Section 2 Summary of the Survey Returns

Nepal

I. Background

Aquaculture is a small but potentially important sector, and can play a significant role in enhancing livelihood in rural communities. In 1995, total production was 11,985 tons from a production area of 5,466 ha. Contribution of aquaculture sector to GNP was 0.8% valued at 13,962 million Rupees (Rs). It was estimated that approximately 220,000 persons were directly employed in aquaculture and fisheries sector.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

The Fisheries Development Division of the Department of Agriculture is responsible for the planning and implementation of the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Aquaculture Development Objectives	Aquaculture Development Priorities
To increase fish production To generate rural employment and income To utilize natural resources rationally for fish production	Polyculture of carp in ponds Utilization of larger water bodies in aquaculture Cage and pen fish culture Integrated fish farming

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

Processes	Criteria	Participants
Consultative process in the form of annual workshops at three levels: district regional national	Potential of aquaculture Farmers’ needs Availability of resources Availability of technology	District aquaculture extension officers Fisheries Resources Centres National fisheries officers Planning officials (agriculture, finance, planning) Fishfarmers

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

The strategies of the National Aquaculture Development Plan are:

To ensure reliable supply of fish seed through the Government Fish Hatchery as well as private sector hatcheries;
To utilize existing village ponds and other wet lands that are appropriate for aquaculture;
To promote integrated fish farming, including paddy cum fish culture systems
To promote private sector hatcheries and nurseries;
To promote cage culture, enclosure fish culture and open water aquaculture;
To introduce large-sized fingerlings in polyculture to achieve high yield;
To disseminate appropriate technology to farmers through aquaculture extension offices and fisheries resource centres.

Presently, seven species of commercially valuable carps are cultured in Nepal. These include three indigenous (rohu, naini and bhakur) and four exotic (common carp, silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp) species. Attempts are being made to culture exotic high-value rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceways or cement tanks, Sahar (Tor putitora), katle (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis) and asala (Schizothorax spp.), tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) and the giant fresh water prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in the plains.

Action plans and objectives of the national aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Demonstration and outreach	To transfer fish farming [technologies] to the private sector	Fishfarmers	Availability of verified technology for transfer to farmers
Fish seed production	To produce high quality fish seed	Fishfarmers	Optimum use of culturable areas and better production
Manpower development	To train farmers and fishery technicians	Fishfarmers	Better management of fishfarms and use of improved techniques
Technology verification	To increase production	Fishfarmers	Greater domestic supply of fish

Changes and emerging issues resulting from implementation of the aquaculture development plan

Action plans	Changes or effects	Issues	Actions required
Demonstration and outreach	Motivated private sector	Inability to reach the small-scale farmers	Make extension services more effective
Fish seed production	Increase in fish seed production	High mortality in fish seeds	Introduce large sized fingerling in polyculture
Manpower development	Improvement in fish farm management	Existing gap between public and private sectors	Undertake mass training on technologies
Technology verification	Increased production per unit area	Technology transfer	Make extension services more effective

II. 5 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Lack of support Inadequate development plan Lack of coordination	Lack of representation at decision-making level	Creation of a fisheries and aquaculture department with a clear mandate Master plan for fishery and aquaculture
Legal	Inadequate regulation for water utilization and effluent management	Lack of regulation	Clear laws and by-laws for water utilization
Information	Ineffective technology transfer Lack of information delivery methods and mechanisms Ineffective communication between public & private sectors, and agencies at different levels	Ineffective extension system	Give priority to aquaculture extension
Human resources	Lack of skilled manpower in fish disease , limnology and economics	Lack of human resources planning	Plan for HRD
Technical	Lack of guidelines on effluent treatment	No law for water protection	Legislation and enforcement
Physical and environment	Water pollution	Lack of appropriate law	establishment and enforcement of legislation
Socio-economic aspects	Difficulty in obtaining credits Poor marketing skills Postharvest handling & processing	High interest rates Lack of farm roads, i.e., transportation difficulties lack of cold storage and high spoilage during transportation	Coordination between extension and credit Strengthen farmers’ marketing skills Attention to post harvest sector

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Role, Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research Functions and role

The objectives of the national aquaculture development research sector are to:

Develop advanced and appropriate technologies for increasing productivity;
Develop suitable techniques for rational utilization of natural resources to increase high-quality animal protein.

