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Annex 1 - Intake of carbohydrate and its components


References cited in the foregoing table

Intake of Carbohydrate and its Components, Individual Countries by Continent Since 1980

Country

Year

n

Energy kcal

Carbohydrate g % energy

g

Starch % energy

g

Sugars % energy

Africa - adults

Malawi (1)

1997

141

1457

287

78.7

-

-

-

-

Nigeria (2)

1987

67

2540

324

51.0

-

-

-

-

South Africa-black (3)

(1995)

61

1969

278

57.2

-

-

-

-

South Africa- black (4)

1990

649

1665

228

55.7

-

-

-

-

So. Africa - coloured (5)

1990

976

1981

224

45.2

147

29.7

77

15.6

Zimbabwe -white (6)

1985

99

2226

217

39.0

113

20.3

53*

9.5*

Zim. - black urban (6)

1985

91

2345

287

49.0

186

31.7

62*

10.6*

Zim. - black rural (6)

1985

49

2590

351

54.2

260

40.2

60*

9.2*

Africa -children

South Africa (7)

1982

843

2058

262

50.9

-

-

-

-

Asia - adults

Bangladesh (8)

1981-82

3141

1943

431

88.7

-

-

-

-

China (9)

1982

103,662

2963

514

69.4

-

-

-

-

China (10)

1983-84

6500

2650

473

71.4

-

-

-

-

China (11)

1992

3682

2396

355

59.3

-

-

-

-

India (12)

1983-84

563

2093

301

57.5

-

-

-

-

Philippines (13)

1985

400

1767

300

67.9

-

-

-

-

Vietnam (14)

1988

7462

1998

407

81.5

-

-

-

-

Asia - children

China (10)

1982

63,343

-

368

-

-

-

-

-

Europe -adults

Belgium (15)

1980-85

10,971

2473

240

38.9

144

23.3

97

15.7

France (16)

1988

25

1969

209

42.5

-

-

-

-

Hungary (17)

1990-92

2559

2799

314

44.9

207

296

107

15.3

Netherlands (18)

1987-88

4134

2309

244

42.2

122

21.1

119

20.6

Netherlands (19)

(1990)

107

2221

228

41.1

116

20.9

112

20.2

UK (20)

1986-87

2197

2061

232

42.3

130

252

100

19.4

Europe - children

Netherlands (18)

1987-88

1409

2256

271

48.0

121

21.5

148

26.2

UK (21)

1980

405

2050

261

50.9

144

28.1

117

22.8

UK (22)

1981

120

2190

280

51 1

158

28.9

122

22.3

UK (23)

1986-87

4760

2369

278

46.9

154

26.0

124

20.9

UK (21)

1990

379

2015

258

51.2

139

27.6

119

23.6

Latin America - adults

Chile (36)

1995

859

1981

287

58.0

-

-

-

-

North America - adults

Canada (24)

1989

96

2053

269

52.2

-

-

-

-

Canada (25)

1989

2212

2070

244

47.1

-

-

-

-

Canada (37)

1990

2118

2196

262

47.7

-

-

-

-

USA (26)

(1984)

155

2570

240

37.4

105

16.3

35*

5.5*

USA (27)

1976-80

11864

1882

254

54.0

-

-

-

-

USA (27)

1988-91

7931

2109

244

46.3

-

-

-

-

North America - children

USA (28)

1988

1463

1613

202

50.1

104

25.8

99

246

USA (27)

1976-80

8102

1830

227

49.6

-

-

-

-

USA (27)

1988-91

5999

1806

238

52.7

-

-

-

-

Oceania - adults

Australia (29)

1983

6255

2190

232

42.4

125

22.8

107

19.5

New Zealand (30)

1992

-

2105

233

44.3

-

-

101

19.2

Papua New Guinea (31)

1991

750

2628

406

61.8

349

53.1

57

8.7

Solomon Islands (32)

1985

1071

2508

442

70.5

-

-

-

-

Oceania - children

Australia (33)

1985

5224

2049

259

50.6

129

25.2

130

25.4

Australia (34)

1986

141

1666

208

49.9

99

23.8

108

25.9

New Zealand (35)

1993

251

1946

263

54.0

130

26.7

133

27.3

* sucrose only

Note: Most countries in Africa, Asia, and North America calculate carbohydrate 'by difference'. Most countries in Europe and Oceania analyse carbohydrate directly. Values for Europe and Oceania therefore do not contain unavailable carbohydrate, while values for Africa, Asia and North America do. Method of deriving carbohydrate is rarely given

References cited in the foregoing table

1. Gibson R.S. 1997. Personal communication.

2. Adams-Campbell L.L., Agurs, T.D. and Ukoli, F.A. 1993. Dietary assessment in Nigerian women: a pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease. 3:S62-S66.

3. Vorster H.H., Venter, C.S., Menssink, E., van Staden, D.A., Labadarios, D., Strydom, A.J.C., Silvis, N., Gericke, G.J. and Walker, A.R.P. 1994. Adequate nutritional status despite restricted dietary variety in adult rural vendas. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7:3-16.

4. Bourne, L.T., Langenhoven, M.L., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J.A. and Van der Vyver, E. 1993. Nutrient intake in the African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: the BRISK study. Central Africa Journal of Medicine 39:238-247.

