Section 2 Summary of the Survey Returns:

Aquaculture industry in the Philippines has a long history. It started with milkfish culture in brackishwater ponds in the 14th century. However, its importance was only recognized in 1940, when developed brackishwater areas significantly increased to 60,000 hectares and produced about 20,000 mt. To date, aquaculture area has dramatically increased to 239,323 hectares of brackishwater ponds and 14,531 hectares of freshwater ponds, cages and pens widely distributed in different parts of the country. Out of the total developed fishponds, only 59.8% of the brackishwater and 44.9% of freshwater ponds are effectively utilized for fish production. The rest are idle or unproductive.

Aquaculture is a countrywide activity. It is sub-divided into three sub-sectors: brackishwater, freshwater, and marine culture. Aquaculture practices vary from province to province and/or region in accordance with production level, culture system, management practices, and the species cultivated. The magnitude of difference in operation and management is greatly influenced by the available resources, markets consumers demand, and the individual farmer’s financial capability. Freshwater aquaculture started to develop at a more rapid pace in the 1970's.

In 1995, the aquaculture sector produced around 825,400 mt of fish valued at Pesos 33.3 million (1 US$ = 26 Pesos), from a production area of 162, 234 hectares. It is only from this sector that a steady production was attained compared with commercial and municipal fisheries sector since 1990. The sector generated employment for some 258,480 people. With the benefits derived from aquaculture, its sustainable development is of common concern among agencies and bodies involved in the industry. The sector is envisioned to be the vital source of fish protein in the future as well as a major source of income, employment and foreign exchange.

The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) under the Department of Agriculture (DA) is the lead agency mandated to formulate, implement, monitor and evaluate national fisheries and aquaculture development and management, including conservation plans, programs and projects.

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

All activities are focused towards maximizing aquaculture production. However, all R and D activities are planned in consonance with environmental protection, conservation and sustainable resource use.

Aquaculture Development Objectives

Aquaculture Development Priorities

To enhance the overall productivity of fishery resources, within ecological limits.
To alleviate poverty, particularly of small-scale fishfarmers
To double aquaculture productivity, from 1.2 to 2.4 metric tons per ha per yr.

To increase production of the priority species, i.e., milkfish, shrimp, tilapia, carp, seaweed and crab
To secure adequate supply of quality seeds for the priority species
To apply effective technologies and cost-effective feeds that will not contribute to environmental degradation
To manage fisheries in inland waters within the concept of sustainable yield with the integration of fisheries management, conservation and protection

Processes	Criteria	Participants
National consultations and sectoral workshops Regional, local and sectoral workshops or consultations	National development needs Priorities identified by farmers, private sector, local governments	Government Fisheries organizations & private sector Local governments State colleges and universities Regional representatives from the same sectors above

The National Aquaculture Development Plans of the Philippines known as the Gintong-Ani (Golden Harvest) for Fisheries, was simplified and packaged to respond to the revitalized food security agenda approved and adapted during the Food Security Summit. It provides the blueprint for coordinating, monitoring, regulating and managing the sustainable growth and development of aquaculture and inland fisheries, under a single institutional framework. The present multi-agency nature of managing aquaculture and inland fisheries is complex, which sometimes results in conflicting use of common resources. Problems and issues on aquaculture will be addressed through integrated and coordinated approach by:

Strategies to be followed in implementing the national aquaculture development plan are divided by commodity priority, as follows:

Commodities	Development strategies
Tilapia and carp	Continuation of the GIFT-PNTBP (Philippine National Tilapia Breeding Program) Promotion of polyculture system of carp and tilapia in upland and landlocked areas Mass production of quality fingerlings Research on fish health management Establishment of fish health laboratory in strategic regions
Inland water resources management	Inland water profiling, stock assessment and precaution of management plan for the seven (7) major lakes Review of previous stocking activities by BFAR prior to implementation of the plan based on fish existing food and ecological niche Strengthen linkages with organizations and institutions involved in fisheries.
Seaweed	Genetic improvement of Eucheuma species on establishment of gene-bank Development of farming technology for Gracilaria spp. Extension and technical services
Crabs	Assessment and management of resources Seed production and hatchery technology Promotion of crab culture and fattening technology

Action plans	Objectives	Target beneficiaries	Expected results
Key fisheries development areas in aquaculture	To achieve sustainable aquaculture production To alleviate poverty	Private sector Fishfarmers	Increased production from aquaculture
Key fisheries development areas in lake management	To manage and conserve the lake ecosystem To make a biological assessment of, and formulate and implement , a lake management plan	Local government units Government Non-government organizations Stakeholders	Formulated lake management plan Sustainable resource use and production

Action plans/Change or effect	Issues	Actions required
Key fisheries development areas in aquaculture
Intensified transfer of hatchery technology to the private sector	Difficulties in distribution of milkfish breeders to certain regions	Division of responsibilities among participating institutions Coordination with financing institutions (re credit for fishfarmers)
Three regions completed mapping of aquaculture production areas
Accreditation of private hatchery owners to maintain supply of good quality tilapia seed
Increased aquaculture production on a roll-over financing scheme	Non-profit credit assistance
Identified sites for seaweed seed bank Stock assessment of seaweed resources		Establishment of seed bank
Utilization if mollusc and seaweeds as biofilter for brackishwater fishfarms
Fish health management		Establish regional field laboratories for fish health management
Tilapia-carp polyculture in fertilized pond
Stock improvement of Chinese major carps
Testing of newly developed carp performance		Develop more comprehensive project funded under the RP-Chinese protocol
Use of cowpea as fish meal substitute and as binder; Low cost feed		Technology packaging and commercialization
Key Fisheries Development Areas for Lake Management
Formulation of lake management plan and biological assessment of major lakes	Resource use conflicts	Lake profiling Standardized stock assessment method and management
Training on sustainable management of freshwater ecosystem
Stock assessment of the major fishery resources of Laguna Lake and their level of exploitation