The priority research areas are:

Priority Research Areas	Research Programs	Expected outputs	Implement-ing Organiz.	Target beneficia-ies	Date imp.
Cage fish culture	Culture techniques of planktivorous carps in cages Culture of common carp with feed in cages	Increase in fish production	Nepal Agriculture Research Council (NARC)	Fisheries sector	1991
Genetic upgrading of broodstock	Genetic study of Indian major carps in wild and hatchery condition	High productivity	NARC	Farmers	1994
Pond fish culture	Polyculture of carp with feed and fertilizers Improved quality & quantity of fish seed production Fish health management Water quality management Fish nutrition & feed formulation	Increased fish productivity	NARC	Farmers	1991
Production technology	Culture technology of trout in raceway Breeding techniques of indigenous fish	Increased fish productivity	NARC	Entrepre- neurs Farmers	1991
Use of large water bodies	Biological & limnological studies of major river systems & assessment of productivity Socio-economic impacts of river systems on population Breeding & propagation technologies for economically important Trans-Himalayan fish species Cage & enclosure fish culture, stocking density & feed ratios Commercial production of high-value fish, e.g., rainbow trout

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

Type of organization	Process	Criteria	Participants
Nepal Agriculture Research Council (Fisheries Research Division)	Problems are identified by extension agents The identified problems are reported to the Fisheries Division of the Department of Agriculture	Perceived problems of fishfarmers Production increment resulting from the use of appropriate technologies	National agencies concerned with aquaculture, such as the Fisheries Development Division; Fisheries Research Division; Fisheries Development Centres; Fisheries Research Centres Aquaculture extension offices

The Fisheries Research Division of the Nepal Agriculture Research Council is responsible for the planning and coordination of the national fisheries and aquaculture research policies and programs. The Fisheries Research Division in coordination with the Fisheries Development Division initiates the identification of problems. A Research Panel sets the priorities of aquaculture research.

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

List of key aquaculture research organizations

Research organization	Affiliation	Area of competence
Godawary Fisheries Research Center	Department of Agriculture	Coldwater aquaculture
Trisuli Fisheries Research Center	Department of Agriculture	Riverine aquaculture
Pokhara Fisheries Research Center	Department of Agriculture	Lake and reservoir aquaculture
Parwanipur Fisheries Research Center	Department of Agriculture	Warmwater pond fish culture
Tarhara Fisheries Research Center	Department of Agriculture	Carp culture
Aquaculture and Fisheries Department Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University,	Department of Education	Carp culture
Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University,	Department of Education	Taxonomy; Fish ecology Environment impact assessment

Adequacy of research capacity in meeting the national aquaculture development needs

Aquaculture development priorities	Priority research needs	Adequacy*
Aquaculture technology	Fish breeding	4
	Fish seed rearing & nursing	3
	Intensive polyculture	3
	Disease control	2
Cage fish culture	Planktivorous carp culture	4
	Common carp culture with feed	2
Genetic upgrading of broodstock	Assessment of differences between wild carps and hatchery carps	1
High value fish production	Raceway culture of trout	3
	Breeding of native fish	3
	Raceway culture of native fish	2

* 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programs of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions (from the national report)

Programmes of Aquaculture Research by Research Centres for year (1996/97):

Fisheries Research Division, Godawari

Stocking density of yearlings in polyculture fish farming
Density and feeding management in fish larviculture in pond
Biological study of major river systems of Nepal
Cultivation of free breeding Nile tilapia with predator fish species
Performance of Common carp in rice fish system in Chitwan
Projects on walking catfish in pond condition in Nepal
Study on the growth of Common carp with plant protein sources
Survey of the epidemic bacterial disease on cultured fish in different water bodies
Residue detection of chemicals in fish flesh
Studies on microbial fauna of intensive fish culture in relation to the environment
Brood conditioning factors for the multiple breeding of carp
Fish germplasm & museum specimen collection & their taxonomic study
Effects of light on the spawning of trout
On the growth of trout under different environmental condition
Histopathological studies in trout
Carp seed production
Production of marketable trout