5. Steyn, K., Langenhoven, M.L., Joubert, G., Chalton, D.O., Benade, A.J.S. and Rossouw, J.E. 1990. The relationship between dietary factors and serum cholesterol values in the coloured population of the Cape peninsula. South African Medical Journal 78:63-67.

6. Bursztyn, P.G. 1985. A diet survey in Zimbabwe. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 39A:376-388.

7. Steyn, N.P., Albertse, E.C., Van Wyck Kotze, T.J. and Van Heerden, L., 1986. Analysis of the diets of 12-year old children in Cape Town. South African Medical Journal. 69:739-742.

8. FAO. 1987. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Bangladesh. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

9. FAO. 1989. ESN - Nutrition country profile - China. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

10. Campbell, T.C. and Junshi, C., 1994. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59:1153S-1161S.

11. Tian, H.G., Nan, Y., Hu, G., Dong, X.L., Pietinen, Y.P. and Nissinen, A. 1995. Dietary survey in a Chinese population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49:26-32.

12. Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A. and Singh, R.B. 1995. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. International Journal of Cardiology. 51:183-191.

13. FAO. 1988. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Philippines. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

14. FAO. 1994. ESN - Apercu nutritionnel - Vietnam. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.

15. Kornitzer, M. and Bara, L. 1989. Clinical and anthropometric data, blood chemistry and nutritional patterns in the Belgian population. Ada Cardiologica 44:101-144.

16. Asciutti-Moura, L.S., Guilland, J.C., Fuchs, F., Richard, D. and Klepping, J. 1988. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids and its relation to diet in an elderly institutionalised population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48:980-987.

17. Biro, G., Antal, M. and Zajkas, G. 1996. Nutrition survey of the Hungarian population in a randomised trial between 1992-1994. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50:201-208.

18. Löwik, M.R.H., Brussaard, J.H., Hulshof, K.F.A.M., Kistemaker, C., Schaafsma, G., Ockhuizen, T. and Hermus, R.J.J., 1994. Adequacy of the diet in the Netherlands in 1987-88 (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 45:81-862.

19. Goldbohm, R.A., vanden Brandt, P.A., Brants, H.A.M., van't Veer, P., Al, M., Sturmans, F. and Hermus, R.J.J. 1994. Validation of a dietary questionnaire used in a large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer. European Journal Clinical Nutrition 48:253-265.

20. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. and Wiseman, M. 1990. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. Her Majesty's stationery Office, London.

21. Adamson, A., Rugg-Gunn, A., Butler, T., Appleton, D. and Hackett, A. 1992. Nutritional intake, height and weight of 11-12 year old Northumbrian children in 1990 compared with information obtained in 1980. British Journal of Nutrition. 68:543-563.

22. Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Hackett, A.F., Jenkins, G.N. and Appleton, D.R. 1991. Empty calories? Nutrient intake in relation to sugar intake in English adolescents. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 4:101-111.

23. Lorenz, K.J. and Kulp, K. 1991. Handbook of cereal science and technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

24. Amaral, M.L.K. 1993. Dietary fibre and lipid metabolism. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.

25. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. 1993. Nova Scotia heart health survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.

26. Dreon, D.M., Frey-Hewitt, B., Ellsworth, N., Williams, P.T., Terry, R.B. and Wood, P.D. 1988. Dietary fat: carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47:995-1000.

27. Life Sciences Research Office, FASEB. 1995. Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.

28. Nicklas, T.A., Webber, L.S., Koshak, M. and Nerenson, G.S. 1992. Nutrient adequacy of low fat intakes for children: the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 89:221-228.

29. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1987. National dietary survey of adults: 1983. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

30. Wilson, N.C., Alien, J.B., Russell, D.G. and Herbison, P. 1993. Nutrient analysis II of 24 hour diet recall using 1992 DSIR database. Report No. 93-26. Life in New Zealand activity and Health Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

31. Hodge, A.H., Dowse, G.K., Koki, G., Mavo, B., Alpers, M.P. and Zimmet, P.Z. 1995. Modernity and obesity in coastal and highland Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Obesity 19:154-161.

32. Eason, R.J., Pada, J., Wallace, R., Henry, A. and Thornton, R. 1987. Changing patterns of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and diet among Melanesians and Micronesians in the Solomon Islands. Medical Journal of Australia. 146:465-473.

33. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1989. National dietary survey of schoolchildren (aged 10-15 years): 1985. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

34. Magarey, A.A., Nicholas, J. and Boulton, J. 1987. Food intake at age 8. 1. Energy, macro- and micronutrients. Australian Paediatric Journal 23:173-178.

35. George, J., Brinsdon, S.C., Paulin, J.M. and Aitken, E.F. 1993. What do young adolescent New Zealanders eat? Nutrient intakes of nationwide sample of Form 1 children. New Zealand Medical Journal 106:47-51.

36. Castillo, C., Atalah, E., Benavides, X. and Urteaga, C. 1997. Patrones alimentarios en adultos que asisten a consultorios de la Region Metropolitana. Revista Medica de Chile 125:283-289.

37. Santé Québec. 1995. Les Québécoises et les Québécois mangent-ils mieux? Rapport de l'enquête québécoise sur la nutrition. Government du Québec, Montréal.


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