Section 2. Summary of the Survey Returns

Islamic Republic of Iran

I. Background

Total aquaculture production in Iran was 46,271 tons in 1994. More than 10,000 people were directly employed in aquaculture in 1991.

After the Islamic Revolution, the Aquaculture Department accelerated its development of hatcheries to produce fingerlings for aquaculture units and for release into rivers. The development of aquaculture has been expanded to cover most of Iran’s 25 provinces. Coastal aquaculture was recently introduced.

The success in mass production of fingerlings to replenish and enhance fish stocks in the Caspian Sea has led to the development of aquaculture and expansion of fisheries enhancement programs to other natural and man-made water bodies. This approach is aimed at (1) increasing the supply of cheap animal protein for the rapidly growing population and (2) improving the socio-economic status of the fishfarmers, fishermen and fisheries communities.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

The Iranian Fisheries Agency is responsible for planning and implementing the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Aquaculture Development Objectives	Aquaculture Development Priorities
To provide employment	Creation of employment opportunities
To increase production, e.g., production of 110,000 tons by 1999	Development aquaculture in rural areas
To increase per capita consumption of aquaculture products	Increase in protein supply and consumption

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

SHILAT, working in cooperation with the provincial sectors and following the guidelines issued by the Committee for Water and Agriculture, prepares the national aquaculture development plan. The plan is negotiated with and approved by the Plan and Budget Organization (PBO). The current national aquaculture development plan is based on the broad goals of the Second Socio-Economic Development Plan, 1995-1999.

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

Important species cultured include shrimp, sturgeon, kutum, bream, pike, perch, Caspian carp, Caspian trout, Aspius aspius, barbus and roach.

Action plans and objectives of the national aquaculture development plan

Action plan	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Production of smolt for release to Caspian Sea	To increase harvest from the Caspian Sea.	Fishermen	Well-being of fishermen
Aquaculture development	To conduct extension and pilot projects	Farmers Students Training centers Private sector (manufacturers)
Construction of infrastructure in newly developed aquaculture sites aquaculture sites	To provide infrastructure for newly developed sites	Planning authorities Financial institutions (e.g. banks)

Changes resulting from the implementation of the aquaculture development are improved welfare of fishermen, accelerated rural development and creation of employment opportunities.

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of coordination Delays in obtaining license, and construction of farms and hatcheries	Complexity involved in management of the sector, and rapid development	Regular meeting and consultation among related departments, agencies and sector
Legal aspects
Information	Ineffective technology transfer Ineffective utilization of information Inadequate access to and availability of information Lack of information exchange and sharing Lack of appropriate information delivery methods and mechanisms	Weak aquaculture information centers in the country	Develop the national aquaculture information capacities
Human resources	Lack of expertise in such areas as fish health, fish nutrition, coldwater fish culture, shrimp hatchery techniques, integrated fishfarming		Training and education opportunities
Technical aspects	Lack of management guidelines in recycling of water and effluent treatment		Development of management guidelines
Physical and environment aspects
Socio-economic aspects

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Role, Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

The Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization is the agency responsible for planning and implementing the national aquaculture research program.

The goals and objectives of the national aquaculture research sector are to:

Conduct research on aquaculture biotechniques for native and economic fish species.
Conduct research on increasing fishfarm productivity.
Undertake research on searanching and inland aquaculture.
Introduce new aquaculture methods.