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Low aquaculture production		Strengthen and encourage cooperative development actions Improved mechanisms for coordination, monitoring and evaluation of action plans Strengthen capacity of the coordinating agency
Legal aspects	Lack of legal framework for aquaculture	Inhibiting land tenure Lack of appropriate aquaculture policies	Exemption of aquaculture areas from Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) Review of policy regulations
Information	Centralized data gathering and information dissemination	Weak information exchange and networking in the marketing aquaculture products Slow adoption of improved technology	Assistance in market matching of products and market development Provision of infrastructure and marketing facilities Information campaign on environmental protection & improved technologies Operationalize the Philippine Fisheries Information System
Human resources	Weak linkages with related agencies and organizations Lack of skilled personnel in extension and technical services	Devolution of extension functions to local government units	Programmes to upgrade skills of technical and extension officers Organize training seminars and workshops
Technical aspects	Insufficient supply of fry and fingerlings High cost and poor quality of feeds Lack of biodegradable pesticides to control snails in ponds Disease outbreak Lack of effective quarantine measures for newly introduced species Lack of technologies for water recycling for semi- & intensive farms	Poor quality of seeds	Continuation of GIFT-PNTBP Promotion of polyculture system of carp and tilapia Research on biodegradable pesticides and waste management and treatment Promotion of environmentally friendly culture technologies Undertake productivity enhancement programs Introduce effective quarantine measures
Physical and environment aspects	Environmental conservation and production Integration of inland water area management	Waste dumping Pollution and environmental degradation	Enforcement and monitoring of laws on waste disposal Inland water area profiling and development of integrated management plan

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Socio-economic aspects	Credit assistance Poverty alleviation of small-scale fishfarmers	Deficiencies in the delivery of credit Lack of operating capital for aquaculture operators	Implement prototype fisheries financing projects Expand support for insurance, guarantee and other risk reducing mechanisms to encourage private sector join fisheries financing Recommit seed funds to priority areas/projects

The main body responsible for the national aquaculture research plan in the Philippines is the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Sciences Research and Development (PCAMRD). The main functions of the national aquaculture research sector are (a) to provide a scientific basis for decision-making on the implementation of an integrated program for research and management of our inland water bodies and (b) to support the national economy through the development of new technologies for sustainable utilization of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rivers as well as other inland water resources.

The national aquaculture development research plan is outlined in the National Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Research Agenda (NAFARRA). It is a 5-year Research and Development Plan aimed to synchronize all research efforts. It regulates resource allocation to improve the fishery resource productivity by strengthening cooperation among research implementors, with emphasis on environmental concerns. The NAFARRA is consistent with the government policy on the revitalized food security agenda, rationalized management of the fishery resources for sustainable use, environmental rehabilitation, poverty alleviation and improved productivity, with the necessary policies and institutional reforms for the government and non-government institutions.

The long-term objective of the research plan is to assist the aquaculture sector to attain sustainable development through the:

Research priorities are given to the export winners and domestic commodities of the country.

Export winners
Research Areas		Research Programs	Expected outputs	Implementing Organizations
Shrimp		Development of low cost feed and testing of fishmeal substitutes	Formulation of low-cost shrimp diets	SEAFDEC; UPV; BFAR; DENR; SUCs; NGOs Private sector
		Disease control and prevention	Shrimp disease diagnostic kit and recommendations for disease prevention	same as above
		Broodstock development	Good quality broodstock and increased production of fry	same as above
		Environmental degradation	Policy recommendations on proper management of the environment Policy recommendations on the proper management of organic loading Guidelines on the control of groundwater extraction Policy recommendations on the use of pesticides and toxic chemicals for aquaculture Package of technology on waste water treatment for aquaculture	DENR; UPV BFAR; SEAFDEC SUCs; BSWM CLSU
Crabs		Development of hatchery larval rearing & grow-out culture technology	Increased availability of seedstocks Increased production of mudcrab	DENR; MSU BFAR; SEAFDEC; DA UPV; PNAC
		Feed development	Reduced production cost and increased profit	same as above
Seaweeds		Genetic improvement Development/production of cultivars	Development of fast growers, disease-resistant and HYV/cultivars	UP-MSI; ITDI SUCs; SIAP DA; SEAFDEC Private sector
		Development of technologies for hatchery and grow-out production for seaweeds	Technology for hatchery production of seaweed germlings	same as above
		Inventory, assessment and management of natural stocks (Gracilaria and Sargassum)	Management strategies for the natural stocks of Graclaria and Sargassum	same as above
Basic domestic needs
Milkfish	Broodstock development and seed production
	Refinement of breed in hatchery techniques		Increased fry production	SEAFDEC
	Assessment of hatchery technology adoption and extension (seed production)		Technology and information on milkfish hatchery operation	SEAFDEC DA; BFAR UPV
	Polyculture system with other species		Polyculture technology of milkfish and other fish species	Private sector
	Crop rotation /integrated farming system		Improved production management strategies Increased fishpond production
	Development of locally available and low cost diets		Formulation of low-cost and practical milkfish feeds

