Section 2. Summary of the Survey Returns

India

I. Background

Fish culture in India is hundreds of years old. However, the basis for aquaculture practices was laid down by constructing a fish farm with facilities for breeding, rearing and stocking of carps in 1911 in the Madras state (now Tamil Nadu). The Advisory Board of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research in its memorandum of 1944 commenced sponsoring ad hoc research schemes by state governments and universities on different aspects of fish culture. The Government of India established the Central Inland Fisheries Research Station (now CICFRI) at Barrackpore, W. Bengal in 1949 under which a pond culture station was established at Cuttack, Orissa (Now CIFA, Bhubaneswar). The culture of Indian major carps and Chinese carps was undertaken at Cuttack and by 1957 the techniques of induced breeding, seed rearing and culture of carps was developed at this station. The mixed culture technology (polyculture of carps) developed at the pond culture division in Cuttack was tried in several states from 1971 onwards providing a strong base for scientific carp culture in India.

The polyculture (called composite fish culture) technology in which 3 Indian major carps, Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala are cultured along with three fast growing Chinese carps, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Cyprinus carpio var. Communis gave yields of 2-10 tonnes/ha/yr by the year 1977 in various states. By this time the culture and induced breeding practices of air-breathing fishes and brackishwater fishes were also developed giving production rate at 1-4 tonnes per ha/yr. Air-breathing fishes cultured are Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Channa punctatus and Anabas testudineus. The brackishwater fish cultured in India include Mugil cephalus, Lates calcarifer and Chanos chanos. The technology for culture of brackishwater prawn, Penaeus monodon and P. indicus was also developed which gives production rates of 1-3 tonnes/ha/yr. Recently breeding, larval rearing and culture of freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii has also been developed. It gives yields of 1-3 tonnes/ha/yr in 2 to 3 crops.

Carps and catfishes are cultured in ponds, reservoirs, lakes, cages and pens. The brackishwater fishes and prawn are cultivated in coastal areas in brackishwater ponds. The freshwater prawn is cultivated in inland areas and generally cultured in ponds. The total aquaculture production in India was 1.04 million tonnes in 1993-94. The total fish seed production in the country has gone above 14,000 million fry which is still not sufficient to stock a pond area of 0.738 million ha. The average rate of aquaculture production has risen to 2-4 t/ha/yr depending on the species stocked and the system of culture. The total annual fish production of the country is expected to increase to 8.5 million tonnes from the present 4.9 million tonnes. The major portion of this increase (more than 2.5 million tonnes) is expected to come from aquaculture; hence aquaculture is being given highest priority in the agricultural sector. As a result of this policy, the outlay of fisheries was increased by more than 300% i.e. from 99 crores in the Seventh Plan to Rs.400 crores in the Eighth Plan. These outlays are expected to more than double the employment opportunities in the aquaculture sector besides increasing the total fish production. The country exported about 2.25 lakh tonnes of fish during 1993-94 earning foreign exchange worth Rs.2105 crores.

Fisheries and aquaculture in India have witnessed an impressive transformation from a highly traditional activity to one based on a well developed and diversified infrastructure with immense potential for industrialization. India is the seventh largest producer of fish in the world and the second largest producer of inland fish after China. Aquaculture accounts for about 1 million tonnes or 58% of inland fish production. By the year 2000, it is expected that aquaculture would account for 70% of the production of the inland sector. Total aquaculture production for 1993/4 was 1.04 million tonnes from a production area of 0.738 million ha, contributing 0.84% to GNP. About 59.6 million persons were directly employed in aquaculture during the year.

Keeping in view the immense potential and prospects of fisheries and aquaculture development in the country, the Eighth Plan policies and programmes of the sector were directed at increasing employment opportunities and sustained fish production by adopting an integrated approach. Promotion of aquaculture activities are conceived through development of inland and brackishwater resources. The growth rate from aquaculture was expected to be 5- 6%. The per capita availability of fish was targeted at 5 kg per annum, from the 3.5 kg per annum prevailing at the end of 7^th Five Year Plan. In order to meet these objectives, the outlay for Fisheries was also increased by more than 300%, i.e., from Rs. 99 crores in the 7^th Plan to Rs. 400 crores in the 8^th Plan.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the formulation and implementation of the national aquaculture development plans.

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Objectives of aquaculture development plan	Priorities of aquaculture development plan
To evolve economical aquaculture systems and integration of aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture and livestock To evolve culture technologies suitable to Indian conditions for coldwater fish	Integration of aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, etc. Socio-economic studies on aquaculture and its integration with agricultural activities and economic evaluation of various aquaculture technologies
To evolve semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture technologies for prawn. To develop prawn hatcheries for both freshwater and marine prawns for the purpose of raising seed	Development of semi-intensive culture technologies for brackishwater and freshwater prawn Technologies for seed production and culture of marine and freshwater crustaceans Aquaculture engineering, specially hatchery construction, pond, pen and cage construction/management of large water bodies
To evolve economical culture systems (pond, pen and cage) for marine and brackishwater fish, including seed production of such species in hatcheries	Establishment of hatcheries Maturation and seed production of brackishwater and marine fish, carp, molluscs, Development technologies for seed production and culture of molluscs, including bivalves
To evolve semi-intensive and intensive culture technologies for seaweed of commercial importance, and to culture fish food organisms	Culture and harvesting technologies for seaweed Nutrition and feed formulations for cultivable fish species, shellfish and other aquatic organisms of cultural value
To achieve basic and applied research solutions to problems in fish and shellfish physiology, nutrition, genetics, pathology, microbiology, pond and reservoir, lake, cage and pen environments	Development of basic research facilities for work on various technical aspects
To undertake selective breeding of rohu, catla, and mass produce fry and fingerlings of silver carp and common carp	Semi-intensive and intensive carp culture, with production target of 15-25 tonnes/ha/yr Intensive carp culture in running waters Semi-intensive culture of catfish
To evolve and commercialize culture technologies of oyster producing freshwater pearl and marine pearl	Development of culture technology for marine oysters and pearl culture Development of culture technologies for freshwater mussels and freshwater pearl culture
To transfer technologies to users To train farmers, trainers	Extension, teaching and training of farmers, extension workers, teachers, etc.

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

Processes	Criteria	Participants
Consultative approach at different levels, e.g., Planing Commission, Ministry of Agriculture, ICAR, State Fisheries Departments, advisory research committees, other government agencies both at national and state levels	National Development Plan National aquaculture development needs Regional development needs Local development needs Availability of water resources Fish farmers needs Expected employment and income generation Availability of resources at national, state, regional and local levels	Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, ICAR, Department of Environment, State fisheries departments Other government agencies and departments Research institutes State agricultural universities and fisheries colleges Fisheries and animal husbandry ministries at state levels

The strategies used for implementation of the national aquaculture development plans are:

Enhancing production and productivity of fishfarmers.
Enhancing total aquaculture production by developing culture technologies of finfish, shellfish and seaweed, etc., for freshwater, brackishwater and seawater resources of the country.
Development of freshwater and marine pearl culture and culture of freshwater mussels, marine oysters, bivalves and sea cucumber.
Development of infrastructure training and demonstration for development of human resources for aquaculture, including integrated aquaculture.
Socio-economic studies in aquaculture and diversification of culturable species and standardization of various aquaculture systems with maximum economic profitability, sustainability and environmental stability.
Selective breeding of rohu, catla, silver carp and common carp.
Development of efficient and economical fish and prawn feeds.
Disease prevention and control.

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

Action plans and objectives of the national aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Freshwater carp culture	To increase productivity and production of carp through culture systems To integrate carp culture with agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry. etc. To extend carp culture to various climatic zones through the Fishfarmers Development Agencies	Carp farmers Carp hatchery managers and seed producers Government sector	Carp productivity above 2-7 t/ha/yr Carp productivity in intensive culture of 15-25 t/ha/yr Extension of carp culture to more than 22.54 lakh ha
Culture of catfish and air-breathing finfishes	To develop extensive and semi-intensive culture technologies To develop and standardize induced breeding and larval rearing technologies To integrate air-breathing fish culture and paddy culture	Catfish and airbreathing fish farmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries departments Aquaculturists	Production rates of 5-10 t/ha/yr Running water and water exchange rates of 30-100 t/ha/yr About 1 million larvae Integrated of paddy cum fish culture technology package