Aquaculture research priorities and programs

Priority Research Areas	Research Programs	Expected output	Implementing Organization	Target beneficiaries	Date impl’td
Aquaculture biotechniques of	Finfish	To develop culture techniques for finfish	Khuzestan Center	Fishfarmers	1995-96
native economic fish	Shellfish (shrimp)	To develop culture techniques for shrimp	Persian Gulf Center	Fishfarmers	1995-97
species	Seaweed	To develop culture techniques for seaweed	Chahbahar Center	Fishfarmers	1997-99
Increasing aquaculture	Warmwater fish species	To increase production to ten mt/ha	Guilan Center	Fishfarmers	1995-97
production	Shrimp	To increase shrimp production to three mt/ha	Persian Gulf Center	Fishfarmers	1996-97
	Coldwater fish (trout)	To increase production of trout to 20 kg/m3	Mazandaran Center	Fishfarmers	1997-99
Fish nutrition	Shellfish (shrimp)		Oman Sea Center (Bandar Abbas)	Fishfarmers	1996-97
	Coldwater fish (trout)		Mazandaran Center	Fishfarmers	1997-99
	Warmwater fish		Guilan Center		1997-99
Disease control and health management	Warmwater and coldwater fish species		Mazandaran, Khuzestan and Guilan Centers	Fishfarmers	1995-97
	Shellfish (shrimp)		Persian Gulf Center	Fishfarmers	1997-99
Searanching	Sturgeon fish (north)		Mazandaran and Guilan Centers	Fishfarmers	1995-99
	Finfish (north)		as above	Fishfarmers	1995-99
Genetics	Sturgeon fishes		Mazandaran and Guilan Centers	Fishfarmers	1995-97
	Finfish		Mazandaran, Khuzestan and Guilan Centers	Fishfarmers	1996-98
Cage or pen culture	Marine fish (cage or pen)		Khoozestan Center	Fishfarmers	1997-98
	Coldwater fish (cage)		Mazandaran Center	Fishfarmers	1997-99
	Sturgeon (pen)		Guilan and Mazandaran Centers	Fishfarmers	1998-99

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

The priority-setting exercise is initiated by experts in the various research centers. They identify the research areas. The Plans and Programs Department sets the priorities based on the viewpoints of the authorities and the availability of resources such as facilities, budget, manpower, structure. The plans are approved by the Research Council and the Board of Directors.

Type of organization	Process	Criteria	Participants
National aquaculture research coordinating agency, i.e., IFRTO	Consultative approach Identification of research areas Coordination with the appropriate organizations Approval	National development objectives Executive requirements Economic justifications Availability of resources Local development objectives (generation of employment)	Experts (researchers) Government agencies Research Council Board of Directors

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

List of key aquaculture research organizations

Research organization	Affiliation	Area of competence
Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization (IFRTO)	Ministry of Jahad-e-sazandegi
Guilan Fisheries Research Center (Anzali)	IFRTO	Sturgeon and finfish
Sturgeon Fishes Research Center Institute	Guilan Center	Sturgeon fishes
Astaneh Research Station	Guilan Center	Caspian bony fishes
Ghazian Research Station	Guilan Center	Warmwater fishes
Mazandaran Research Center	IFRTO	Sturgeon and finfish
Gharasou Research Center	Mazandaran Center	Sturgeon fishes
Kelardasht Research Station	Mazandaran Center	Coldwater fishes
Khuzestan Research Center (Ahvaz)	IFRTO	Finfish (marine and freshwater)
Mahshahr Research Station	Khuzestan Center	Marine finfish
Molla Sani Station	Khuzestan Center	Freshwater fishes
Persian Gulf Center	IFRTO	Shrimp
Sartol Station	Persian Gulf Center	Shrimp
Oman Sea Research Center (Bandar Abbas)	IFRTO	Marine finfish and oyster
Bandar Lengeh Station	Oman Sea Center	Oyster
Chahbahar Research Center	IFRTO	Seaweed

Number of research personnel of IFRTO

Fields	Total	Ph D	M Sc	B Sc	Technicians
DVM	9	9
Biology	20		3	17
Fisheries	33		3	11	19
Total	62	9	6	28	19

Adequacy of research capacity in meeting the national aquaculture development needs

National aquaculture development priority	Priority research needs	Adequacy*
Aquaculture research on native and economic	Technical aspects	3
fish species	Qualified manpower	3
	Physical facilities	2
Increasing aquaculture production	Technical aspects	4
	Physical facilities	2
Fish nutrition	Technical aspects	2
	Fish feed ingredients	3
	Pilot plan	1
Disease control and fish health management	Technical aspects	2
	Chemicals & other supplies	3
Searanching	Technical aspects	4
Genetics	Technical aspects	2
Cage or pen culture	Technical aspects	2

* 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programmes of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

List of the programmes of the key aquaculture research organizations.

It was indicated that there exist 16 key aquaculture research organizations (see III.3) under the Iranian Fisheries Company or directly under the IFRTO. IFRTO responded to the survey.