Research Areas	Research Programs		Expected outputs	Implementing Organizations
Tilapia	Development of tilapia breeding and genetic improvement program		Improved breeds and strains of tilapia for culture	DA; BFAR; NFFTRC CLSU-FAC; SEAFDEC; LLDA; PCAMARD; DENR; SUCs Private sector
	Pond and cage culture of tilapia in brackishwater		Technology on brackishwater pond and cage culture of tilapia and other fish species	same
	Productivity enhancement		Increased productivity Sustainable utilization of developed fishfarms
	Formulation of low-cost feeds from locally available feed ingredients		Low-cost tilapia feeds	BFAR CLSU SEAFDEC
	Policy studies on the utilization of lakes, rivers and reservoirs for aquaculture		Policies and regulations on use of lakes, rivers and reservoirs for aquaculture	SUCs; BFAR PIDS Local gov.
Other priority areas
Research Areas		Research Programs	Expected outputs		Implementing Organizations
Catfish, carp, grouper, macrobrachium, seabass, siganid, sea urchin, tridacna, pholas, placuna, abalone		Breeding Seed production	Increased/sustained production of good quality broodstock and fry Technology for breeding and seed production			SEAFDEC UPV; BFAR DA; SUCs Private sector
Seabass, grouper, siganid, pholas, placuna, sea urchin, abalone, tridacna		Improvement of grow-out culture systems & technologies	Development of site-specific culture technologies Increased production Packages of grow-out technologies for commercially important species
Grouper, seabass, siganid, catfish		Feed development	Low-cost quality feed for aquaculture Increased production of locally produced aquafeeds Development of new sources of feed Guidelines on feed production and feed quality control			SEAFDEC DOST; UPV DA
Institutional policy studies		Institutional policy studies	Inventory of current aquaculture development practices Evaluation of current aquaculture development & assessment of adoption rate of these practices Recommendations on technology transfer Inventory of fishery laws in aquaculture Recommendations on improvement of aquaculture laws and enforcement			BAR; UPLB DA regional offices SUCs Local gov.

Type of organizations	Processes	Criteria	Participants
National research coordinating agency (PCAMRD)	Consultative or participatory approach among related agencies Plans are set and priorities made through a variety of consultation, including workshops	STAND-2000 of DOST-PCAMRD NFRD of Fisheries Sector Program The Medium Term Fisheries Management and Development of DA-BFAR	DOST-PCAMRD's leadership DA-BAR & BFAR, SCUs and research institutions, Private sector NGOs & People’s organizations Local governments
Research organizations	Individual initiative Feedback mechanisms from all sectors involved in aquaculture Inter-division/agency consultation	National and development needs or priorities Farmers’ & local needs Requests by clients; needs of clients Criteria of funding agencies Research competence Scientific value Availability of funds	Researchers Farmers/ clients Representatives of funding agencies

Direction, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of researches are provided by PCAMRD.

Research organization	Affiliation	Area of competence
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Quezon City	Department of Agriculture	All aspects of aquaculture
Bureau of Agricultural Research, Quezon City	Department of Agriculture	All aspects of aquaculture
UP Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman	Autonomous	Coastal and marine aquaculture
Freshwater Fisheries Research Station, Bambang, Los Banos	Department of Agriculture	Freshwater aquaculture
Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija	Department of Education	Freshwater aquaculture Tilapia (all aspects)
Brackishwater Aquaculture Center, University of the Philippines Visayas Leganes, Iloilo	Autonomous	Brackishwater aquaculture
SEAFDEC/AQD	Department of Agriculture	all aspects of aquaculture
Institute of Fisheries and Development, Mindanao State University, Naawan, Misamis, Oriental	Department of Education	Breeding & larval rearing; Nutrition; Disease control; Pond culture; Cage culture
Laguna Lake Development Authority, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Pasig City	Department of Environment and Natural Resources	Water quality management; Lake fisheries; Lake limnology

The National Aquatic Resources Research and Development System (NARRDS) is a nationwide network of institutions involved in fisheries research and development activities. The members of the network conduct basic and applied researches on one or more commodities, package the technology, and transfer te information to the clients. Mature and verified technologies are also extended to the farmers. The network is composed of more than 40 members. Mostly, state universities and colleges (SCUs), Regional centers, cooperating stations and specialized collaborating agencies. The direction, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of researches are provided by PCAMRD. To some extent, advanced degree programs and non-formal training of the network staff are financed by NARDDS.

The research consortia are formed in areas where two or more adjacent or contiguous research agencies serve one region. This arrangement facilitates sharing of resources and capabilities or researches for more efficiency and economy. There are 13 existing regional consortia in the country which is in line with the objectives of decentralization of R & D management.

List of the programs of the four aquaculture research organizations (see items IV and V for the list).

