmers’ needs	AFD staff Fishfarmers Government sector (other departments Pressure groups Tertiary institutes
Research organizations	Grant proposal	Scientific merit Research expertise	Research supervisor Student Professors

Note: The process followed by the national aquaculture research sector is the same as that followed by the national aquaculture development agency.

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

List of key aquaculture research organizations

Key aquaculture research organizations	Institutional affiliation	Areas of competence
AFD	Government	All aspects of aquaculture
Hong Kong Chinese University	Autonomous	Physiology, Culture
Hong Kong Baptist University	Autonomous	Feed; Environment
Hong Kong City University	Autonomous	Feed; Ecotoxicology
Hong Kong Polytechnic University	Autonomous	Feed, Mangrove ecology
University of Hong Kong	Autonomous	Physiology; Endocrinology; Molecular biology of cultured species, Environmental pollution, Water quality modeling
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology	Autonomous	Culture of algae; Integrated culture, Molecular biology of shrimp, Phytoplankton, etc.

Adequacy of AFD’s research capacity in meeting the national aquaculture development needs

National aquaculture development priority	Priorities	Adequacy of Facilities	Adequacy of personnel
Development of better feed	Improvement of the moist pellet feed	2/3	3
Fish disease	Fish disease diagnosis Fish health management	2/3 2	2 2
Fish culture in exposed waters	Cage design Environmental assessment	2 2	1 2
Alternative species for culture	Culture trial of new species	3	3

Note: 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programs of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

List of the programs of the four aquaculture research organizations (see item VI for the list) responded to this survey

Institutions	Priority research areas	Objectives	Date
HKCityU	Nitrogen budget of grouper	To determine the nitrogen budget for the areolated grouper and the mangrove snapper	1993
HKCityU	Artificial feed of grouper	To determine the nutritional requirement of the areolated grouper To formulate a suitable artificial feed for the areolated grouper	1993
HKCityU	Toxicity tolerance of fish	To establish safety criteria of various pollutant with respect to culture activity	1996 -
HKUST	Co-culture of algae and pearl oyster	To achieve ecological balance To minimize effect on environment To optimize the qualitative and quantitative yield of aquaculture species	1993
HKU	Induced spawning in fish and shrimp	To study regulation of hormone release	1980 -
HKU	Development of transgenic (growth hormone) technology	To develop transgenic fish/shrimp To study molecular biology of growth hormone	1980 -
HKU	Fish diseases	To develop vaccine for shrimps	1986 -
HKU	Redtides and toxins; PSP occurrence	To study toxin redtides and ocean currents	1978-

Institutions	Priority research areas	Objectives	Date
HKU	Fish environmental physiology/biochemistry	To study fish environmental physiology and chemistry	1970 -
HKU	Dinoflaggelate toxicology	To study PSP production vs cell cycle in dinoflaggelates
HKU	Scientific fish culture	To study recycled water system	1970 -
BaptistU	High potency feed for mariculture	To provide a more efficient feed for mariculture	1995
BaptistU	Use of sewage effluent for fish culture	To find a cost effective method to treat sewage effluent To provide alternative source of water supply for pond fish culture	1993-1996
BaptistU	Heavy metal in cultured fish	To assess level of heavy metal contamination in cultured fish	1995-

Number of research personnel of the four research organization by area of specialization

Specialization	Ph D	M Sc	B Sc	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological sciences	20	10	23	8	61
Physical and engineering sciences	1
Social sciences
Economics	1
Legal studies
Other (please specify)
Total	22	10	23	8	63

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target groups	Methods used for dissemination of research outputs
Administrators and Managers	Consultative committee
Fishfarmers	Consultative committee
Research community	Conferences; Scientific reports; Meeting reports; Journal publications
Extension community	Meeting reports
General public	Feature articles

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Limited funding Difficulty in coordinating research conducted by academic institutions	Different funding criteria used by academic institutions	Improved communication with academic research institutions
Legal aspects
Information
Human resources & research competence	Limited expertise in fish disease management & culture in exposed water		Regional information exchange and cooperation
Research facilities
Research environment	Lack of applied research Difficulties in motivating academic research institutions to conduct applied research	Low priority given to applied research Difficulty in obtaining the university research grants Heavy administrative load	Establishment of special research funds Establish specific funding for aquaculture research
Others (please specify)

An aquaculture research need that is not addressed through existing research programs and projects is the spawning and breeding of marine cultured fish species (example, groupers). Hong Kong does not have the capacity nor the basic condition for developing hatcheries in marine finfish. Research efforts by neighboring countries in the region on artificial production of healthy fry for culture will be a cost-effective solution to the problem.