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target audience	Methods used
Policy planners, political level	Summary of final reports
Administrators and Managers of Government Agencies	Final reports
Fishfarming community, small and medium scale and community level
Private sector and supporting industries. Including investment banks
Research community	Final reports
Extension community	Final reports
Public	Final reports (in libraries)

III. 6 Issues and needs in planning and implementing national aquaculture development research

Category	Issues	Constraints		Required Actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of coordination among related agencies			Annual national coordinating meeting Improve and facilitate coordination
Legal aspects
Information	Lack of appropriate delivery methods and mechanisms Inadequate access to information	Inadequate national information system Lack of capability on networking	Strengthen national information network Staff training
Human resources and research competence	Lack of skilled personnel Difficulty in attracting and motivating aquaculture researchers	Climate constraints in the south (hence difficulty to recruit personnel) Lack of skilled personnel at local level Very fast development of aquaculture in the country	Local and foreign training of staff Initiating specific courses in universities
Research facilities	Inadequate equipment Difficulty in obtaining supplies	Difficulty in importation and exchange procedures	Use research facilities of other organizations
Research environment	Lack of linkage between research institutions and their clients		Establishment of R&D department Strengthen inputs of fishfarmers
Others	Lack of regional projects	Lack of coordination and collaboration with neighboring countries	Develop cooperative regional projects

IV. List of On-Going Aquaculture Projects of the Aquaculture development agency

Project title	Duration from/to	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Implementing organizations	Budget (Iran Rials)
Training of fish and shrimp farmers			Fishfarmers	Aquaculture Dept.
Construction of training centers			Fishfarmers	Aquaculture Dept.
Development of publications and training materials			Fishfarmers Students	Aquaculture Dept.
Extension programs		To increase production		Aquaculture Dept.
Artemia production		To increase production of artemia		Aquaculture Dept.
Rehabilitation and enhancement of lakes and other water resources			Fishfarmers Fishing communities	Aquaculture Dept.
Promotion of cage and pen culture through extension			Fishfarmers	Aquaculture Dept.
Infrastructure development of shrimp and fish farms		To develop production capacity		Aquaculture Dept.

V. List of On-Going Aquaculture Projects of key aquaculture research organizations

No information was provided.

VI. List of the Aquaculture Development Research Organizations Responding to this survey

IFRTO - Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization.

Malaysia

I. Background

Aquaculture makes an important contribution to protein food supply. Freshwater fish from aquaculture is particularly important in the rural hinterland areas where marine fish is generally not available. Total aquaculture production in 1995 amounted to 132,742 metric tonnes, valued at R.M.392.7 millions. The sector directly employs about 18,150 people.

The cultured species include cockle, mussel, oyster, shrimp, crab, grouper, seabass, milkfish, snapper, eel, red tilapia, carp, catfish, prawn, seaweed and ornamental fishes and plants. Nine major culture systems used are cockle culture in mud-flats; freshwater fish and prawn culture in ponds; freshwater fish culture in floating net-cages; brackishwater culture of shrimps and marine fish in ponds; marine fish culture in floating net-cages; mussel culture in rafts and poles; oyster culture in rafts and racks; crab culture in cages and ponds; aquarium fish breeding and culture in tanks and ponds.

The main thrust areas identified under the Aquaculture Development Action Plan for 1996-2010 are shrimp farming, cage culture in freshwater as well as the open sea, and tank and raceway culture. Development of new culture areas such as the open sea and marginal agricultural lands, utilization of new species for culture and increase in productivity will receive greater emphasis. The expected production by 2010 is 340,000 metric tonnes.

Research inputs are needed in many areas, particularly in seed production of marine fin fishes, fish nutrition and feed formulation, and fish health management. Additionally, fiscal incentives to boost the industry and legislative measures are required to ensure sustainable development and safeguard the interests of the aquaculture industry.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

The National Agriculture Policy (1992-2010) outlines the importance of aquaculture as an alternative means of increasing fish production. In achieving this objective, the strategies specified under the Seventh Malaysian Plan (1996-2000) include:

Encourage commercial aquaculture production and large-scale cage-rearing in the seas
Intensify R&D efforts, particularly in the down stream activities to enhance the agro-based industry and to produce more high quality end-products;
Optimize land, water and other resource usage; and
Minimize ecological damage and impacts.