Res. Programmes	Priority Areas	Date Impl’td	Organizations
Fish Genetics	Tilapia genetic selection Validation of YY-male technology	1988	FAQ-CLSU
Fish nutrition	Enzyme evaluation - tilapia	1996	FAQ-CLSU
Disease and Parasites	Motile Aeromonad Septicemia Streptococcus and Aeromonad septicemia Vaccination of Nile tilapia		FAQ-CLSU
Culture systems	Use of bagasse Integration of azolla-duck & fish Fertilization trials	1994 1995 1993	FAQ-CLSU
Seaweed	Agar producing species	1987	MSI-UP
Invertebrates	Giant clams Sea urchins Zooplankton Lobsters	1986 1993 1990 1993	MSI-UP
Microalgae	Planktonic & benthic diatoms Toxic algal species Zooxanthellae	1987 1993 1995	MSI-UP
Laguna de Bay	Lake primary productivity study Polyculture study Culture of tropical aquarium fish Freshwater pearl culture		LLDA
Breeding & larval rearing	Scylla serrata Gracilaria Sporelings Imbaw, Anodontia edentula Siganus guttatus		MSU-IFRD
Nutrition	Proliferation of Diaphanosoma sp.		MSU-IFRD
Disease Control	Scylla serrata		MSU-IFRD
Pond culture	Pigok Utilization of agarophytes and alginophytes		MSU-IFRD
Cage culture	Abalone, Haliotis sp. Mudcrab		MSU-IFRD
	Status of corals		MSU-IFRD

Figures in parentheses ( ) indicate that the persons involved are on part-time basis.

The research organizations participating to this survey indicated that their research outputs are disseminated through the following methods:

Target groups	Methods used to transfer research outputs
Policy planners, political level	Technology fairs; DOST technology training centers; proceedings of seminars and workshops; Informal and formal communications; Academic and semi-technical publications
Administrators and managers	Project review; Technical reports
Fishfarming community	Technology packaging; Hands-on training; Farm demonstration
Private sector and supporting industries	Investors’ fora; Investment clinic; Technology fairs; Consultancy for agricultural productivity enhancement, brackishwater aquaculture Contracted research
Research community	Project review; Scientific publications; Seminars and talks
Extension community	Outreach publications; Manuals; Seminars/workshops
Public in general	Technology primer; Technology manual; Press releases; Manuals and brochures
Funding agencies	Technical reports

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Administrative and institutional aspects	Research orientation, e.g., Institutions become isolated centers of excellence & tend to focus on research activity, not on results Lack of collaboration among related organizations and programs Poor administration of funds Low priority given to research	Funding constraints Lack of collaborative mechanisms Delayed release of funds Lack of efforts on the part of research institution Lack of policy direction	Strengthen national aquaculture research policies Strengthen research coordination and mechanisms for collaborative research Give basic research priority in technology development Rational allocation of funds and national subsidy Generate funds and support for research Streamline financial procedures in fund releases
Legal aspects
Information	Lack of exchange and sharing Ineffective technology transfer Lack of mechanisms for disseminating research output Poor utilization of research outputs	Inadequate or no networking among related institutions Inadequate mechanism for technology transfer Inadequate packaging of research results and inappropriate communication mechanism Inadequate library Lack of institutional efforts to establish MIS Lack of coordinated efforts in disseminating research outputs Poor communications systems Lack of funds	Strengthen information networking Develop mechanisms for technology transfer Use broadcast media and popular publications for information dissemination Develop information repackages in the context of user needs Identify funding sources for information activities

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Actions
Human resources and research competence	Difficulty in attracting and motivating aquaculture researchers Economic shortage of committed researchers Lack of skilled personnel Lack of manpower for research programs	Requirements for specialization Lack of funds for recruitment Retrenchment Researchers involved in too many activities	Staff development through training Provide advanced training Institutionalize [research] center
Research facilities	Inadequate equipment and laboratory facilities Lack of research facilities	Low budgetary allocation	Identify other funding sources and improve research facilities
Research environment	Lack of research in critical areas (genetics, disease prevention, mass production of important species) Lack of farmer participation in research priority setting Lack of local community participation in research priority setting Lack of funding	Lack of facilities and trained manpower and expertise No or little dialogue on actual farm situation or institution-farmer dialogue Lack of collaboration with fishfarming community in general Low priority given to aquaculture research	Increased interaction between scientists and farmers Motivate farmers to participate in research Conduct trials (technology transfer) with farmers at the outset Promote participatory research

Aquaculture development and research needs that are not addressed by existing programs and projects:

Project title	Date Impl’td	Expected outputs	Target beneficiaries	Implementing organizations
Fisheries Sector Program Research and Extension Component (Program IV is Aquaculture)	1990-95 (with extension of some activities to 96) Most of the research projects have been completed by 1996	Strengthening of the fisheries sector	fisheries industry sector	BFAR (ADB loan)
FGBP	3/15/95-97	Commercialization of YY technology for tilapia	farmers	BFAR,
GMIT-TAD	1994-96	YY male technology for large scale production of monosex male progeny for culture (tilapia)	farmers	UCS,Wales
GIFT	1988-96	Productive stocks of tilapia	farmers	ICLARM, FAC, BFAR-NFFTRC
AZOLLA	1995-96	Azolla as fish feed component	farmers	UHawaii, GMIT, UCS, BFAR-NFFTRC
CRSP	1991-96	Organic and inorganic fertilization guidelines for Philippine pond conditions	farmers	USAID, Univ. Hawaii, GMIT, UCS, BFAR-NFFRTC
Fishfeeds	1996	Suitable fish feed using local ingredients	farmers feed manufacturers	FFI
Basin approach to environmentally sound management of water resources (Laguna Lake)	Ongoing (5 years)	Management development schemes including policies and regulations	farmers, fisherfolks, aquaculturists, industries	Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA)
Laguna Lake primary productivity studies	Continuing	Carrying capacity	Entrepreneurs Extension	LLDA
Survey and assessment of mass fish kills	Continuing	Prevention and control of fish kills	fishers, aquaculturists	LLDA