Fisheries Research Centre, Pokhara

Study on growth of planktivorous fish fry in the lakes of Pokhara
Growth of common carp in floating cage in lake, with feeding
Replacement of animal protein by plant protein in supplementary fish diet
Feed development for larvae & fry of Mahseer and carp
Zoo-phytoplankton culture in nursery ponds
Breeding of Mahseer & study on the possibility for mass production
Limnological effects on the growth of caged fish in the lakes of Pokhara Valley
Post-spawning brood management of silver carp
Development of fermented soybean for the replacement of fish meal in fish diet
Standardization of nutritional level & energy value of fish feed ingredients to develop different fish diets; fish feed quality control
Production of fish seed
Production of table fish
Farmers participation

Fisheries Research Centre, Trishuli

Survey of trout culture site
Determination of optimum stocking density of rainbow trout
Rearing of sahar fry to advanced size fingerling
Productivity assessment of a part of Trishuli river
Partial replacement of shrimp feed with soybean & extruded soybean
Comparative study hatchability and abnormality of alevins resulting from rainbow trout broodstock feeding on two types of food
Production of table fish
Fish seed production

Fisheries Research Centre, Tarahara

Performance of common carp in rice - fish system in Tarahara
Stocking density of yearling on the productivity of polyculture fish farming system
Production of carp seed & table fish

Fisheries Research Centre, Parwanipur

Identification of mortality factors during fingerling transportation from hilly region to plains
Production of carp seed

Number of research personnel by area of specialization (from the national report)

Institutes	No. of scientists	Technical officers	Administration & other	Total
Fisheries Research Division	1	1	2	4
Fisheries Research Centre, Pokhara	2	7	50	59
Fisheries Research Centre, Godawari	2	3	17	22
Fisheries Research Centre, Trishuli	1	3	21	25
Fisheries Research Centre, Parwanipur	-	1	10	11
Fisheries Research Centre, Tarahara	-	3	8	11
Total	6	18	108	132

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target audience	Methods used
Policy planners
Administrators and managers
Private sector and supporting industries
Fishfarming community	Outreach demonstrations in farmers’ fields
Research community	Technical symposium/ workshop
Extension community	Through the district agricultural office
Public in general

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Action
Administrative and institutional aspects	Low priority given to aquaculture research	Lack of representation at decision-making level. Weak capacity of the Nepal Agriculture Research Council	Strengthening research planning & management capacity of the central agency
Legal aspects
Information	Ineffective technology transfer Insufficient information flow between researchers and research institutes Lack of library services	Inefficient aquaculture extension	Strengthen aquaculture extension system
Human resources and research competence	Lack of skilled personnel in pond culture Weak capacity in research planning & management	Inability of newly established Nepal Agriculture Research Council to recruit competent personnel	Provide opportunities for advanced studies
Research facilities	Inadequate research facilities	Physical facilities not appropriately designed and located	Develop research facilities
Research environment	Little dialogue between institutions and their clients Lack of incentives Well planned research policy & programmes Lack of social scientists Lack of international linkages	Inadequate capacity to solve [aquaculture] problems	More efforts to identify real problems of clientele (by research institutions)

IV. List of On-Going Projects of the Aquaculture development agency

Project	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Objectives	Implementing organiz.	Budget (Nepal rupees)
Projects at the Fisheries Development Centre (FDC), Geta	Regular activity	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production	DOA	1,496,000
Projects at FDC, Bhairawa	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production and Technology verification	DOA	2,414,000
Projects at FDC, Bhandara	as above	Fishfarmers	Technology verification	DOA	1,583,000
Projectrs at FDC, Kulekhani	as above	Fishfarmers	Reservoir fisheries development	DOA	1,032,000
Projects at FDC, Hetauda	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production and Technology verification	DOA	3,135,000
Projects at FDC, Janakpur	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production and Technology verification	DOA	2,586,000
Projects at Fisheries Training Centre (FTC), Janakpur	as above	Fishfarmers	Development of technical manpower	DOA	2,025,000
Projects at Kathmandu Central Fish Hatchery Balaju	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production	DOA	950,000
Projects at FDC, Lahan	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production	DOA	597,000
Projects at FDC, Fattepur	as above	Fishfarmers	Fish seed production	DOA	1,418,000
Projects at Aquaculture Extension Services	as above	Fishfarmers	Provision of extension services	DOA

Note: (a) Project titles were not given; instead, the name of the centres where the activities re part of the regular programmes were mentioned. (b) All projects are implemented by the Department of Agriculture.