The major areas of development outlined in the Aquaculture Development Action Plan (1996-2010) are:

Traditional practices using ponds, mining pools, cages and cement tanks with effluent treatment systems
Intensified circulating system with minimum land use but maximum yield
Integrated aquaculture-agriculture culture scheme and self sufficiency which incorporates raceways, greenhouse, hatchery, breeding, processing and feed mill
A factory concept of culture for ornamental fish
Searanching using rigid frame cage structure and submersible spar buoy cage
Aquaculture platform in the sea, with submersible platform which incorporate mollusc culture and "rotatable" net-cage culture

In addition, special efforts are being made to identify and develop "industrial aquaculture development areas", and to prepare and implement guidelines and regulations necessary for sustainable development of aquaculture.

II. 2 Process followed in formulating aquaculture development plans and priorities

The Department of Fisheries is responsible for formulation and implementation of national aquaculture development action plan.

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

The strategies for implementing the national aquaculture development plans includes:

development of new and non-conventional culture sites, e.g., man-made water bodies, open seas, brackishwater ponds, use of zoning concepts
new culture systems
new culture species and genetic improvement of cultured species
increased productivity through refinement of culture technologies, particularly for marine finfish, oyster, crab, shrimp, improved feeds, biomanipulation of ponds, mechanization of fish farms, improved postharvest handling, and product development.

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Inadequate supplies of seeds and feeds, particularly for marine fishes
Fish health management
Judicious and coordinated planning and management
Strong institutional support, e.g., R&D, information dissemination, technology transfer, human resource development
Attractive credits and incentive scheme
Guidelines and regulations for resource use, e.g., zonation, and environmental management
Product development and marketing

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

The agency responsible for planning and implementation of the national aquaculture research sector is the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) of the Department of Fisheries.

III. 1 Role, Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

The main function of the national aquaculture research sector is to carry out research on all aspects of living aquatic resources exploitation and management, including aquaculture. The aquaculture research sector facilitates the development of the aquaculture industry through the provision of technical support, and enhances fish production through the development of appropriate culture and propagation technologies and utilization of new species for culture.

The role of research organizations is to undertake research on aspects pertaining to aquaculture, particularly on the development, refinement and adaptation of appropriate technologies and utilization of new species for culture. They are also partly responsible for the dissemination of new knowledge and techniques in aquaculture.

National aquaculture development research priorities

Development and refinement of hatchery and grow-out technology
Fish nutrition and feed formulation
Fish health management
Effluent management

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

Type of organization	Process	Criteria	Participants
Research organization	Participatory process (in-house brainstorming sessions) Consultative (discussions with other research institutions) Approval by Agro-Industry panel of IRPA, Ministry of Science and Technology	National development needs and priorities Industry analysis Capability analysis Research competence of the organization	Researchers (government and universities) Other government agencies Industry Agro-Industrial Panel of the Ministry of Science and Technology

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

List of main aquaculture research organizations

Main aquaculture research organization	Institutional affiliation	Area of competence
Fisheries Research Institute	Ministry of Agriculture	Hatchery and growout technology for fish, prawn, mollusc Fish diseases
Universiti Sains Malaysia	Ministry of Education	Fish diseases Nutrition Fish culture technology
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia	Ministry of Education	Fish diseases Nutrition Hatchery and culture technologies for prawn
Universiti Malaya	Ministry of Education	Fish genetics
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia	Ministry of Education
IPP, Bintawa	Ministry of Agriculture	Culture technology
Fisheries Department, Sabah	Ministry of Agriculture, Sabah
Department of Agriculture, Inland Fisheries Section	Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development, Sarawak

Adequacy of research capacity in meeting the national aquaculture development needs

No information was provided.

III. 4 Programmes of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

List of the programmes of the Fisheries Research Institution, Department of Fisheries Malaysia