Action plans	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Breeding, hatchery rearing and culture of prawns and brackishwater fish	To develop standard technology for brooder-raising for brackishwater and freshwater prawns	Prawn farmers Brackishwater Farmers Development Agencies (BFDAs) State fisheries departments	Technologies for broodstock and larval rearing and quality seed production through breeding in captivity Standard culture technologies for prawns and brackishwater fish Development of hatcheries
Fish seed and hatchery development	To establish fish seed hatcheries To ensure the availability of quality fish seed to fishfarmers	Fishfarmers Fish hatchery operators State fisheries departments Private and cooperative seed producers	Establishment of 47 commercial fish seed farms and hatcheries in the country
Integration of aquaculture livestock and poultry	To develop unified farming systems integrating aquaculture with agriculture, livestock, poultry, horticulture	Aquaculturists Agriculturists Entrepreneurs	Development of an integrated aquaculture-agriculture-livestock technology
Development of recreational and coldwater fisheries	To develop breeding, larval rearing and culture technologies for coldwater fish and ornamental fish	Coldwater area fishfarmers Private sector (entrepreneurs) State fisheries depts.	Standard economically viable technologies for breeding, seed raising and culture of coldwater and ornamental fish
Fisheries development of floodplain lakes	To develop about 2.0 lakh ha of floodplain lakes for culture and capture fisheries	State fisheries depts. Fisheries cooperatives	Standardized package of practices for culture in floodplain lakes to increase inland fish production
Cage culture of fish in reservoirs	To develop economically viable technology for cage culture in reservoirs	State fisheries departments Fisheries cooperatives	Development of package of practices for cage culture of important fishes in reservoirs
Human resources development	To develop trained and skilled fisheries personnel	Fisheries departments Fisheries colleges Fisheries institutions State Agricultural Univs.	Conduct of refresher courses for fishery workers, demonstrators, teachers, extension workers and researchers

Changes and emerging issues resulting from implementation of the aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Changes or effects	Issues	Actions required
Freshwater carp culture	Increase in aquaculture production by 5-6% per annum; and increase in inland fish production Increase in aquaculture area Increase in average productivity from ponds and tanks from 900 kg/ha/yr to 2130 kg/ha/yr over 10 yrs	Intensification of aquaculture Development of indigenous feeds for aquaculture Need for disease prevention and control measures Improvement of fish processing and marketing Need to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable technologies	R&D on intensification of carp culture Running water and recirculatory water systems for carp culture Increase in funding allocation Strengthen extension program
Culture of catfish and air-breathing finfishes	Development of breeding and larval rearing technologies for certain air-breathing fishes Increase in culture demonstration of catfishes and air-breathing fishes Increase in financial support for R&D	Development of intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture technologies Disease control and prevention Feed for intensive aquaculture and larval rearing	R&D on intensification of aquaculture on catfishes and air-breathing fishes Need to develop new techniques on breeding and larval rearing
Breeding, hatchery rearing and culture of prawns and brackishwater fish	Controlled breeding of prawns and fishes Successful hatchery techniques for Indian prawn and fishes Culture technology for prawns and important fishes	Establishment of feedmills Need for infrastructure for brackishwater finfish culture	BFDAs established to promote brackishwater aquaculture
Fish seed and hatchery development	Construction of 47 commercial fish seed farms and hatcheries Achievement of self-sufficiency in fish seed requirements	Need to develop additional hatcheries with improved water quality management fir better survival rates and seed growth	Certain balanced feed formulation developed for hatchery rearing Improved water quality management practices evolved for higher survival rate and better growth
Integration of aquaculture livestock and poultry	Development of technologies for integration f aquaculture with livestock, poultry and horticulture Better management practices for recycling of energy, nutrients and organic materials (in progress)	Need to develop a sustainable integrated aquaculture system for small farmers Recycling of agricultural wastes for aquaculture purposes	Research on technologies to suit recycling of organic wastes and energy in integrated aquaculture
Development of recreational and coldwater fisheries	Coldwater fisheries of golden Mahseer, trout now taken up by state fisheries departments and farmers Larval rearing of coldwater fishes and breeding of recreational fishes now being done by state fisheries departments and private entrepreneurs	Development of infrastructure for coldwater and recreational fishes Need to develop feed for brood fishes and larvae Disease control Need to refine breeding and larval rearing technologies	Development of breeding and larval rearing technologies using local resources
Fisheries development of floodplain lakes	Identification of about 2.0 lakh ha suitable for such fisheries Breeding culture and harvesting techniques now being evolved	Development of infrastructure and awareness among fisheries departments of potential of floodplain lake fisheries	Managerial culture practices (now being evolved)
Cage culture of fish in reservoirs	R&D efforts for construction of cheaper cages are in progress Stocking with quality fish seed has started giving higher rate of production	Cost-effective technology for cage construction and installation Balanced feed for cultured fish Disease and environmental control measures	Use of indigenous design for cages Ensure availability of quality fish seed for stocking
Human resources development	Strengthened human resource development programs in 8 fishery institutions if ICAR, as well as in MAC and MFPI Increase in the number of trained fishery aquaculturists in the country	Need to assess manpower requirements for aquaculture Need to address aquaculture needs in preparing academic plans Greater emphasis on practical training Development of course manuals on aquaculture	Design more courses in aquaculture and other specialized fields

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of sufficient infrastructure Weak interagency & institutional linkages	Lack of funds Weak institutional linkages	Budgetary allocation for infrastructure Strengthen linkages and improve coordination
Legal aspects	Conflicts between aquaculture and agriculture on environment	Lack of clear guidelines for aquaculture farm and area development	Legal guidelines on aquaculture areas/farms
Information	Weak technology transfer Lack of technology packages	Lack of funds for publication production and distribution Lack of awareness on aquaculture technologies	Strengthen and expand extension services Develop technology packages Increased budgetary allocation for extension
Human resources	Lack of skilled extension workers at block and village levels Lack of training courses, demonstrations Lack of coordination among agencies and institutions	Lack of funds Lack of information on actual human resources requirements for aquaculture development of a country	Increased budgetary allocation Increased number of courses, training programs, and fellowships Coordinated training & HRD programmes
Technical aspects	Lack of information on feed ingredients, feeds & feedmills Lack of facilities for disease diagnostics, feed and seed production, & processing	Improper processing, storage and distribution of feeds cost-wise and efficiency wise	Establishment of feedmills, hatcheries, postharvest processing & storage plants, disease diagnostic facilities
Physical and environment aspects	Identification of further aquaculture sites in fresh, brackish and marine waters Lack of pollution, water and mineral seepage monitoring	Lack of survey data on water bodies Uncontrolled use of fertilizers and feeds Pollution Unplanned development of aquaculture farms	Survey & assessment of potentials of water bodies Control and monitoring aquatic pollution
Socio-economic aspects	Difficulty in obtaining credits & loans Lack of facilities for marketing Inadequate marketing channels	Funding agencies are not well informed of potentials of aquaculture technologies Inadequate facilities for processing and marketing	Increased access to credits & support of aquaculture by funding agencies Development of marketing channels

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is the agency responsible for the planning and implementation of the national aquaculture research program. ICAR’s main functions are to conduct research, development extension and educational research in agriculture, fisheries, aquaculture, animal husbandry and related disciplines and management of research in these disciplines. It is also the apex body in the formulation and implementation of research schemes, coordination and management of 49 research institutes, 30 national centers, 78 All-India Coordinated research projects, and 28 agricultural universities.

The goals and objectives of the national aquaculture research sector are:

To evolve aquaculture systems that are economical, sustainable and eco-friendly, and integrate aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture, livestock and poultry.

To increase production and to evolve culture technologies suitable to Indian conditions.

To evolve semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture technologies for prawns.

To evolve economical culture systems (ponds, pen, cage) of marine and brackishwater fishes, and produce seed of these fishes through hatchery management

To evolve semi-intensive and intensive technologies for seaweeds of commercial importance and for culture of fish food organisms

To evolve and commercialize culture technologies of freshwater pearl and marine pearl producing oysters; and to develop technologies for freshwater mussel and mollusc culture and marine bivalve culture.

To develop solutions to various technical problems which solutions would lead to economical and efficient aquaculture

To transfer aquaculture technologies to users, train farmers, trainers and teachers; and develop human resources for aquaculture.