V. List of On-going Projects of Aquaculture Development Research Organizations

Title of Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected output	Implementing organiz.	Budget (in Nepal rupees)
Projects relating to pond fish culture: Polyculture of carp with feed and fertilizer Intensive nursing of fish fry Control of disease Multiple breeding of carp	1991-	Fishfarmers	Increased production	NARC (Fisheries Development Centres and Tribhuvan University)	3.5 million
Projects relating to the development of production technologies: Culture technology of trout in raceways Breeding techniques of indigenous fish	1991-	Fishfarmers Entrepre- neurs	Increased production	same as above	3.0 million
Genetic study of Indian major carps in wild and hatchery conditions	1994-	Fishfarmers	Increased production	same as above	5.0 million
Projects relating to cage fish culture: Culture technique of planktivorous carps in cages Culture of common carp with feed in cages	1991-		Increased production	same as above	4.0 million

VI. List of the Research Organizations Responding to this Survey

Fisheries Research Division of the Nepal Agriculture Research Council

Pakistan

I. Background

Aquaculture is relatively new to Pakistan and has not made a significant contribution to the national economy. A special development project "Pakistan Aquaculture Development Project" was implemented in February 1982 to upgrade aquaculture facilities, develop human resources and promote intensification of aquaculture, emphasizing effective utilization of inland open waters. About 20% of the total production from inland waters is attributed to aquaculture; this is mainly used to meet domestic requirements for animal protein.

Fish culture in Pakistan is traditionally practiced in earthen ponds of varying sizes, employing an extensive level of farming & polyculture system involving three indigenous carp species namely, Labeo rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhina mrigala with exotic species including Cyprinus carpio, Hypothalmichtys molitrix and Ctenopharyngodon idellus has been successfully developed over the years under local conditions. Some farmers are also culturing species like Labeo calbasu, Labeo dero and Tilapia sp. In addition, rainbow trout and brown trout are cultured in cold water/northern regions of the country. The development of shrimp culture in the province of Sindh met with some failures largely due to some technical problems which were beyond control in the past.

According to 1995 statistics, the total aquaculture production was 24,000 tons from 14,800 ha of production areas. Estimated number of people directly involved in aquaculture activity is 25,000.

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

Directorate of Fisheries, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (MOFAL) is responsible for formulation and implementation of the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 2 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Aquaculture Development Objectives

Aquaculture Development Priorities

To increase fish production to meet demand for animal protein
To generate the income and employment opportunities for small scale fishermen and fish farmers
To enhance foreign exchange earnings through exports
To manage and utilize fisheries resources in an environmentally sound and socially equitable manner

Development of institutional infrastructure, i.e., hatcheries and nurseries
Mobilization of the private sector through demonstration and provision of incentives and extension services to aquafarmers
Development and management of open inland waters through efficient and optimum utilization of these resources
To maximize the production per unit area from the existing aquafarms and establish new farms for carp and trout
Improvement of the harvesting systems and marketing channels to enhance the farm income

II. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Processes

Criteria Used

Participating Organizations

Identification of needs by MOFAL and FAO missions
Review by the Agricultural Inquiry Committee
Directorate of Fisheries (DOF) prepares the plan on the basis of the sector studies that were coordinated by ADB and MOFAL
PC-I projects were formulated by all provincial department of fisheries.

Production/availability of fish and fish seeds
Interest of public and private sectors
Potentials of aquaculture resource bases
Domestic and local demands for fish

Government agencies, both national and provincial levels, Agricultural Inquiry Committee
Scientific community
Private investors,

Donors and external agencies, e.g., FAO, ADB

Directorate of Fisheries, MOFAL prepares the national aquaculture development plan and the Provincial Department of Fisheries prepares the action plans on the basis of the national plan.