Project titles	date impl’td	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participat. Organiz.	Budget
Molecular genetic identification of strains of symbiotic zooanthellae for improved giant clam culture	1995-98	giant clam hatcheries	1. phylogeny of tridacnid zooxanthellae 2. optimal zooxanthellae strains of giant clam mariculture	UP MSI UP IC	Pesos 5 M (I US$ = 26)
Genetic and chemical characterization of Phil agar producing seaweeds as basis for cultivar selection	1992-96	seaweed farmers	publications (identified species with good agar quality and growth rates)	UP MSI	US$ 84,000 (USAID-UNCW)
Development of Gracilaria for open water seaweed farming	1995-98	seaweed farmers	hatchery techniques to culture Gracilaria	UPMSI, BUCI DMNSU, PNAC	Pesos 3 M
Development of germling production and culture technology of sargassum	1995-98	farmers	hatchery and culture techniques	UP MSI	Pesos 913,000
Giant clam research project	1996	farmers	seafarnming of clams	UP MSI NGO LGU
Dev. of culture technique of T. gratilla	1993-97	scientists private entrepreneurs	reseeding of depleted areas	UP MSI	Pesos 1 M
Community-based sea urchin grow-out culture as a resource management tool	1992-97	organized fishers and farmers groups	supplemental source of income; community participation in resource management	UP MSI LGU CD workers	Pesos 600,000

Project titles	date impl’td	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participat. Organiz.	Budget
Larval rearing of Scylla serrata	1996	on-growers	more seed for culture	MSU Inst of fisheries R and D	Pesos 50,000
Identification and control of fungal pathogens of S. serrata and Rana ranina	1996	extensionists, researchers farmers	advisory to reduce losses from diseases	MSU-IFRD	Peso 25,000
Production and outplanting of Gracilaria sporelings	1996	farmers	materials and methods for culture	MSU-IFRD	Pesos 40,000
Culture of Therapon cancellatus	1996	entrepreneurs	techniques for the aquaculture of a new species	MSU-IFRD	Pesos 40,000
Larval rearing of Anodontia edentula	1996	farmers	seed for culture	MSU-IFRD	Pesos 40,000
Culture of abalone	1996	entrepreneurs	technology for a new high value aquaculture commodity	MSU-IFRD	Pesos 47,000

Note: SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department responded to the questionnaire for regional institutions.

Sri Lanka

I. Background

Although aquaculture in Sri Lanka is relatively recent, its importance in providing fish as a cheap source of animal protein to the rural communities, providing income and employment, and earning much needed foreign exchange has been well recognized. In view of the limited production potential in coastal fisheries and high production cost in deep sea fisheries, a high priority has been given to aquaculture development.

The main aquaculture systems are pond farming of shrimps and fish farming in seasonal village tanks. Pond fish culture, cage culture and farming of molluscs, seaweed, etc. are still in the experimental stages. Production from aquaculture in 1994 was 18,000 tons from an area of 52,500 hectares. Some 20,000 people were directly employed in aquaculture.

The Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources is responsible for planning and implementation of the national aquaculture development plan.

II. 1 Objectives and priorities of the national aquaculture development plan

Aquaculture development plan is a part of overall national fisheries development plan (1995-2000) of the Ministry.

Processes	Criteria	Participants
Identification of aquaculture resources and potentials Setting of targets (by the sub-committee of experts) Review and discussion at public fora	Availability of aquaculture resources Potentials for increased production Potentials for income generation Potentials for income generation Foreign exchange earning potential	Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - Aquaculture Development division Aquaculture Sub-committee Experts & resource persons Researchers Planners Fishermen’s organizations NGOs Public

The strategies in implementation of the national aquaculture development plan are:

Action plans	Objectives	Expected results	Target beneficiaries
Rehabilitation of seed production centers	To increase fry production	Increased stocking	Rural communities
Stocking of reservoir	To increase freshwater fish production	Increased protein supply	Rural communities
Seasonal tank development	To increase freshwater fish production	Increased protein fish supply	Rural communities
Integrated fish farming	To increase income and employment	Rural development	Rural communities
Coastal aquaculture	Employment generation and export of production	Employment for coastal fishermen Foreign exchange	Coastal communities
Seafarming	Demonstration of technology	Increased income for coastal communities	Coastal communities

Action plans	Changes or effects	Issues	Actions required
Rehabilitation of seed production centers	Availability of fish seed	Training needs Marketing of fish seeds	Community participation Development of mechanisms for purchase of fingerlings
Stocking of reservoir	Increased fish production Increased employment	Training needs Marketing of fish	Strengthening of cooperatives Organization of villages for fish culture
Seasonal tank development	Increased fish production Increased employment	Training Marketing of fish	Organization of villages for fish culture
Integrated fish farming	Rural development	Training needs Coordination with other agencies	Integrated fish farming (fish, ducks and chickens) Training
Coastal aquaculture	Increased foreign exchange Increased employment	Environmental problem	Monitoring of projects
Seafarming	Awareness creation on seafarming	Need for technology demonstration	Training of coastal aquaculturists