Priorities of the aquaculture development research sector

Priority Research Areas	Research Programs	Expected outputs	Implement’g Organiz.	Target beneficiaries	Date imp.
Semi-intensive and intensive mixed carp culture	Mixed culture Running water culture Cage and pen culture	Increased production	CIFA	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	1992
Semi-intensive catfish culture	Semi-intensive culture of various catfish species Intensive culture Breeding and larval rearing technology	Increased production	ICAR, CIFA	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs	1994
Carp seed production and rearing	Semi-intensive and intensive rearing of fry Semi-intensive and intensive rearing of Chinese carps	Increased stocking density and higher survival rate	ICAR, CIFA	Seed producers Farmers State fisheries depts.	1992
Semi-intensive brackishwater prawn and shrimp culture and seed production	Culture and production of brackishwater prawn and shrimps	Increased production Improved seed	ICAR; CIBA CMFRI	Prawn farmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	1992
Semi-intensive freshwater prawn breeding seed production and culture technologies	Raising of brood prawn in freshwater Breeding and seed production Culture of freshwater prawns	Increased production of freshwater prawn Production of sufficient seed	ICAR; CIFA DBT	Prawn farmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	1994
Maturation and seed production and culture of brackishwater fishes	Maturation of brackishwater culturable fishes Seed production Culture technology	Increased production Development of quality broodstock	ICAR; CIBA CMFRI	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs BFDAs	1992
Technology for seed production and culture of marine and freshwater crustaceans	Seed production technology under controlled conditions Culture technology for crustaceans	Increased production of crabs Increased seed production	ICAR; CMFRI CIFA; CIBA	Mariculturists Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	1992
Development of seed production and culture technology of molluscs	Culture technology Seed production technology	Development of economically viable seed production and culture technology	ICAR; CMFRI CIBA; CIFA	Mollusc growers State fisheries depts. Entrepreneurs	1992

Priority Research Areas	Research Programs	Expected outputs	Implement’g Organiz.	Target beneficiaries	Date imp.
Development of culture technology for marine oysters and pearl culture	Culture technology for marine pearl oysters	Commercial scale production of marine cultured pearl	ICAR; CMFRI Coastal state fisheries depts.	Pearl culture industry Oyster culture industry	1992
Development of technology for freshwater pearl culture and seed production of pearl mussels	Development of technology for freshwater pearl culture; seed production and culture technology for pearl-producing mussels	Commercial scale production of freshwater pearl and mussel seed	ICAR; CIFA	Freshwater pearl culturists Fishfarmers State fisheries depts.	1992
Studies on physiology of digestion, respiration and reproduction of cultivable fishes	Development of hormones and chemicals for fish breeding;	Commercialization of hormones and chemicals for fish breeding; controlled maturation and breeding; control of pollution and metabolism	ICAR; CIFA (CIBA, Fisheries College, CMFRI)	Fish breeders Hatchery management State fisheries depts. Entrepreneurs	1995
Pond microbiology, pond energetics and environmental monitoring	Assessment of the role of microbials in nutrient recycling in ponds Determination of food chain and pond energetics	Package of practices for microbial roles in pond fertilization Knowledge of pond energetics and its use in production	ICAR; CIFA CIBA; Fisheries Colleges	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts. FFDAs	1990
Fish and shrimp pathology and disease control	Development of immunodiagnostic kits	Disease prevention and control Diagnostic kits for fish disease	ICAR; CIFA CIBA Fisheries College CMFRI; CIFE	Fish breeders Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts. FFDAs	1990
Fish genetics and selective breeding	Selective breeding of carps Gene manipulation and gynogenesis	Breeding of selected strains of rohu and catla	ICAR; CIFA CBI; NBFGR Fisheries College	Fish breeders Hatchery managers State fishery depts.	1992
Socio-economic studies	Estimation of the production function of mixed culture Determination of efficiency of different systems of aquaculture	Economic analysis of different aquaculture systems	IAR; CIFA CIBA; CIFE (Fisheries College)	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts. FFDAs; BFDAs	1995
Integrated fish farming and recycling of organic wastes	Integration of aquaculture with horticulture, livestock, poultry Recycling of wastes in aquaculture	Package of practices for integrated aquaculture	ICAR; CIFA CIBA (CMFRI, Fisheries College)	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries Depts.)	1993
Aquaculture engineering and running water aquaculture	Pond construction engineering Running water culture for carp	Indigenous technology for pond construction	ICAR; CIFA (CIBA, CMFRI, CIFRI)	State fisheries depts Entrepreneurs Fishfarmers	1994
Sewage-fed fisheries and aquafarming	Development of technology of sewage water recycling and integrated farming	Increased production in sewage water Technology of sewage water management for aquaculture	ICAR; CIFA	State fisheries depts Urban populations Municipalities	1993
Breeding, nursery management and culture of important frog species	Development of hatchery technology if commercially important frogs Breeding, hybridization and culture of frogs	Technology for hatchery, breeding and culture for frogs	ICAR; CIFA	State fisheries depts Entrepreneurs	1990

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

The priority-setting exercise and formulation of action plans are done by the working group set up by the Planning Commission for five-year plan periods. The Committee prepares a status paper on the development of fisheries and aquaculture, setting the goals and objectives of the national development plans for aquaculture. ICAR sets the research and development projects/programmes as guidelines for its institutes and other bodies.

Type of organiz.	Processes	Criteria	Participants
National aquaculture research coordinating agency, i.e., ICAR	Consultative process	Regional aquaculture development needs Local and farmers’ needs Expected employment generation and income generation Availability of financial resources at all levels	ICAR Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation Research organizations, e.g., CIFA, CIBA, CIFRI, CIFE, CMFRI National Bureau of Fish Genetics National Research Center on Coldwater Fishes Planning Commission State fisheries departments
Research organizations	Consultative process	Research competence Local and farmers needs National and regional development needs Availability of resources and technology	Research organization in consultation with ICAR and other institutes

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

As shown in the following table, India has a large number of organizations, agencies and institutes involved in aquaculture research and development.

Research organizations	Affiliation	Areas of competence
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA)	Ministry of Agriculture	Freshwater carp, catfish, prawn, pearl culture and seed production Integrated aquaculture and manpower resources development Fish reproduction, genetics, microbiology, engineering, pathology, etc.
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA)	Ministry of Agriculture	Brackishwater aquaculture of prawns and fishes Manpower resources development
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)	Ministry of Agriculture	Culture of marine fishes, molluscs, crustaceans, algae, etc.
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE)	Ministry of Agriculture	Culture of prawns and fishes, seed production Manpower resources development
National Research Center on Coldwater Fisheries (NRCCF)	Ministry of Agriculture	Culture of golden mahseers and trouts Breeding and Seed production
Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI)	Ministry of Agriculture	Culture in floodplain lakes, beels, mans, chatirs and reservoirs and rivers
National Bureau of Fish Genetics resources (NBFGR)	Ministry of Agriculture	Genetic resources conservation and breeding Gene banks
Fisheries College, Mangalore	Ministry of Agriculture, State of Karnataka	Freshwater and brackishwater carp culture Prawn culture Seed production
Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)	Ministry of Commerce	Culture and seed production of brackishwater prawns
State Fisheries departments	Ministry of Fisheries & Ministry of Agriculture, State governments	Implementation of aquaculture development and seed production Integration of aquaculture and agriculture
Agency for development of aquaculture in Kerala	Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of Kerala	Development of aquaculture and seed production in Kerala
State agriculture universities	Ministry of State Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture	Human resources development for aquaculture
Fisheries College, Cochin	Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. Kerala	Freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture
Fisheries College, Tuticorin	Ministry of Veterinary and Fisheries, Govt. of Tamilnadu	Freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture
School of Environmental Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj Unit, Tamilnadu	Ministry of HRD, Govt. of Tamil Nadu	Freshwater aquaculture
Fisheries College, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Orissa	Ministry of Agriculture Govt. of Orissa	Freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture
Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala	Ministry of Education, Govt. of Kerala	Freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture

Aquaculture research capacities of India can be considered as adequate as shown in following table.

Aquaculture development priorities	Priority research needs	Adequacy
Freshwater aquaculture of carps	Semi-intensive culture of carps in ponds	5
	Intensive culture of carps in running water	4
	Cage and pen culture of carps	4
Freshwater aquaculture of catfish and	Semi-intensive culture of catfish	4
air-breathing fish	Intensive culture of catfish in running water/water exchange	3
Seed production of carp and catfish	Seed production of over 14,000 million fry carp	5
	Quality seed production of over 2 million fry of catfish and air-breathing fish	4
Freshwater prawn culture and seed	Semi-intensive culture of freshwater prawn culture	4
production	Production of 5 million PL of M. rosenbergii per year	4
Freshwater pearl culture and culture	Economical culture of freshwater pearl at commercial scale	4
of freshwater mussels and their seed	Culture of freshwater mussels and seed production	4
Brackishwater pearl culture and	Economical culture technology for brackishwater pearl culture	4
culture of oysters, crustaceans, etc.	Culture technology for oysters and crustaceans	3
Brackishwater fish culture	Economical culture technology for brackishwater fish	4
	Seed production and hatchery facilities for brackishwater finfish	3
Mariculture of finfish and seaweeds	Economical culture technology for marine fish	3
and marine crustaceans	Economical culture of seaweeds	4
	Technology for the culture of marine crustaceans	3
Seed production and culture of	Economical technology for seed production of molluscs	4
molluscs, including bivalves	Culture technology of molluscs including bivalves	4
Basic research needs in technical areas, including fish pathology,	Basic research facilities in fish reproduction, breeding, metabolism, genetics, selective breeding, etc.	5
aquaculture engineering, fish nutrition and feed formulation, etc.	Basic research facilities in microbiology and pond environment monitoring and fish pathology	5
	Basic research facilities in aquaculture engineering and economics	4
	Basic research facilities in fish nutrition., feed formulation, bioenergetics and integrated farming	5
Integration of aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture, livestock and poultry and paddy-cum-fish culture	Integration of aquaculture with agriculture, horticulture, livestock and poultry	4
Aquaculture extension and human resources development	Extension of aquaculture technologies to farmers and state fisheries departments, and entrepreneurs	4
	Fishery human resources development for aquaculture	4

a/ 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programmes of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

List of the programmes of the seven key aquaculture research organizations (see Section VI for the list of organizations).