II. 4 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

Strategies to be used in implementing the national aquaculture development plans are:

Creation of basic infrastructure such as hatcheries and nurseries
Promotion of commercial aquaculture in the private sector
Training and development of human resources in aquaculture and related areas
Provision of extension services and technical assistance to the fish farmers
Assessment and management of aquaculture resource bases and stock replenishment
Modernization of technology and improvement of marketing system

Action plans and objectives of the national aquaculture development plan

Action plan	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
First Pakistan Aquaculture Development Project (1981-1986)	To improve hatchery facilities To establish new hatcheries Training & human resource development To promote private sector investment	Private sector Provincial fisheries departments	Meet demand for seed Private sector involvement in aquaculture
Second Aquaculture Development Project (1989-1996)	To strengthen support services To strengthen data collection To promote carp and trout culture in provinces	Private sector Consumers	Improved seed production facilities Establishment of training centers Mobilization of private sector

Changes and emerging issues resulting from implementation of the aquaculture development plans

Action plans	Changes and effects	Emerging issues	Actions required
First Pakistan Aquaculture Development Project (1981- 1986)	Functioning carp and trout hatcheries Meeting the demand for seeds Interest of private sector in aquaculture	Need for improved extension services Improved technical assistance and backup to farmers	The Second aquaculture development project was formulated and implemented
Second Aquaculture Development Project (1989-1996)	Improved and/or new hatcheries Establishment of training centers Mobilization of private sector	Need for more demonstration farms Need to attract private sector investment Need to promote semi-intensive and intensive farming systems Local hatcheries at reservoirs and dams Integrated approaches among research, training and extension services	Coordinated projects with financial assistance from international organizations to fill gaps in the sector.

II. 5 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing the National Aquaculture Development Plan

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Administrative & Institutional Aspects	Weak institutional linkages and coordination among related agencies Inadequate institutional infrastructure	Lack of integrated approach Inadequate coordination efforts	Strengthen institutional linkages and coordination, from planning, research, to adoption and utilization of technologies
Legal Aspects	N/A	N/A	N/A
Information	Inadequate technology transfer Lack of verified technologies and technology packages	Shortage of extension specialists Reluctance of farmers to accept new technologies Lack of awareness	Development of dedicated and trained extension specialists Promote adoption and utilization of information
Human Resources	Training, particularly extension specialists	Shortage of dedicated & skilled personnel	Training of existing staff Recruitment of qualified staff
Technical aspects	Appropriate & applicable technologies and management methods	Lack of feed manufactures Lack of technologies for pollution control and effluent treatment; high density stocking systems	Development of commercial feeds Improvement of management measures
Physical & Environmental aspects	N/A	N/A	N/A

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Socio-economic aspects	Low price of fish Poor marketing and transportation facilities Eating habits of people Lack of incentives for private sector	Involvement of middlemen, i.e., indirect marketing Lack of transportation and storage facilities Consumer preference for big fish & underutilization of small size fishes	Improved marketing system Improved storage facilities Awareness campaign through mass media

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Role, Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

The role of aquaculture research sector is:

To develop improved technologies for the fish farmers
To improve farm income through the use of economic inputs
To develop appropriate plans for proper management and utilization of natural water bodies in order to boost fish production
To conserve aquaculture resources from pollution and other hazards

The objectives of the research sector are:

To increase fish production per unit area through improved and field-tested technologies generated from research
To develop cost-effective and readily acceptable and applicable technologies for private sector
To optimize utilization, sound management and conservation of aquaculture resources