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required actions
Administrative and institutional aspect	Poor coordination among agencies Lengthy administrative procedures		Improve coordination among agencies Improve administrative efficiency
Legal aspects	Lack of management regulations Zoning plans		Establishment and enforcement of regulations
Information	Technology transfer	Lack of extension staff	Recruitment and training of extension staff
Human resources	Lack of trained personnel	Delay in recruitment	Build up a pool of experts Coordination among agencies
Technical aspects	insufficient technologies in sea farming, environmental monitoring, disease diagnostics and control, feed development, mass production of seed, effluent treatment	Lack of proper monitoring system	Enforcement of regulations
Physical and environment aspects	Limited land Pollution of aquatic environment	Limited area available for coastal aquaculture Low priority	Zonation Coordination among agencies
Socio-economic aspects	Low price of inland fish Welfare of inland fishermen Provision of infrastructure , e.g., housing, roads, drinking water, to rural fishfarming communities	Low consumer acceptance Low level of priority given to rural community fishfarming	Popularization of freshwater fish consumption Assistance from donor agencies

The agency responsible for planning and coordination of the national aquaculture research in Sri Lanka is the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA). NARA has the Inland Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture Division that is responsible for aquaculture development and management research.

The function of the agricultural research sector is to carry out research and development activities in relation to biological resources of inland and brackishwater, and development of aquaculture, including environmental assessment and management.

Priority Research Areas	Research Programmes	Expected outputs	Implementing Organiz.	Target beneficiaries	Duration From/To
Shrimp-prawn culture	Disease outbreaks in shrimp culture systems	Management strategies	NARA (CARP; IFS)	Fishfarmers	1993-
resources management	Improvement of farm effluents	Management strategies	NARA	Fishfarmers	1994-
	Use of fauna as indicator organisms to evaluate water quality	Water pollution indicators	NARA	Fishfarmers	1995-
	Control of sulphur reducing bacteria in shrimp farms	Management strategies	NARA	Fishfarmers	1995-
	Coastal zone management - zoning plans for aquaculture	Zoning plan	NARA	Fishfarmers Planners	1995-
Inland aquaculture and inland fisheries	Development of community-based capture fisheries in reservoirs	Management strategies	NARA Univ. Of Vidyalankaya	Fishing communities	1993-
management	Development of technology for larval rearing of freshwater prawn	Improvement of technology	NARA	Fishfarmers	1995-
Seafarming	Development of hatchery technology	Hatchery technology	NARA (CARP)	Fishfarmers	1996-
	Mariculture of sea cucumber	Development of technology	NARA	Fishfarmers Exporters	1996-
Ornamental fish culture	Assessment and management of scientific constraints related to ornamental fish culture	Management strategies	NARA	Fishfarmers	1996-
	Assessment of freshwater ornamental fish resources	Export policies	NARA (CARP)	Fishfarmers	1996-
	Induced breeding of indigenous freshwater fish species	Technology development	NARA	Fishfarmers Planners	1996-
Verification of culture	Crab culture	Technology development	NARA	Fishfarmers	1996-
technology	Community oriented shellfish culture	Technology development	NARA	Fishfarmers	1996-
Mangroves and wetland management	Management of mangrove ecosystem	Conservation and management	NARA	Community Students	1996-

Type of organiz.	Processes	Criteria	Participants
National aquaculture research sector, i.e., NARA	Consultation with farmers, researchers, managers and government officers Formulation of projects Discussions with senior staff Approval of NARA governing council	Needs of industry Request of fishfarmers and farm managers Request of Aquaculture Development Division (ADD) National development plan	NARA (ADD) MOFAR Fishfarmers, hatchery operators, fishfamers associations Government extension & development agencies University researchers
Research organizations*	Research proposals prepared for submission for funding Consultation with government agencies and private sector Peer consultation	Research competence Local & private sector needs National development needs Contribution to scientific knowledge Interests and requirements of funding organizations	Researchers University faculty & authority Government sector (fisheries officers) Funding agencies

* Five research organizations which participated in this survey are listed in Annex 2.

The National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency initiates the priority-setting exercise and formulation of national aquaculture development research plans.

Research organizations	Affiliation	Areas of competence
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency	Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources	Shrimp culture Wetland management Environmental management of shrimp culture Utilization of problem soils for shrimp culture Inland fisheries management Ornamental fish culture
University of Colombo	Ministry of Higher Education	Bivalve culture Artemia culture Prawn culture (ranching in lagoons)
Eastern University	Ministry of Higher Education	Fish disease Fish/shrimp farming
Vidyalankara University	Ministry of Higher Education	Inland aquaculture Fish diseases Shrimp culture Ornamental fish culture Cultivation of food fish
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya	Ministry of Higher Education	Integrated fish culture Reservoir fisheries Rice-fish culture Fish breeding
Dept. of Fish Biology/Zoology, Univ. of Ruhuna	Ministry of Higher Education	Resource survey Fish disease
Rice Research Institute	Ministry of Agriculture	Rice-fish culture

National aquaculture development priorities	Priority research needs	Adequacy*
Shrimp and prawn culture	Environment management	2
	Disease and health management	2
	Soil management	3
Inland aquaculture-based capture	Aquaculture management	1
Fisheries	Development and improvement of broodstock	2
	Formulation of low-cost feeds	1
	Stocking densities in reservoirs	1
	Integrated fish culture	2
Seafarming	Verification of technology	2
	Improvement of breeding techniques	1
	Economics of seafarming	1