Program Areas	Impl. organiz	Objectives	Date impl
Physiology of reproduction, digestion, nutrition of carps, catfish and prawn	CIFA	To develop commercial hormone preparations	1990
Culture, breeding and seed production of carp and catfish	CIFA	To develop semi-intensive and intensive cage culture of carps and catfish To develop technology for seed production and rearing of cultivable fish	1988
Culture, breeding and seed production of prawns	CIFA	Breeding and larval/post-larval rearing of prawns Culture of prawns	1992
Culture of pearls and molluscs	CIFA	To develop a package of technology for freshwater pearl culture	1992
Pond microbiology, pond energetics and environmental monitoring	CIFA	To assess the role of microbials in nutrient recycling in ponds To determine food chain and pond energetics	1990
Fish genetics and selective breeding	CIFA	Selective breeding of rohu; genome manipulation and gynogenesis	1992
Socio-economic studies	CIFA	To estimate production function To determine efficiency of different systems of aquaculture	1995
Fish pathology and disease control	CIFA	To determine role of bacteria, fungus and virus in fish disease To develop immuno diagnostic kits	1990
Integrated fishfarming and recycling of organic waste	CIFA	To integrate aquaculture with horticulture, livestock and poultry To recycle organic wastes	1992
Aquaculture engineering and running water aquaculture	CIFA	Pond construction engineering and running water carp culture	1995
Sewage-fed fisheries/aquafarming	CIFA	To augment fish production through sewage water recycling	1993
Breeding nursery management and culture of important frog species	CIFA	To develop hatchery [techniques] for commercially important frogs To study breeding, hybridization, seed and culture of frogs	1990
Broodstock development & seed Production of Seabass, grouper	CMFRI	Induced breeding & farming	1992
Seed production, rearing and sea ranching of Penaeid prawn, clam, pearl oysters, sea cucumber	CMFRI	Hatchery production, farming & sea ranching Commercialization and stock enhancement farming of sea cucumber	1984/5 1987
Upgrading and transfer of culture technologies for pearl oyster, mussel & oyster	CMFRI	Upgrading pearl production Farming mussel and oyster	1991/92
Feed development of marine organisms	CMFRI	Mass production of live feed cost effective feed formulation using local ingredients	1995
Seaweed culture	CMFRI	Raw material for agar industry	1989
Integration of mariculture with small scale fisheries	CMFRI	Mariculture technologies
Breeding and culture of golden mahseer	NRCCF	To enhance natural stock and rearing of fry & fingerlings in captivity
Rearing of Tor sp. in cages	NRCCF	healthy & right sized stocking material in natural waters
Culture and breeding of carp	NRCCF	Promoting marketable size carp & seed production
Breeding possibilities of schizothoracids	NRCCF	Hatchery practices for mass scale seed production of depleting varieties
Design & development of machinery and aquaculture structure	CIBA	Development of eco-friendly & locally suitable farm design Control & monitor seepage
Study of brackishwater aquaculture practices	CIBA	Evaluation of existing culture practices and formulation of improvement
Development of database system for brackishwater fishery resources	CIBA	Collection and organization of data on brackishwater fishery resources
Broodstock management, breeding and seed production of brackishwater finfish	CIBA	Development of captive broodstock of seabass, grey mullet & quality seed production
Culture of brackishwater finfish	CIBA	Development of technology packages for sustainable farming of species in ponds and pens
Breeding of P. monodon & hatchery technologies	CIBA	Breeding of P. monodon with desirable traits & building up broodstock Refinement of hatchery technology Development of quality standard for shrimp seed
Culture of Prawn & shrimp & mud crab	CIBA	Development and transfer of shrimp & crab culture technologies
Feed development	CIBA	Development of nutritionally balanced feeds for prawns & fish
Prevention and treatment of diseases	CIBA	Development of diagnostic tests for fish & shrimp diseases Understanding of shrimp immune system and development of vaccines
Soil and water management for shrimp farming	CIBA	Development of soil & water management practices for sustainable shrimp farming

Number of research personnel of the seven research organizations by areas of specialization

Specialization	Ph D	M Sc	B Sc	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological sciences	142	209	319	51	721
Physical and engineering sciences	7	13			20
Social sciences		1			1
Economics	4	6			10
Legislation
Others	1	9	2		12
Total	154	238	321	51	764

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target audience	Methods used
Policy planners; Political level	Research reports; Meetings and conferences
Administrators and Managers	Research reports; Conferences, meetings, workshops
Fishfarming community	Fishfarmers’ Day; Broadcast media (TV); Demonstrations; Farmers’ surveys; Contact with farmers; Training and demonstration; TV and radio talks; Workshops, meetings; Extension pamphlets
Private sector and supporting industries	Demonstrations of aquaculture systems in farmers’ ponds; Meetings and group discussions; TV and radio broadcasts
Research community	Training programmes; Meetings
Extension community	Farmers’ day; Radio and TV talks; Newspaper; Extension pamphlets

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of infrastructure Weak institutional and interagency linkages	Lack of funds Need to strengthen institutional/organizational linkages	Allocate funds for development of infrastructure Strengthen linkages and improve coordination
Information	Slow technology transfer Lack of technology packages Insufficient information delivery systems Inadequate coordination among related organizations Lack of awareness on aquaculture technologies	Lack of funds Ineffective knowledge transfer to farmers and entrepreneurs Slow process of information transfer and processing of loans	Improve and strengthen extension service Allocate funds for technology transfer Develop technology packages Organize training and demonstration on various aspects of aquaculture Establishment of regional transfer of technology centers
Human resources and research competence	Lack of skilled extension workers, particularly at block and village levels Lack of training courses, demonstrations Coordination among agencies and institutions	Lack of funds Lack of information on actual human resources requirements Inadequacy of expert trainers/teachers	Increased budgets for HRD Increased number of courses, training programs, and fellowships (national and international level) Assessment of human resource requirements Training for scientists and technicians on handling & operating scientific equipment
Research facilities	Inadequate research facilities and special equipment Delays in acquiring equipment grants and supplies	Lack of funds Cumbersome process in procuring equipment and supplies	Allocate funds for equipment and facilities
Research environment	Inadequate contact between researchers, users and planners of aquaculture Lack of need-based aquaculture research Lack of incentives for aquaculture researchers and teachers Over emphasis on single species crop Slow pace of research Lack of funds	Lack of coordination & consultation between planners, implementers and users of research Inadequate contact between researchers and farmers, entrepreneurs	Improved funds for aquaculture research Increased interaction between researchers and users Promote need-based research programmes using local resources and inputs Diversification of species, crop rotation, polyculture, etc

Other suggestions:

Culture technologies and systems, including breeding, genetic improvement, nutrition and feed, for coldwater species.
Breeding and seed production of grouper, bream and seabass
Pathology and immunology of crustaceans and bivalve
Diagnostics an detection of shellfish diseases
Probiotics application
Genetic improvement of seaweed
Environmental concerns relating to shrimp farming
Farm construction
Fish & shrimp quarantine system
Biotechnology for fish genetics

IV. List of On-going Projects of the Aquaculture Development Agency

Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participating organizations	Budget^a/ (in lakhs Rs.)
Freshwater aquaculture	1992-1997	Fishfarmers Entrepreneurs NGOs State fisheries	Development and extension of aquaculture	ICAR & its institutes Govt. agencies State fisheries depts. Fish seed corporations FFDSs	6,000
Integrated brackishwater fishfarm development	1992-1997	Farmers Brackishwater entrepreneurs NGOs Maritime state depts.	Development of brackishwater fishfarmers for integrated aquaculture	ICAR & its institutes Other govt. agencies State fisheries Dept. BFDAs	2,500
Assistance for strengthening fish marketing	1992-1997	Fish markets Fish retailers Consumers Fish stock brokers	Strengthening of fish marketing facilities	Govt. agencies Fish corporations	2,500
Development of derelict water bodies	1992-1997	Fishfarmers Aquaculture entrepreneurs State fisheries depts	Development of swampy and other derelict water bodies lying fallow or are underutilized	Govt. agencies	45
Fisheries development in floodplain lakes	1995-1996	Fishermen & entrepreneurs NGOs	Development of fisheries in floodplain lakes	Govt. agencies	100
Integrated development of reservoirs	1995-1996	Fishermen Women Agriculturists Entrepreneurs	Development of integrated fisheries in reservoirs	Govt. agencies	50
Fish net-making	1992-1995	Fishermen Women Fishnet manufacture.	Making of fishing nets	State fisheries depts. NGOs	1,800
Fishnet-making machine	1995-1996	Fishnet makers Women Fishermen	Development of machines for net manufacture	Govt. agencies State fisheries depts.	100
Bioenergetic pathways and their optimization in fishpond ecosystems	1992-1997	Fishery managers Fishfarmers	Characterization of the intensities of bioenergetic pathways in fish, shellfish ponds Quantification of cycling rates and media interactions of major nutrients and microbial processing Suitable biofertilization measures Channeling of pond production potential through biotechnological approach	ICAR CIFA World Bank	US$ 330,633
Selective breeding of rohu, Labeo rohita	1992-1997	Fishfarmers Rohu breeders Hatchery managers	Development of a breeding program of rohu	ICAR Aqaforsk (Norway)	US$ 56,138
Selective breeding of catla		Fishfarmers State fisheries depts.	Development of breeding programs on catla, by selection	Fish. College (Mangalore) Aquaforsk (Norway)

Projects

Duration From/To

Target beneficiaries

Expected outputs

Participating organizations

Budget^a/

(in lakhs Rs.)