Priority research areas	Objectives	Date imp.
Development and refinement of hatchery technology
Propagation of commercially important marine finfish	To propagate grouper by artificial means using cryopreserved gametes	1996-97
Propagation of indigenous freshwater fish	Artificial propagation and fry production techniques for various species	1996-98
Propagation of marine shrimp	Enhanced eye stalk ablated spawners; reutilization of spawners	1996-98
Propagation of sea cucumber	Commercial production-commercial propagation and hatchery production of sea cucumber	1996-98
Crab seed production	Commercial production of crab seed in hatchery	1996-98
Biology, breeding and culture of cephalopods	Commercial propagation and culture of cephalopods	1996-98
Development and refinement of grow-out technology
Development and refinement of open sea cage culture systems	Development of suitable open sea cage design and identification of suitable fish species	1996-98
Refinement of culture techniques for commercially attractive molluscs (e.g. oyster, abalone, cockles)	To study cockles in deeper water; to study sustainable shrimp farming	1996-98
Alternative use of shrimp ponds for sustainable aquaculture	To develop suitable shrimp culture techniques	1996-98
Factors influencing the remote setting of tropical oyster larvae	Commercial oyster spat production	1996-97
Development of pond management strategies for the economic production of white/banana shrimp	Development of suitable culture techniques for white shrimp	1996-98
Refinement of polyculture system involving marine shrimp/fish/seaweed/molluscs	Development of suitable techniques for seaweed culture in ponds	1996-98
Development of recirculating water system for fish culture	Development of viable recirculating water system for commercial fish culture in tanks	1996-98
Nutrition and feed formulation
Identification and development of mass production techniques for phyto and zooplankton suitable as larval feed for cultured marine finfish	Identification of suitable substitutes for artemia as live feed for fish/shrimp larvae	1996-98
Fish health management
Immunoassay for the detection of Aeromonas hydrophilla from fish and aquatic environment	Development of rapid diagnostic kits	1996-98

Number of FRI research personnel by area of specialization

Specialization	PhD	MSc	BSc	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological sciences		1	13		14
Physical and engineering sciences			2		2
Environmental science			1		1
Chemistry/biochemistry			2		2
Fisheries		1	6		7
Others		7		1 (vet med.)	8
Total		9	24	1	34

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target groups	Methods used to transfer research outputs
Policy planners; Political level	Research reports; Briefing sessions
Administrators & Managers of government agencies	Research reports; Seminars; Publications
Fishfarming community	Extension publications; Manuals (formal and informal); Training Direct consultation
Private sector and supporting industries	Publications; Direct consultations; Seminars
Research community	Scientific publications; Seminars and other fora
Extension community	Training; Extension publications; Seminars and workshops
Public in general	Publications, radio and TV; Seminars; Direct consultations

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Research

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Action
Administrative and institutional aspects	Poor coordination in priority-setting and research management Weak interagency linkage	Lack of coordination Lack of coordinated priority setting, e.g., planning by Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and approval of funding by Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE)	Coordination between MOA and MOSTE
Legal aspects	Intellectual property rights	Lack of patents	Improved legislation
Information	Lack of exchange and sharing Ineffective utilization of information	Poor library set-up Lack of funding Need to develop proper attitude towards information Lack of exposure to international conferences	Strengthen libraries and information programs Establish linkages with information networks Initiate more aggressive efforts to publish research results Encourage participation in international conferences
Human resources and research competence	Lack of skilled personnel in nutrition, diseases, genetics Lack of skilled human resources (critical mass)	Weak programs for human resources development Lack of interest in postgraduate training Research hindered by administrative work	Institute more aggressive HRD program for postgraduate training, with funding from the government
Research facilities
Research environment	Little dialogue between research institutions and their clients Lack of collaborative research effort Low priority given to research	Lack of collaborative attitude Ad hoc and short-term research planning Weakness in organizational structure Lack of research guidelines	Revise organizational structure based on team approach Long-term planning Promote collaborative and participatory approach Establish a centralized organization for aquaculture research

Urgent aquaculture development and research needs that are not addressed by existing programs and projects are:

Feed development and disease
Development of standards and legislation for sustainable aquaculture practices and quarantine introduction
Shrimp viral diseases
Molecular genetics for regional stock improvement
Development of sustainable aquaculture technologies/practices

IV. List of On-Going Aquaculture Projects of Aquaculture Development Agency

No information was provided.