National aquaculture development priorities	Priority research needs	Adequacy*

Ornamental fish culture	Breeding of indigenous species	2
	Environmental aspects - population dynamics	2
Seaweed and mollusc culture	Improvement of breeding and culture techniques	2
	Assessment of natural resources	3
Mangrove and wetland	Ecosystem management	2
management and conservation	Productivity	2
	Environmental impact of destruction of sensitive habitats	2
Legal requirements and legislation related to aquaculture	Improvement of legal framework	1
Socio-economics and	Environmental auditing and evaluation	2
environmental impacts related to aquaculture	Studies on social impacts	2

Priority areas	Objectives	Date imp.
Inland aquaculture; inland fisheries management	To enhance inland aquaculture production To develop community-based capture fisheries To develop culture technology and verification	1996; 1982
Ornamental fish culture	To promote exotic, endemic ornamental fish culture
Culture of food fish	Diversification of culture systems
Bivalve culture	Diversification of culture systems	1984
Prawn grow-out culture	Diversification of culture systems	1995
Artemia culture	Diversification of culture systems	1988
Sea cucumber culture	Diversification of culture systems	1996
Integrated fish farming	To develop sustainable crop-livestock-fish integrated system	1981
Fish breeding and reservoir fisheries	To increase production and minimize pollution of environment	1990
Fish disease (EUS)	To study harmful effects of fish EUS	1994
Shrimp/prawn culture and resources management	To promote shrimp/prawn culture and rational utilization of coastal resources	1982
Seafarming (including seaweed/mollusc culture)	To undertake resources assessment To verify technology	1984
Ornamental fish culture	To develop culture technology To improve health management To develop induced breeding of endemic species	1984
Mangroves and wetland management	To undertake conservation and rational utilization of resources through appropriate management measures	1982

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Action
Administrative and institutional aspects	Inappropriate research priority setting Lack of sound aquaculture research plan Political interference Low priority given to research	political interference Ad hoc changes in priorities Ineffective use of funds Need for trained staff	Make research organization an independent body Develop action plan 5-10 years in advance Prevent political interference Improve staffing pattern at department level
Legal aspects	Weakness in legal framework	Conflicts & problems in implementing plans	Revise legal framework
Information	Unavailability of information for research management and planning Lack of information exchange & coordination Duplication of projects	Lack of project information	Improved flow of information Improve information exchange and coordination Develop information facilities (internet) Acquire current journals Increased extension and field services
Human resources and research competence	Lack of trained and experienced personnel		Promote cooperative programs Develop regional lead centre for each specific area
Research facilities	Inadequate research facilities	Lack of funding	Provide or develop facilities Promote collaborative projects Identify funding sources Construction of a research laboratory closer to the field site (lagoon)

Category	Issues	Constraints	Required Action
Research environment	Duplication of research Lack of appropriate training and exposure Lack of farmer participation in research Lack of coordination Inability to expand research areas	Inefficient research management, including implementation and formulation of research program Low level of education of farmers Lack of funds Funds do not reach (or is not available) to research organization	Develop cooperative research programs, identify main areas of research and allocate sub-areas to different research centres Recognition of importance of research organizations Provide appropriate training and exposure for staff Proper delineation of responsibilities Improved linkage and cooperation between research, extension and fishing communities

Project	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participat. organiz.	Budget*
Revitalization of inland fisheries		Fishfarmers	Rehabilitation of aquaculture development centres and increase of seed production	FAO	0.200m US$ .2m (FAO)
Urgent assistance for inland fisheries		Fishfarmers	Increased seed production	ADB	0.30m US$ .54m (ADB)
Mariculture development and training projects		Coastal fishermen	Development of seafarming	German-Sri Lankan bilateral	150.0m
Establishment of freshwater prawn hatchery		Fishfarmers	Development of freshwater prawn farming	as above	60m
Establishment of community-based seed production centers		Fishfarmers	Increased seed production	as above	5.0m
Community-based inland fish production		Fishfarmers	Increased freshwater fish production	JICA	60.0m
Coastal aquaculture and seafarming		Fishfarmers	Development of coastal aquaculture and seafarming	as above	225.0m

Title of Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participat. organiz.	Budget (in upees)
Disease outbreaks in shrimp culture system on problem soils	1993-1996	Fishfarmers	Management strategies	CARP NARA	1.6 m
Improving shrimp farm effluents/receiving water and assessment of farm effluents on secondary productivity	1993-1998	Fishfarmers	Treatment procedures	NARA	0.5m
Use of benthic fauna as indicator organisms to evaluate the water quality status of Dutch canal	1995-1997	Planners Monitoring organiz.	Indicators for the assessment of the environment	NARA	0.11m
Control of sulphur bacteria	1995-1997	Fishfarmers	Management strategies	NARA	0.07m
Development of community-based capture fisheries in selected perennial reservoirs in the dry zone of Sri Lanka	1994-1997	Rural Communities	Management plan	NARA	0.1m
Development of technology for larval rearing and farming of M. rosenbergii	1995-1997	Fishfarmers	Technology package and validated technology	NARA	0.25m
Development of hatchery technology for seafarming	1995-1997	Fishfarmers	Technology package and validated technology	NARA	1.0m
Assessment of management and scientific constraints related to fish diseases in ornamental fish industry	1995-1996	Fishfarmers	Fish health management strategies	NARA	0.25m
Assessment of freshwater ornamental fish resources in selected areas and building up of a broodstock of fish being bred for export	1995-1996	Planners	Policies on resources assessment	NARA	0.25m
Experimental induced breeding of selected freshwater fish species of Sri Lanka	1995-1998	Fishfarmers	Technology package	NARA ARP	0.12m
Economic feasibility of the mudcrab S. serrata	1995-1997	Fishfarmers	Validated technology on mudcrab culture	NARA	0.1m
Community-oriented shellfish culture	1986-1997	Fishfarmers	Transfer of shellfish culture technology	NARA	0.25m
Introduction of mariculture practices on two currently export-oriented sea cucumber species (H. Sacarba and H. Atra) on the northwest coast at Kalpitiya	1995-1997	Fishfarmers Collectors	Technology package	NARA	0.12m
Management of mangrove ecosystems	1995-1997	Community Researchers	Management plan	NARA	0.1m
Fish disease	1994-1997	Fishermen	Identification of causative agents	Eastern Univ.	0.014m
Fish breeding	1990-	Sri Lankans	Breeding technology for endangered inland fish species	Univ. of Peredeniya	0.10m

Title of Projects	Duration From/To	Target beneficiaries	Expected outputs	Participating organiz.	Budget*
Integrated farming	1987-	Fishfarmers	Integrated farming system	Univ. of Peredeniya	0.20m US$ 5000 (IFS, Sweden)
Prawn restocking	1995-1996	Fishermen	Restocking of prawn	Univ. of Colombo	2.5m
Culture of M. argenelis	1992-1995	Fishfarmers Rural community	To develop culture techniques	Vidyalankara Univ. NARESA	0.141m
Culture of snakehead in Muturayawe peaty swamps	1989-	Rural population	Culture techniques for snakehead	Vidyalankara Univ.	US$ 10,000 (IFS, Sweden)
Efficiency of Preziquantaly as a helmenthicide for C. melaceskaria in gills of goldfish raised in mudponds	1993-	Ornamental Fishfarms	Treatment procedures for parasites in ornamental fish	Vidyalankara Univ.	0.035m
Development of management strategies for Sri Lanka reservoir fishes	1996-1999	Rural communities	Management strategies for inland aquaculture	Vidyalankara Univ.	0.914m A$ 0.503m (ACIAR)

Specialization	Ph D	M Sc	B Sc	Res. Assist.	Total
Biological sciences	14 (2)	14 (2)	37 (2)	7	72 (6)
Economics	1	2	1		4
Legislation	1				1
Physical and engineering sciences	1		1		2
Social sciences	1		3		4
Others	1	6	2		9
Total	19 (2)	22 (2)	44 (2)	7	92 (6)

Target users	Methods used
Policy planners, political level	Reports; Seminars; Newspaper articles
Administrators and managers	Reports; Seminars; Meetings
Fisfarming community	Workshops; Leaflets; Books; Meetings and conferences
Private sector and supporting industries	Meetings; Seminars
Research community	Personal communications; Conferences; Annual seminars; Research papers and abstracts
Extension community	Leaflets; Seminars
Public in general	Newspaper articles

Philippines

I. Background

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

II. 3 Implementation of the National Aquaculture Development Plans

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plans and Priorities

III. 3 National Aquaculture Development Research Capacity

III. 4 Programs of the Key Aquaculture Research Institutions

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Research

IV. List of On-Going Projects of the Agency Responsible for Aquaculture Development

V. List of On-Going Projects of Aquaculture Development Research Organizations

Sri Lanka

I. Background

II. National Aquaculture Development Plan

II. 1 Objectives and priorities of the national aquaculture development plan

II. 2 Process followed in formulating the aquaculture development plans and priorities

II. 3 Implementation of the national aquaculture development plans

II. 4 Issues and Needs in Formulating and Implementing National Aquaculture Development Plans

III. National Aquaculture Development Research

III. 1 Objectives and Priorities of the National Aquaculture Research

III. 2 Processes and Criteria Used in Formulating Aquaculture Research Plan and Priorities

III. 3 National Aquaculture Research Capacity

III. 4 Programs of the key aquaculture research institutions

III. 5 Dissemination and Utilization of Research Outputs

III. 6 Issues and Needs in Planning and Implementing National Aquaculture Research

IV. List of On-going Aquaculture Development Projects

V. List of on-going Aquaculture Research Projects

VI. List of the Research Organizations Responding to this Survey

Commodities	Development strategies
Milkfish and shrimps	Implementation of the National Milkfish Broodstock Development Program Promotion of environment friendly aquaculture technologies (semi-intensive, polyculture & modular systems) through intensified extension service Continued research on waste management/treatment in shrimps Study on the use of indigenous biodegradable substances for snails control in milkfish ponds.

Aquaculture Development Objectives	Aquaculture Development Priorities
To increase production of inland fish as a low-cost source of protein for the rural communities. To increase income and employment opportunities. To generate foreign exchange	Inland fisheries and freshwater aquaculture - breeding and seed production of carps Coastal aquaculture - pen and pond culture of shrimps, crabs and marine fish Seafarming - testing the economic viability of culture of marine fish, seaweed and molluscs