Raising of fry and fingerlings of selectively bred silver carp and common carp

Fishfarmers

Hatchery manager

State fisheries depts.

Raising of fry and fingerlings from selectively bred silver carp and common carp

ICAR

Vietnam

Women in fisheries in Orissa

1992-1996

Tribal women of Orissa

Improvement of the quality of life of 300 families in 3 districts of Orissa through aquaculture

ICAR

UNIFEM (UNDP)

20.6

Note: Amount in lakh rupees unless otherwise indicated. ^{a/ Lakh = 100,000}

V. List of On-going Projects of Main Aquaculture Development Research Organizations

Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Implement’g organization	Budget (in lakh Rs)
Optimizing carp production through intensive aquaculture and multiple cropping	1995-2000	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs	Optimization of production through intensive rearing of carp spawners, fry, fingerlings & juveniles Evaluation, standardization and optimization of fish production through multiple cropping Utilization of larger water bodies for pen and cage culture	CIFA	60
Utilization of domestic sewage in aquafarming	1993-1998	Fishfarmers Urban fish entrepreneurs	Augmentation of fish production through maximum recycling of sewage water Higher returns from paddy fields with fish culture and horticulture products from pond bundhs and production and decomposition of sewage fed ecosystem	CIFA	28.26
Seed production and culture of M. Rosenbergii and M. malcomsonii	1995-2000	Prawn farmers & entrepreneurs	Mass breeding technology, standardized hatchery, nursery rearing of post-larvae and mono and polyculture of M. Rosenbergii and M. Malcomsonii Technology transfer	CIFA	248.65
Mass production of fry and fingerlings and culture of Clarias batrachus	1995-1998	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs	Establishment of major hatchery and production of fry and fingerlings Culture of C. batrachus Technology transfer	CIFA	12.1
Studies on physiology of digestion, respiration and reproduction in cultivable fishes	1995-2000	Fishfarmers Fish breeders Fish entrepreneurs	Commercial preparation of hormonal inducing agent Commercial production of hormonal pellets for advanced and multiple breeding Commercial low-cost-efficient feed formulation for establishment of feedmills Measures for control of fish mortality and reproduction due to pollution	CIFA	40
Pathomorphology & immune pathological studies on microbial diseases, & diseases management & health care through herbal materials of fish and shellfish	1995-2000	Fishfarmers Private agencies and institutions	Development of suitable vaccines against diseases caused by bacterial and viral agents Diagnostic kits and herbal medicine development	CIFA	32.262
Socioeconomic studies on freshwater aquaculture	1995-2000	Fishfarmers Private agencies and institutions	Input-output data on various systems of aquaculture at experimental stations, demonstration centers and farm ponds Information on yield gaps and socio-economic constraints and advantages of aquaculture	CIFA	19.55
Bioenergetic pathways & their optimization in fish pond ecosystem	1992-1997	Fishery managers Fishfarmers	Faster and high rate of nutrient and energy transfer in eco-friendly pond ecosystem	CIFA	0.99
Selective breeding of rohu	1992-1996	Fishfarmers Rohu breeders State hatchery managers	Development of a breeding program for rohu	ICAR (?)	17.98 US$ 0.56m
Center for advanced studies on postgraduate agricultural education and research	On-going	Fishery colleges and universities Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs	Trained aquaculture manpower	ICAR (?)	US$ 0.91m
Women in fisheries in Orissa	1992-1996	Farmers Tribal women of Orissa	Training of 300 women carp farmers on carp culture technologies	ICAR	20.6
Development of flow-through system for industrial aquaculture	1994-1997	State fisheries dept. Fishfarmers and entrepreneurs	Development of a flow-through system for intensive aquaculture for production of table-size fish and juveniles at a high stocking density	ICAR	33.48
National facilities for disease control in fish through quarantine and health certification	*	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs State fish. depts. Fish seed corporations	Development of a national facility for quarantine and health certification and control of fish diseases	ICAR	12.48
Biotechnology information system on aquaculture mission mode project on freshwater prawn culture	1990-1997	Scientific and technical staff	Databases on aquaculture and related subjects, and provision of retrieval services Computer software and statistical packages for users’ needs Establishment of national and international linkages for selective bibliographic research Promotion of computer awareness and provision of training	ICAR	23.26
Mission mode project on freshwater prawn culture	1994-1998	Prawn farmers Entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	Technologies for breeding, post-larval rearing, seed production and culture of giant freshwater prawn	ICAR	199
Aquaculture as a tool for utilization and treatment of domestic sewage	1993-1999	Consumers Fishfarmers Municipalities	Technologies for treatment of sewage water fit for aquaculture, and a package of practices for the utilization of sewage water	ICAR	27.6
National Center for freshwater pearl culture	1992-1996	Pearl culturists State fisheries depts. Entrepreneurs	Technology for freshwater pearl culture and culture of freshwater mussels Diversification of farm pearl produce leading to gainful employment for women in rural areas	ICAR	11.39
Isolation of GnRH fraction from the crude pituitary extract of various fishes	1993-1996	Fish breeders Fishfarmers Private sector	Synthetic GnRH product for fish breeding	ICAR	10
Application of plastics in agricultural plant environmental control and agricultural processing	1989-1997	Fishfarmers Plastic processors and manufacturers	Package of practices for use of plastics in aquaculture operations	ICAR	22.896
Operational research project and utilization of organic wastes in aquaculture	1994-1998	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs State fisheries depts.	Package of practices for the development of aquaculture using organic wastes	ICAR	145.85
Recycling of processed dignocellulosic wastes & cattleshed refuse in aquaculture	1995-1998	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs Livestock farmers	Package of practices for recycling of cellulose wastes and cattle refuse for aquaculture	ICAR	3.2
Microflora and quality of fish culture in sewage-fed waters with reference to shelflife and public health	on-going	fishfarmers & entrepreneurs	Package of practices for fish culture with detailed account of microflora and public health standards	ICAR	5.6
Breeding, seed production and farming of groupers, rock cods and breams	1996-1998	Fishfarmers & entrepreneurs	Increased seed production of marine fishes	CMFRI DBT ICAR	56.0
Hatchery production of Matrix	1995-1998	Fish farmers	million seed production per year	CMFRI DBT ICAR	3.5
Hatchery production of green mussel	1995-1997	Mussel farmers Entrepreneurs	Increased seed production of mussels	CMFRI DBT ICAR	14.0
Propagation of pearl oyster and pearl culture	1996-1998	Pearl farmers State Fisheries depts.	Increased pearl production	CMFRI DOD ICAR	25.0
Tissue culture pearl oyster	1995-1998	Pearl entrepreneurs	Increased pearl production	CMFRI DBT ICAR	4.25
Cultivation of Agar seaweeds in greenhouse	1995-1998	Agar industry Seaweed farmers	Greenhouse technology for seaweed production	CMFRI DBT ICAR	4.85
On shore production of nucleated pearl oyster	1996-1999	Pearl farmers entrepreneurs	lakh implanted oysters	CMFRI DBT ICAR	56.0
Commercial production of culture pearls adopting inshore culture technology	1996-1999	Pearl farmers & entrepreneurs	production of 1.5 lakh cultured pearls	CMFRI ICAR	30.0
Polyculture of carps	1995-1997	Fishfarmers	Increased fish production	Fish. Coll. DBT	2.1
Amino acid requirements of carps	1994-1997	Fishfarmers Fish researchers	Increased yield of fish production	Fish Coll. IFS	4.02
Brood stock nutrition	1992-1997	Fishfarmers Hatchery managers	Augmented fish seed production	Fish. Coll. Local Govt.	14.70
Cost effective feed formulation	1990-1997	Fish farmers Feed mill operators	Development of economical feed	Fish Coll. IFS	4.20
Cryopreservation of mahseer sperms	1995-1998	Fish farmers State Fisheries depts.	Availability of cryopreserved sperms	Fish. Coll. IFS	4.20
Hatchery production of M. rosenbergii	1996-1999	Prawn farmers & entrepreneurs	Increased prawn seed production	Fish. Coll. ICAR	6.82
Monoclonal antibodies for Aeromonas	1993-1997	Fish farmers	Development of rapid test kits for disease	Fish. Coll. DBT	18.9
Diagnostic kit for shrimps virus	1996-1999	Shrimp farmers	Development of viral test kit	Fish Coll. MPEDA	5.0
Biofilm for oral vaccination	1993-1997	Fish farmers	Development of oral fish vaccine	Fish. Coll. IFS	4.02
Ontogeny of immune system of carps	1993-1997	Fish culture industry	Development of effective vaccine	Fish. Coll. IFS	4.02
Epizootic ulcerative syndrome	1995-1997	Fish farmers	Development of medicine for EUS	Fish. Coll. ACIAR	4.2
Impact of parasites on reservoir fishes	1993-1996	Fishermen State fisheries depts.	Development of host-parasite models	Fish. Coll. Karnataka Govt.	3.5
Development of hatchery technology for penaeid prawns	1987-1997	Prawn farmers State Fisheries depts. Shrimp farming industry	Development of prawn hatchery technology	CIBA	27.0
Culture of penaeid prawns in different ecosystems	1989-1997	Prawn farmers State Fisheries depts.	Development of prawn culture technology	CIBA	26.0
Culture of mud crabs	1992-1997	Fish farmers Crab farmers	Development of technology for crab culture	CIBA	5.0
Brood stock development, breeding and seed production of brackishwater fishes	1988-1997	Fish farmers State Fisheries depts.	Sufficient availability of brood stock and seed	CIBA	26.0
Culture of brackishwater finishes	1991-1997	Fish farmers State Fisheries depts.	Improved culture technology of finishes	CIBA	38.0
Genetic selection for desirable traits	1995-1997	Fish farmers Hatchery managers State Fisheries depts.	Development of genetically improved fish	CIBA	14.0
Diagnosis/prophylaxis and control of disease of prawn/ fishes	1990-1997	Fish farmers	Development of medicines for control of diseases	CIBA	23.0
Development of feeds for aquaculture of brackishwater prawns and fishes	1988-1997	Fish farmers Feed manufactures	Development of economical feeds	CIBA	38.0
Soil and water quality and productivity management on shrimp farming	1995-1997	Shrimp farmers	Development of soil-water management practices	CIBA	9.0
Design and development of machinery and structures for aquaculture	1991-1996	Fishfarmers State Fisheries depts.	Development of aquaculture machinery	CIBA	13.5
Investigations on brackishwater aquaculture practices adopted by different categories of farmers	1992-1997	Fishfarmers	Evaluation of degree of adoption of aquaculture technologies by farmers	CIBA	21.5
National Agricultural Research Project (NARP) IBRD on pond bioenergetics of prawn and fish	1992	Fishfarmers State Fisheries depts.	Development of cost effective feed	ICAR CIBA	US$ 0.2m
Development of feed technology for semi-intensive/intensive prawn farming	1992	Shrimp farming industry Shrimp farmers	Establishment of feedmill for economical feed production	ICAR CIBA	19.0
Broodstock development and seed production of seabass and groupers	1992	Fishermen Fishfarmers	Development of induced breeding technique Seed production in controlled conditions	CMFRI	20.0
Seed production, rearing and sea ranching of penaeid prawns	1984	Prawn farmers Fishermen	Large scale seed production Improved catches of marine prawns	CMFRI	10.36
Seed production and sea ranching of clams and pearl oysters	1989	Peal farmers Fishermen	Increased production of pearl and oysters	CMFRI	17.75
Upgrading and transfer of technology of pearl oyster culture	1991	Pearl oyster farmers FIshfarmers	Upgrading and extension of pearl culture	CMFRI	7.97
Feed development for culturable marine organisms	1995	Fishfarmers Feed industry	Development of economical feed for mariculture	CMFRI	19.0
Breeding, seed production and ranching of sea cucumbers	1987	Fishfarmers Fishermen	Increased seed production of cucumbers for sea ranching	CMFRI	2.7
Seaweed culture	1989	Seaweed farmers & industrialists	Development of seaweed culture technology	CMFRI	5.0
Integration of small scale mariculture with small scale fisheries	1994	Fishfarmers	Development of integrated mariculture technology	CMFRI	10.95
Breeding and culture of golden mahseer, Tor putitora	1991	Fishfarmers	Augmented seed and fish production	NRCCF ICAR	8.0

Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Implement’g organization	Budget (in lakh Rs)
Rearing of Tor putitora in cages in Central Himalaya	1996	Fishfarmers	Increased fish production	NRCCF ICAR	3.0
Culture and breeding of Cyprinus carpio and other exotic carps	1994	Fishfarmers	Increased fish and seed production	NRCCF ICAR	2.0
Breeding possibilities of schizothoracids	1996	Fishfarmers	Improved availability of fish seed	NRCCF ICAR	2.0

VI. List of the Aquaculture Research Organizations Responding to this Survey

Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
National Research Centre for Coldwater Fisheries
Central Institute of Fisheries Technology
College of Fisheries, Mangalore

Indonesia

I. Background

Aquaculture is an important component of Indonesian fisheries which contributes to national food security, income and employment generation, and foreign exchange earning. Aquaculture production comprises 30% of the Indonesian fishery production. Aquaculture development has positive prospects in terms of reducing pressure on marine natural resources, creating job opportunities and as a source of livelihood. Recently, aquaculture development in Indonesia has accelerated and it is considered important in supporting rural economic development.

Aquaculture in Indonesia is divided into three main groups: freshwater culture, brackishwater culture and mariculture. In 1993 total aquaculture production was 600,384 tons from an aquaculture production area of 513,678 hectares. The aquaculture sector directly employed 1,969,356 people during the year. The export value of cultivated shrimp accounted for 61% of the total fisheries exports in 1993. Mariculture development is primarily geared towards alleviating adverse effects of declining fish stocks on the livelihood of small-scale fishing families and rural coastal communities.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

The Directorate General of Fisheries, Department of Agriculture is the agency responsible for planning and implementation of the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

The current national development plan, REPELITA VI for the year 1994-1999, specifies the following objectives of the national aquaculture development plan.

Objectives of national

aquaculture development plan

Priorities in

aquaculture development plan

To increase the quality of human life and incomes of fishfarmers by optimizing exploitation of natural resources through use of environmentally sound technologies, and increasing the added value of aquaculture products
To improve distribution and supply of quality fishery products
To generate employment opportunities
To support industrial growth by providing sufficient raw materials and increasing foreign exchange earnings.

Intensification & refinement of brackishwater culture technologies and systems, and expansion of culture areas.
Improvement of freshwater culture technology, particularly development of stagnant pond culture, running water and backyard pond culture.
Development of marine finfish and shellfish culture
Increased seed production by artificial propagation

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

Formulation of fisheries and aquaculture development policies and plans begins with the Broad National Guideline (GBHN) set by Parliament. The factors considered are the availability of resources, problems and constraints, lessons learned from previous policy implementation, macro-economic parameters set up by the National Planning (BAPPENAS). Inputs and feedback are also obtained form research institutions, universities, private sector, fishfarmers, professional associations and other related government agencies and institutions.

To ensure the needs of all concerned parties are taken into account, the planning processes adopt "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. Top-down approach is applied to determine macro policies and objectives, while the bottom-up process is adopted to reflect local development needs and aspirations of fishfarmers.

The national policies are normally spelled out into the provincial and district policies. The development plan is divided into long-term (25 years), medium-term (5 years) and short-term (annual).

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

The strategy towards the development of national aquaculture is agribusiness-based. The policies adopted in the implementation of the fisheries subsector are:

Strengthening functional linkages and inter-subsystems .
Increasing rural economic activities.
Improving partnership between large and small scale fisheries entrepreneurs.
Developing aquaculture production centers in efficient and economic scale.

The Action plans for implementation are:

For new development:

Expansion of culture areas through transmigration
Expansion of culture units through provision of technological assistance
Cooperation with the private sector, state-owned enterprise and cooperatives, particularly shrimp for brackishwater aquaculture; tilapia for freshwater aquaculture; and seaweed for mariculture

For established or existing aquaculture:

Application or transfer of advanced technologies that promote sustainable aquaculture
Development and enforcement of regulations and control of culture areas
Diversification of cultured species
Conservation and rehabilitation of culture areas

Changes and emerging issues resulting from implementation of the aquaculture development plan

No information was provided.