Aquaculture research priorities and action plans/programmes

Research Priorities	Action Plans/Programmes	Expected Outputs	Implementing Organiz.	Target Beneficiaries	Duration From/To
Reservoir fisheries	Stock assessment survey in and around Islamabad Development of fisheries in Islamabad	Improved management plans Increased fish production	NARC DOF (Punjab)	Farmers Consumers	1990-96 1996-97
Genetic improvement of carps	Genetic improvement of major carps Genetic improvement of carps in Punjab	Hybrids with improved performance Genetically improved stocks for farming	NARC DOF (Punjab)	Farmers	1991-96 1996-98
Freshwater prawn farming	Freshwater prawn farming at farmers' level Freshwater prawn farming	Commercial farms & farming	NARC MOFAL & DOF (Sindh)	Farmers
Breeding of Tor (sp.)	Breeding of mahaseer in NWFP Development and improvement of mahaseer culture in high regions of Punjab	Stock replenishment and mahaseer culture	DOF (NWFP) DOF (Punjab)	Farmers	1996-98
Cage culture	Introduction of cage culture in Punjab Cage culture studies in NWFP	Fish production through cage culture	DOF (Punjab) DOF (NWFP)	Consumers Farmers	1996-98
Farming systems	Intensive culture of carp in ponds Intensive trout culture in NWFP	Improvement of yields	DOF (Punjab) DOF (NWFP)	Farmers Consumers	1996-97

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Development Research Plan and Priorities

Types of Organization	Process	Criteria	Participants
National Aquaculture Research Planning Agency	Research priorities are highlighted at a variety of fora Consultation with related agencies and organizations at all levels	Increased production rate Farmers & local needs Innovation, e.g., better management practices Contribution to national economy National development needs	Central research organizations, e.g., NARC, PARC Research units of provincial DOFs Relevant groups from academic institutions
Aquaculture Research Organizations	Consultation with central & provincial government agencies Consultation with fish farming communities Consultation with private sector	Conservation & protection of natural stocks under the threat of collapse Needs of private sector Needs of fish farming communities National development needs Interests of donors & their funding criteria	National government agencies such as NARC, PARC and other related bodies Provincial fisheries agencies Researchers and staff of the research organizations

NOTE: The Livestock Division of Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, in collaboration with NARC, is responsible for formulation and coordination of the national aquaculture research policies and plans The central research organizations such as NARC and PARC play a key role in setting the research priorities and by conducting in-house aquaculture research.

III. 3 National Aquaculture Development Research Capacity

List of key aquaculture development research organizations

Key Aquaculture Research organizations	Institutional affiliation	Areas of Competence
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC)	Agriculture Research Division, MOFAL	Coordinated research on applied areas of aquaculture
National Agriculture Research Center (NARC)	Agriculture Research Division . MOFAL	Problem-oriented applied research
Marine Fisheries Department	Livestock Division , MOFAL	Limnology & postharvest methods, harvesting technologies
Research and Training Center (Punjab)	Directorate of Fisheries of Punjab	Problem-oriented applied research
Center of Excellence in Marine Biology Karachi University	Min. of Education	Taxonomic & basic research
Department of Zoology, Univ. of Punjab, Lahore	Min. of Education	Biological & toxicological aspects of fish culture
Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam Univ., Islamabad	Min. of Education	Biological & reproductive areas
Department of Zoology, Faisalabad Univ.	Min. of Education	Biological & management aspects
Department of Zoology, Multan University	Min. of Education	Biological & management aspects
Pakistan Science Foundation, Islamabad	Ministry of Science and Technology	Basic & taxonomic research

Adequacy of research capacity in meeting the national aquaculture development needs

Aquaculture Development Priorities	Priority Research Needs	Adequacy*
Breeding of Tor (sp.)	Breeding in semi-cold waters Culture of mahaseer under capture conditions	2 2
Freshwater prawn farming	Establishment of hatchery Culture techniques	3 3
Genetic improvement of major carps	Hybridization of carps Polyploidization/ gynogensis techniques	3 2
Promotion of semi-intensive or intensive aquaculture	Commercial feeds for carp culture Farm management techniques to enhance yield	2 2
Integrated fish farming approach	Integrated fish farming with ducks or poultry Integrated model farms at commercial scale	2 2
Intensive farming of trout	Establishment of demonstration farms	3
Mariculture (pearl, oyster, seaweed culture)	Finfish breeding and culture of milkfish, grouper and seabass Pearl culture Seaweed culture	1 2 2
Reservoir fisheries	Stock assessment of reservoirs, dams and natural water bodies Regular stock replenishment to optimize production Weed control in reservoirs and improved harvesting systems	3 2 1
Rice-fish culture	Tilapia/carp culture in rice fields Air-breathing fish culture in rice fields	2 1
Utilization of saline and water-logged areas for fish culture	Species that are known to be suitable for culture in saline waters, e.g., tilapia Identification of new suitable species for culture in saline areas	2 1