IV. List of On-Going Projects of Aquaculture development agency

Project title	Impl. Date	Expected outputs	Target beneficiaries	Implementing organizations
Improvement of culture conditions	1989-	To increase water circulation To reduce raft density To reduce self-pollution	Fishfarmers Administrators Environmentalists	AFD (Government )
Development and extension of better feed	1990-	To reduce self-pollution To provide balanced diet To increase feed efficiency	Fishfarmers Administrators Environmentalists	AFD Tertiary institutions (research) Fishfarmers (field trials, feedback and suggestions) Fish marketing organization (feed production)
Fish disease and fish health management	1993-	To reduce self-pollution To provide balanced diet To increase feed efficiency	Fishfarmers Extension staff	AFD Fishfarmers (reports on farm practices) Tertiary institutions (research)
Fish culture in exposed waters	1991-1992 1996-	To find new culture sites To improve conditions in sheltered fish culture zones	Fishfarmers Administrators Environmentalists	AFD Fishfarmers (collaborative trials, provision of fish stocks) AFD (sea cage and water quality monitoring) Other govt departments(site selection)
Alternative species for culture (note: this is yet in the planning stage)	1996	To reduce market competition Possibly undertake integrated farming to improve environment	Fishfarmers Environmentalists	AFD Fishfarmers (field trials) Tertiary institutions (research)

V. List of On-going Projects of Aquaculture Research organizations

Project titles	Implem’nt date	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participating Organiz.	Budget (HK$)
Co-culture of algae and pearl oyster	1993-			HKU + Hainan Institute	300,000
Improved peptide analogous for controlled reproduction and growth in fish	1994-		Induced breeding	HKU	US$ 0.07 m (Biotech. Res. Institute)
Physiology-biochemistry of isolated eel chloride cell	1995-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	100,000

Project titles	Implem’nt date	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participating Organiz.	Budget (HK$)
Toxic effects of redtides	1990-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	US$ 0.02 m (Strategic Res. Grant)
Remote sensing and ground truthing of red tides	1995-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	US$ 0.05 m
Hormonal control of Ca-P metabolism during induced gonadal development	1990-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	US$ 0.073 m (Research Grants Council)
Intensive fishfarming using recycled water	1991-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	30,000 US$ 0.06 m (RGC)
Neural control of reproduction and growth in fish	1992-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	US$ 0.06 m (RGC)
Cloning and expression of GnRH in fish	1993-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	30,000 US$0.06 m (RGC)
Functional characterization of goldfish D1 dopamine receptor cDNA	1993-			HKU	30,000
Cloning expression of gene for goldfish dopamine D2 receptor	1994-			HKU	US$ 0.01 m (ROC)
Environmental toxicology - toxins in seafood	1995-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	US$ 0.02 m
Cell cycle and toxic red tides	1994-		Scientific knowledge	HKU	100,000
Shrimp endocrinology	1994-			HKU	80,000
Cloning of growth hormone gene in shrimp	1995-			HKU	US$ 0.08 m (ROC)
Regulation of GnRH, GTH and growth hormone secretion in fish	1994-			HKU	70,000
Regulation of GnRH gene expression	1994-			HKU	US$ 0.07 m (Biotech. Res. Institute)
Bacterial expression of neuropeptide Y	1995-			HKU	100,000
Regulation of eel chloride cell	1995-	Fish environ. physiology	Scientific knowledge	HKU	100,000
High Potency Feed	1994-	Fishfarmer	application to mariculture industry	HKBU + AFD	4.66 m
Toxicity tolerance of fish & other marine organisms	1996-	Environmental Protection Fisheries, fish farmers	Scientific knowledge	CityU

VI. List of the Research Organizations Responded to this Survey

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
University of Hong Kong
City University of Hong Kong