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Weak aquaculture development plan Lack of presentation in decision-making and policy-planning Lack of coordination among related agencies	Lack of accurate data Conflict of interest with other sectors Lack of specific aquaculture program development in each agency involved	Improve availability of data & information for planning Policies & guidelines for use of land and water for aquaculture Delineation of leadership role in each program Establishment of regular linkages and contacts
Legal aspects	Lack of regulation on zoning	Conflict of interests with other sectors	Legislation and guidelines for zoning
Information	Lack of information exchange and sharing Lack of appropriate information delivery methods and mechanism	Unorganized data & difficulty in information retrieval	Development of MISS
Human resources	Lack of skilled personnel	Lack of funds for HRD	Identify funding agency
Technical aspects	Difficulties in obtaining fish feed ingredients Difficulties in obtaining artificial propagation Difficulties in larval rearing Pest and disease	Lack of technology on fish feed production Lack of hormones to stimulate spawning of fish Lack of techniques on larval rearing Viral and bacterial diseases	Encourage research on fish nutrition and larval rearing Multi-sectoral involvement, i.e., Department of Health Initiate integrated treatment for viral and bacterial diseases
Physical and environmental aspects	Pollution	Industrial pollution	Initiate waste management
Socio-economic aspects	Poaching and theft at shrimp culture sites	Social harassment; need for security	Encourage security and reduce social harassment
Others	High risk of aquaculture business	Frequent aquaculture failure	Establishment of pilot projects on specific aquaculture models

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Research

The main objectives of aquaculture research, which is guided by the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD), are to promote food self-sufficiency, diversification, income generation, employment growth, and export enhancement through:

characterizing, evaluating, utilizing, and conserving of natural resources;
generating and adopting technologies which can increase aquaculture productivity;
developing sustainable aquaculture production system;
providing efficient methods of processing, marketing and utilization of both food and non food products; and
disseminating research findings to users, e.g., extension workers/farmers policy makers, scientist, and teachers.

Aquaculture Development Research Priorities

Priority research areas	Action plans & programmes	Expected outputs	Implementorganiz.
Exploration, Inventory & management of fisheries resources	Exploration - mainly underutilized areas Strategies for development & utilization of resources Conservation & rehabilitation	New conventional & unconventional resources; zoning & management; Assessment of resource potentials Data and information on species, abundance, characteristics, life cycle & population dynamics Sustainable aquaculture development	RIMF
Aquaculture environmental management	Oceanographic & limnological research Diagnosis & prevention of ecological impacts of negative & excess culture and pollution	Database Ecosystem dynamics	RIMF RIFF RICF
Resource enhancement	Research on zoning, habitat maintenance, seed supply, restocking & searanching Resource enhancement through searanching	Management of resources Fishermen participation in resource enhancement Appropriate management	RIMF RIFF RICF
Species inventory, characterization & evolution for culture	Species identification & inventory Collection & mapping genetic characteristics	Basic information on superior species & their utilization Basic information for protection of biodiversity & prevention of exploitation of germplasm	RIMF
Genetic improvement	Study on population genetics Genetic improvement Transgenics		RIMF RIFF RICF
Fish biotechnologies	Sees quality improvement Organic matter bioconversion for feed Biotechnology for fish disease control & prevention		RIMF RIFF RICF

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

The Central Research Institute for Fisheries (CRIFI) under AARD is one of the agencies responsible for planning and coordinating national aquaculture research sector. Other agencies such as the Study and Application Board for Technology (BPPT) and Indonesian Science Institute (LIPI) also plan and coordinate aquaculture research.

The aquaculture research priorities are derived from the policy directions and understanding of the broad research environment, capacities and mandates of the organizations. To further shape AARD’s research into a "system", problem-solving research is carried out by the Directorate General of Fisheries, using policy oriented path and analytical path. In general, three categories research activities are undertaken:

Immediate support to verify current program implementation and to develop short term alternatives
Research to develop medium-term alternatives
Pioneer and basic research to develop long-term alternatives

Priority consideration is on research concerned with those commodities and area that are of political, economic and social strategic importance; balanced growth and equity, and have potential to contribute to income and employment generation, particularly in the areas of resource endowment; and technological innovations.

The priority commodities identified in the master research plan of CRIFI are:

Freshwater commodities: Common carp, giant gouramy, pangasius, botia, arowana (Scelopages formosus), belida (Notopterus sp), freshwater prawn, clarias, sand goby , baung (Macrones nemurus), Nile tilapia, climbing perch.

Marine fish: big pelagic (tuna, skipjack), small pelagic (scad, mackerel, anchovy, squid), demersal fish (grouper, sea bass), shrimp (penaeids, lobster), and coral fish (napoleon fish).

Coastal aquaculture: milk fish, grouper, sea bass, shrimp, crabs, artemia, oyster, mussel, abalone, squid, seaweed, micro algae, trepang.

Process	Criteria used in setting priorities	Key participants
Current policy oriented path	National development plan Growth rate of commodities and provinces Problems, needs & work plans determined by DGF Potentials for cooperative actions with related sectors and agencies Availability of fund, manpower and facilities	Ministry of Agriculture Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD) Central Research Institute for Fisheries (CRIFI) - Coordinating centre for fisheries research Institute for Assessment of Agriculture Technology
Analytical Path	Importance to national economy, food security, employment, etc. Market demands Strategic importance for regional/provincial growth Expected impacts of research on national economy, food security, employment, rural development, etc.	Ministry of Agriculture Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD) Central Research Institute for Fisheries (CRIFI) - Coordinating centre for fisheries research Institute for Assessment of Agriculture Technology
Monitoring & evaluation		Research Unit & Central Research AARD, National Research Council, National Policy Agency and Ministry of Finance (for ex ante evaluation on planning) Coordinated Review Teams (for monitoring research implementation) Senior Scientist Sections (for ex post evaluation through review of research reports and coordinated workshop)

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

List of main aquaculture research organizations and their affiliation

Name of key aquaculture research organizations	Institutional affiliation	Areas of competence
Directorate General of Fisheries	Min. of Agriculture
Central Research Institute for Fisheries (CRIF)	Min. of Agriculture
Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (RIMF)	Min. of Agriculture
Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries (RIFF)	Min. of Agriculture
Research Institute for Coastal Fisheries (RICF)	Min. of Agriculture
Marine Aquaculture Development Centre	Min. of Agriculture
Freshwater Aquaculture Development Centre	Min. of Agriculture
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre	Min. of Agriculture
Faculty of Fisheries, Brawijaya University	Min. of Education
Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agriculture University	Min. of Education
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Hasanuddin University	Min. of Education
Faculty of Fisheries, Riau University	Min. of Education
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University	Min. of Education
Faculty of Fisheries, Pattimura University	Min. of Education

The human resources of the aquaculture research institutions are considered to be adequate. However, most of the institutions have constraints relating to facilities, information exchange, coordination and collaboration, and disseminating research results.

Number of research personnel in aquaculture research institutions

Specialization	Ph. D.	M. Sc.	B. Sc.	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological Science	26	115	113	59
Physical & Engineering Sciences	4	26	8		38
Social Sciences		7	2		9
Economics	1	13	10		24
Legislation		2	1		3
Soil Science	1	1	1		3
Communication		1			1
Fish Processing	2	7			9
other		3	10		13
Total	34	175	145	59	431

III. 4 Programs of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

The research programmes of the key aquaculture research organizations are listed in the following table.

Names of Institutions	Main Research programmes	Priorities	Objectives
National Seafarming Development Centre,	Breeding of marine finfish	seabass, grouper, red snapper	Seed production
DGF	Breeding of other marine species	sea cucumber, pearl oyster, giant clam	Seed production
	Breeding of ornamental fishes	Pomacanthus annularis, sea horse	Seed production
	Fish nutrition & feed	feed formulation	Larva & broodstock diet
	Live food production	phytoplankton	chlorella, tetraselmis, dunaliela, rotifers, artemia
	Fish health and disease management	parasite, bacterial diseases	Fish health management and prevention and treatment of disease
Brackishwater Aquaculture, Development Centre,	Fry production technique	milkfish, mud crab, shrimp	Improvement of breeding and seed production technologies
DGF	Grow-out technologies	shrimp, mud crab, grouper	shrimp - circulation system mud crab - stocking density & fattening grouper - stocking density
	Pest & disease control	Histopathology Pest fishes microorganism	Diagnosis of fish disease pest control & elimination identification & control of microorganism
	Fish Nutrition & feed	natural food production artificial food production	production of phytoplankton & zooplankton artificial food production technologies
	Bioengineering	genetic improvement biotechnology aquaculture engineering	broodstock & quality seed microbial & vaccine production automatic control
	Bio remedy	management of pond soil & water	technologies for pond soil and water quality management

Names of Institutions	Main Research programmes	Priorities	Objectives
Research Centre for Coastal Fisheries, AARD	Fish nutrition	finfish crustacean	amino & fatty acid requirements
	Pathology	shrimp health management	factors affecting shrimp disease outbreak
	Aquaculture engineering	brackishwater pond management	rate of water recirculation
Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries, AARD	Fisheries resource utilization and development	carrying capacity of lake for aquaculture Restoration of lakes/reservoirs	optimum utilization of lakes for cage culture improved water quality
	Breeding & genetic improvement	catfish genetics selection & hybridization of common carp genetic improvement of tilapia and giant prawn	improved catfish, common carp, tilapia and giant prawn
	Fish nutrition & feed	nutritional requirement of broodstock natural feed for larvae	feed formulation and nutritional requirement
	Fish health management	fish vaccination integrated fish disease control transgenic for disease control	Vaccination & prevention of fish diseases integrated disease control transgenic technology for disease control
	Aquaculture environment control	acute toxicity of herbicide toxicity of heavy metal	toxicity of herbicide on fish in rice field utilization of water body from coal mining
Slipi Research Station for Marine Fisheries, AARD	Microbiological & chemical safety of aquaculture products		Assessment of pollution causing health risk
	Bio-remedy for processing waste of aquaculture products		Improvement of environmental quality
	Depuration techniques for aquaculture products		improved consumer safety
	Processing of aquaculture products		value added products
	Handling of live fish		value added products
	Seaweed handling & processing		value added products
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University	Aquaculture
Faculty of Fisheries, Brawijaya University	Bi-culture of tilapia -clarias	mass fry production production capacity bi-culture model	production of quality fry improved production technologies
	Brackishwater research	Disease control management technique	prevention of shrimp diseases improved production capacity
	Fish reproduction	Line purity of carps Reproduction cycles of river fish Clarias reproduction	keep good quality brood carp continuous availability of fry improved fry production

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

As shown below, a variety of methods and medium is used to disseminate research findings.

Target Group	Methods
Policy planners, i.e., political level	Project reports & presentation; scientific publications; regional development meetings; symposium; seminars
Administrators & managers of government agencies	Project reports & presentation; On the spot visit; scientific publications; workshops; seminars; technical guidance
Fishfarming communities, small & medium scale industries	Research-extension linkage; on field research; training; demonstrations; field day & exhibition; on farm research; farmer meetings; community consultation; national agricultural consultation; workshop; action research
Private sector & supporting industries	Seminars; workshops; research collaboration; technical guidance; leaflets & brochure; action research
Research communities	Seminars; workshops; expo; scientific exchange; publications
Extension communities	Seminars; workshops; bulletin; on the job training; direct consultation; journals
Public at large	Field trial & consumer test; mass media; brochure; bulletin; journals

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

The following table shows that the research organizations are faced with a variety of difficulties in formulating and implementing aquaculture research.

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Administrative & institutional aspects	Direction of research Unified direction of research & development Poor coordination & collaboration among related organizations	Relevance of research Weak linkage between research & extension	Participation Decentralized decision making Improved linkage between related organizations & private sector
Legal aspects	Policies for fishery development toward reliable agribusiness system	Untested policies of using agribusiness approach	Study of impacts and implication of policy instrument before and after implementation
Information	Acceleration of technology transfer Consistent application of ‘participatory research appraisal’ Establishment of Assessment Institute for Agriculture Technology in province Lack of information exchange Poor utilization of research outputs Lack of mechanisms & methods for disseminating research outputs	Physical distance or remote location Bureaucracy Communication gap between technical personnel and extension specialists and users Limited funds and facilities for information dissemination	Improved communication between researchers and users, i.e., 1) communication through collaboration and networking and 2) scientific meetings, publications, on-farm research, use of visual materials Increased funds for information exchange Increased funds for participation in international scientific meetings Improved information exchange system
Human Resources	Insufficient human resource development Heavy work load Lack of skilled research personnel	Lack of training opportunity	Increased opportunities & budget for both degree and non-degree training Improved morale and motivation for staff Increased collaboration with international institutions
Research Facilities	Inadequate research facilities	Limited research funds	Increased research funds & find finding sources Reallocation of research facilities and equipment
Research environment	Role and characterization of fisheries in national development Planning for optimal and sustainable resource utilization and management Interaction among researchers Lack of farmer participation in research priority setting Low priority to research Low priority to postharvest technologies	Lack of experience Lack of reliable and accurate data and information for planning common property, open access, vulnerable resources	Strengthening of interagency and intersectoral coordination and cooperation Planned production and alleviation of exploitation pressure on resources Continued support for research Make program development and budget allocation consistent with the mandates of organizations Establishment of farmer organization Training & involvement of fishfarmers

Comments in the shaded areas indicate those noted by the key research organizations, but not mentioned by the agency responsible for planning and coordination of national aquaculture research.

IV. List of on-going & Planned Projects of the Aquaculture Development Agency.

Project title	Duration	Objectives	Participating Organizations
Development of disease-free P. monodon broodstock	1995		DOF	ASEAN
Harmonization of good shrimp management practices	1995		DOF	ASEAN
STD3 Work Programme - Assessment of tropical shrimp aquaculture impact on the environment using hydrobiology, ecology and remote sensing as using tools for diagnosis (Indonesia, Vietnam, New Caledonia)	1994-1996		DOF	EC

V. List of On-going & Planned Projects of Key Aquaculture Research Organizations.

Project title	Duration	Objectives	Research Organizations
Investigation of mass mortality n shrimp culture in East Java	1997-99	To increase shrimp production	Brawijaya Univ	Wage-ningen Agri. Univ, Netherlands
Investigation of local carp line purity	1996-99	To identify pure line of local carp	Brawijaya Univ
Bio remedial treatment o processing wastes of aquaculture products	1997-	To improve processing waste quality	Slipi Res. Station for Marine Fisheries
Investigation on anti-microbial substances from seaweed	1997-	To reveal potential microbial activities of Indonesian seaweed	Slipi Res. Station for Marine Fisheries
Fish Breeding & genetics	1996-2000	Improvement of fish genetics	RIFF
Fish Pathology	1996-99	Integrated fish health management	RIFF
Toxicology	1996-98	Toxicological aspects of domestic waste products	RIFF
Ornamental fish breeding	1996-99	Breeding technologies for ornamental fish	RIFF
Fish domestication	1996-2000	Domestication technologies for indigenous species	RIFF
Standardization of fish seed quality	1996-98	Characterization of fish seed quality	RIFF
Extraction of fish hypophysis	1996-98	Preservation technology of hypophysis	RIFF
Fish biotechnology	1996-2001	Transgenic for fish disease prevention	RIFF
Open water fisheries	1996-2000	optimum utilization of lakes for aquaculture	RIFF
Catfish genetics	1996-98	Characterization & improvement of catfish genetics	RIFF	ECU
Fish pathology	1993-96	Prevention of EUS	RIFF	Australia
Shrimp pond waste treatment	1995-96	Efficient & effective waste treatment	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Fish culture toxicology	1995-96	Distribution of pesticide residue	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Polyculture & integrated farming	1995-96	Brackishwater pond productivity improvement	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Squid reproduction	1995-96	model for squid hatchery	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Fish & crustacean nutrition	1995-96	Development of feeds for coastal fish & crustacean	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Shrimp health management	1996-97	Identification of factors affecting shrimp diseases	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Feed quality improvement	1996-97	Study of amino acid requirements	Res. Inst. For coastal Fisheries
Shrimp hatchery development technology		To develop simple & applicable hatchery technologies	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Shrimp seed production		Optimization of cost of shrimp seed production	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Mollusc reproduction system		To improve SR of seed	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Environmental and nutrition improvement of fry medium		Medium quality	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Shrimp pond construction improvement		specifications for shrimp pond construction	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.	EEC
Grouper grow-out technologies		To improve growth at optimum cost	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.	French
Environmental technology		To identify key factors on specific conditions	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Test, discussion & identification of remedies		To study environmental limits & tolerance	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Application of biotechnology to hatcheries & enzyme manipulation		To develop environmentally friendly tools and technologies	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent. Universities
Broodstock quality improvement		specific morphology	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent. University
Natural feed production for larvae		To improve SR on seed production	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Formulated diet application on grow-out system		Cost reduction and technology transfer	Brackish wat. Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Brackishwater aquaculture development	1996-97	To establish sustainable brackishwater aquaculture industry	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
Development & management of fisheries resources on ZEEI	1995-96	To improve available aquaculture technologies To provide solutions to technical problems in brackishwater aquaculture	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.
STD3 Work Programme on impact of shrimp aquaculture on the Indonesian environment	1995-97	to assess impacts of shrimp culture on coastal environment	Brackishwater Aqua. Dev. Cent.	EC

VI. List of the Research Organizations Responding to this Survey

National Seafarming Development Centre, DGF
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre, DGF
Central Research Institute for Fisheries, AARD - Responsible for coordination of national fisheries and aquaculture research programs
Research Centre for Coastal Fisheries, AARD
Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries, AARD
Slipi Research Station for Marine Fisheries, AARD
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University
Faculty of Fisheries, Brawijaya University