* 1 - no capacity; 2 - inadequate; 3 - adequate; 4 - good; 5 - excellent

III. 4 Programs of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

List of the programmes of the key aquaculture development research organizations

Priority areas	Objectives	Place
Fish breeding and genetics	To study factors for controlling and affecting fish reproduction	DOF (PUNJAB)
	Development of breeding technology for major carp Hybrid development and performance testing: Labeo & Catla	NARC
	To study effect of different feed ingredients on growth of genetically improved stocks To study effects of inducing agents used in artificial spawning of Carps and Mahaseer To improvement in artificial spawning techniques	DOF (PUNJAB & NWFP)
	To establish a hatchery complex for commercially important species, i.e., shrimp	DOF (SINDH)
Fish nutrition and growth physiology	To develop cost effective feed formula for trout To study effects of various formulated feed on survival and growth of trout fry and fingerlings	DOF (NWFP)
	To formulate adequate and cheap feeds for local species and to develop techniques for promoting rapid growth	DOF (PUNJAB)
Fish culture system	Rational development of freshwater aquaculture by using agroclimatic parameters	DOF (PUNJAB)
Freshwater prawn culture	To develop culture technologies for Macrobrachium spp.	DOF (SINDH) (in development)
Reservoir fisheries	To study population dynamics, species composition To establish parasitic profile and dynamics in selected species	NARC DOF (PUNJAB)
Fish toxicology	To determine toxic environmental levels of xenobiotic chemicals, heavy metals and pesticides	Punjab University

Number of research personnel by areas of specialization

Specialization	Ph D	M Sc	B Sc	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological sciences	10	23	17	31	81
Economics	1	1			2
Legislation	1	2			3
Physical and Engineering sciences	2	2			4
Social sciences	2	2			4
Total	16	30	17	31	94

Note: The scientists & specialists in the main agricultural research organizations such as

PARC and NARC often participate in aquaculture research programs.

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

Target Groups	Methods used to transfer the research outputs
Policy planners & Political levels	Reports; Published materials
Managers of government agencies	Reports ; Meetings and seminars
Fish farmers & fish farming community	Extension - Demonstration & training; Seminars & workshops; Technical advice; Participatory research & problem solving; Newspapers; Media, brochures

Target Groups	Methods used to transfer the research outputs
Private sector & Supporting industries	Participatory research & problem solving; Broadcast and print media
Research community	Publications (Progressive Fish Farmers); Seminars; conferences
Extension community	Technical assistance
General public	Mass media, e.g., radio, TV, newspapers, Open-house

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research Programs

CATEGORY	ISSUES	CONSTRAINTS	REQUIRED ACTIONS
Administrative and institutional Aspects	Low priority to aquaculture Coordination among research agencies Uncoordinated research planning and policies	Lack of qualified personnel Lack of direction, coordination and leadership	Leadership by the central agencies Improved coordination of research plans and policies, e.g., designate research planning and coordination to one central agency such as Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute Networking and collaboration among research organizations and programmes, both at national and international levels Increase public awareness and support for aquaculture
Human Resources	Shortage of skilled research personnel Inability to recruit project staff	Lack of concerted efforts Lack of skilled personnel Lack of funds and facilities Lack of appropriate courses at graduate & postgraduate levels	Recruitment of staff with appropriate qualifications More graduate courses in fisheries offered by major universities Strengthening of the NARC fisheries institutions Attract more financial resources Organization of exchange programs for scientists
Information	Lack of mechanisms for dissemination of research results Poor information utilization Inadequate extension services Ineffective information dissemination Timeliness and cost of information	Lack of coordination between research and extension Lack of tested and validated technologies Lack of concerted efforts in technology transfer Lack of extension officers and funding	Coordinated actions/programs between extension and research agencies/programs Development of extension specialists More field or adaptive research Coherent approaches Timely dissemination of information at national rates
Research Environment	Inadequate research facilities Inadequate dialogues and interaction between concerned parties Funds for aquaculture research Lack of field oriented research	Unavailability of funds Infrequent or no interaction between researchers and users of research outputs Low priority given to aquaculture Lack of interactions between researchers and users	Need to include appropriate and adequate budget items in all research projects Regular consultations at all levels and stages of research Promote participation of and consultation with users of research outputs Increased grants to Universities Influence policy making and allocate more funds to aquaculture research Support for and encouragement of applied research

Other suggestions:

International and regional collaboration and external financial supports are needed.