V. List of On-Going Aquaculture Development Research Projects of Fisheries Research Institute

Title of Projects	Duration from/to	Target beneficiary	Expected output		Participat’g organiz.		Budget (RM)
Cryopreservation of marine finfish gametes	1996-97	Fishfarmers	Development of techniques for the cryo-preservation storage of marine finfish gametes from selectively bred fish for use in future crosses		FRI		174,000
Breeding and mass fry production of Channa striatus	1996-97	Fishfarmers	Breeding and larval rearing techniques of Channa striatus		FRI		101,500
Broodstock management of freshwater fish	1996-98	Fishfarmers	Establishment of management techniques of broodstock of freshwater fish in tanks and cages		FRI		105,156
Enhancement of induced maturation of eyestalk ablated tiger shrimp adults wit biochemical and environmental factors	1996-98	Fishfarmers	Determination of suitable feeds and environmental factors which could increase the frequency of maturation and improve the quality of spawning of the eyestalk ablated tiger shrimp adult broodstock		FRI		205,500
Studies on reproductive biology, artificial propagation and commercial production of sea cucumber juvenile	1996-98	Fishermen Processors	Reproductive cycles of commercial sea cucumber in Malaysian water Production of juvenile sea cucumber in the hatchery from wild and culture broodstock		FRY		181,000
Crab seed production	1996-98	Small-scale farmers	Increased survival rates of the crab larviculture for mudcrab and blue swimming crab Production of crab seeds for pond growout	FRI		88,760
Biology, breeding and culture of Cephalopoda in hatchery	1996-98	Fishermen	Biology information and guide for future breeding of commercially important group of cephalopods Identification of risks and problems related to the breeding aspect	FRI		74,760
Induced breeding of indigenous freshwater carp	1996-98	Hatcheries (commercial and farm level)	Induced breeding techniques for the propagation of the indigenous freshwater carp using hormones/drugs as induction agent Development of viable larval rearing and nursing techniques for the mass propagation of fish fry	FRY		157,500
Development and refinement of open sea cage culture system	1996-98	Fish farmers Cage farmers Entrepreneurs	Suitable and cost-effective cage materials and design Suitable finfish species for open sea cage culture Economically viable cage management techniques Development of a carrying capacity model for cage culture in marine environment		FRI		317,750
Culture of cockle in deeper waters	1996-98	Cockle culturists	Determination of the viability of culturing cockle in deeper waters beyond existing inter-tidal mudflats Suitability of using new fishing gear for harvesting of cockles		FRI		133,000
Sustainable shrimp farming of tiger shrimp	1996-98	Pond culturists	Development of pond and water quality management protocols for intensive and sustainable pond culture of tiger shrimp via biomanipulation approach		FRI		283,000
Alternative use of shrimp ponds for sustainable aquaculture	1996-98	Shrimp farmers	Alternative uses for shrimp ponds to reduce incidence of disease infestation, following continuous shrimp culture Ensured sustainability of shrimp culture through crop rotation		FRI		152,500
Factors influencing he remote setting of the tropical oyster larvae	1996-98	Fisherfolk	Determination of factors conducive to the remote setting of oyster larvae		FRI		140,000
Development of pond management strategies for the economic production of white/banana shrimp	1996-98	Fish farmers	Development of a method for pond culture of white/banana shrimp at nursery phase and grow-out phase with the primary objective of attaining economic production of shrimp		FRI		106,500
Seaweed culture-open water and pond culture of Gracilaria	1996-98	Inshore fisherfolk Fish farmers	Confirmation of the taxonomic classification of the cultured potential species Determination of the suitability of cultivation of Gracilaria in open water and in ponds. Determination of the parameters influencing yields of agar and its quantity		FRI		280,000
Development of filter system in fish culture in tanks	1996-98	Fish farmers	Culture techniques of Temoleh in ponds		FRI		151,000
Development of cage culture technology using an improved cage design utilizing indigenous fish species P. bulu and M. memurus and its impact on the environment	1996-98	Aquacultur- ists Fish cage culturists	Cage culture technology for indigenous freshwater dish species utilizing a new cage design		FRI		180,000
Towards minimizing artemia usage in marine shrimp larviculture	1996-98	Farmers Feed producers	Determination of the maximum amount of artemia that could be replaced by formulated feeds for marine shrimp larvi culture Determination of the appropriate stage of larval [development] which could receive maximum amount of formulated feed to replace artemia		FRI		81,360
A rapid and simplified immunoassay for selection of a Hydrophila from fish, water and aquatic environment	1996-98	Fish farmers	Simple immunoassay for rapid detection of he pathogen from cultured freshwater fish, rivers, lakes, fishponds and from different drinking water supply		FRI		307,000
Selection of body conformation and high fillet weight in the red tilapia hybrid	1996-98	Large scale farms Small holders	A strain of red tilapia hybrid with a small head, deep body and high fillet weight		FRI		92,100
Breeding of Arowana, Scleropages formosus	1996-98		Determination of some aspects of reproductive biology and ecology of marine turtles		FRI		308,000

VI. List of the research organizations responding to this survey

1. Fisheries Research Institute