IV. List of On-going Projects of Aquaculture Development Agency

Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Executing agency	Budget (Rupees)
Development of hatchery complex for marine shrimp & finfish	1995-97	Fishfarmers, Consumers	To produce shrimp & marine fish seed for coastal aquaculture	MFD, DOFAL	19.0 m
Second Pakistan Aquaculture Development Project	1989-96	Fishfarmers	To strengthen support services & production programmes for carp & trout culture	Provincial directorates of fisheries	US$ 4.5 m ADB - US$ 15.0 m
Determination of soil and water criteria to optimize production	1995-96	Fishfarmers	Technical assistance to fishfarmers	DOF (Punjab)	0.12 m
Strengthening of fisheries extension services	1995-97	Fishfarmers	Provision of training & extension facilities	DOF (Punjab)	7.32 m
Improvement of nursery units in 4 districts	1995-97	Fishfarmers Public sector	Provision of fish seeds Open water stocking	DOF (Punjab)	2.5 m
Promotion of fish culture in Layyah	1995-97	Private sector	Promotion of pond culture	DOF (Punjab)	2.9 m
Pilot project for murrel (Channa sp.) culture	1995-97	Private sector	Introduction of murrel culture	DOF (Punjab)	1.14 m
Control of fish fry production by local chemicals	1995-97	Private sector	Farm management techniques	DOF (Punjab)	1.22 m
Establishment of pituitary extraction unit in Haripur	1993-96	Fishfarmers	Use of PG material for breeding	DOF (NWFP)	1.8 m
Development of trout fish in Mansehra district (phase 1)	1993-96	Fishfarmers	Promotion of trout culture	DOF (NWFP)	0.258 m
Establishment of nurseries in D. I. Khan	1993-96	Fishfarmers	Provision of fingerlings to farmers and restocking natural waters	DOF (NWFP)	1.0 m
Rehabilitation of mahseer fish in Dir Malakand	1993-96	Consumers	Improvement of natural stocks	DOF (NWFP)	1.5 m
Feasibility study for establishing freshwater prawn hatchery	1996	Fishfarmers	Assessment of feasibility for freshwater prawn culture at commercial level	Min. Food Agri. & Livestock	US$ 42,000

V. List of On-going Projects of Aquaculture Research Organizations

Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participating organizations	Budget
Growth and reproduction of major carps	1980-	Extension agencies	Standard culture techniques	Dept. of Zool,, Punjab Univ.	Rs 50,000
Sex differences in growth of tilapia	1990-	Extension agencies	Optimum conditions for culture	Dept. of Zool., Punjab Univ.	Rs 50,000
Biological toxicology	1980-	Extension agencies	Water quality criteria for cultured species	Dept. of Zool,, Punjab Univ.	Rs 150,000
Reservoir fisheries management	1989	Farmers and national agencies	Management regimes	AFRI, NARC Farmers	Rs. 0.7 Million
Carp breeding and genetic improvement	1988-	Farmers	Breeding of carps and hybrid evaluation	AFRI, NARC	Rs. 0.3 Million
Freshwater prawn culture	1990-95	Farmers	Culture techniques	AFRI, NARC, Farmers	Rs. 0.2 Million
Effects of parasitism in reservoir fishes	1994-96	Farmers	Determination of economic importance of various parasites	AFRI, NARC	ODA £10,000
Hatchery complex	1995-98	Fish & shrimp farmers	Availability of seeds Employment opportunities	Marine Fisheries Dept. MOFAL	Rs 18.9 million

VI. List of the Main Aquaculture Research Organizations Responded to the Survey

Aquaculture and Fisheries Research Institute (AFRI), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Government of Pakistan
Marine Fisheries Department, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, GOPakistan
Directorate of Fisheries, NEFP, Peshawar
Department of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore