Implications of Economic Policy for Food Security : A Training Manual

Implications of Economic Policy for Food Security : A Training Manual
		Prepared by Anne Thomson and Manfred Metz for the Agricultural Policy Support Service Policy Assistance Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Deutsche Gesellschaft f�r Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Rome, 1998 TRAINING MATERIALS FOR AGRICULTURAL PLANNING 40 Table of contents

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	Table of contents
	Acknowledgements
	Introduction to the Manual
	Chapter 1: Food Security: The Conceptual Framework 1. Concepts of Food Security 1.1. Food security at different levels of analysis 1.2. Chronic and transitory food insecurity 1.3 Entitlements 1.4 Vulnerable groups 1.5 Intra-household food distribution 2. Recent Trends in the World Food Economy 3. Food Security and Major Development Objectives 3.1 Food security, poverty and growth 3.2 Food security, population and environment 4. The Role of Increasing Food Production in Achieving Food Security 4.1. Agriculture as an engine for poverty reduction 4.2. Food security and food self-sufficiency as separate objectives? 4.2.1. Food self-sufficiency as a national goal 4.2.2. Subsistence farming versus market integration - the household level arguments Activities related to Chapter 1
	Chapter 2: Nutrition Requirements and Food Consumption
	1. Nutritional Requirements and Reference Nutrient Intakes 1.1 Introduction 1.2. Definitions 1.3. Factors affecting individual nutritional requirements 1.3.1. Growth 1.3.2 Pregnancy 1.3.3 Lactation 1.3.4 Physical activity 1.3.5 Body weight 1.3.6 Infection and rehabilitation 1.4. Reference nutrient intakes (RNI) 1.4.1. Reference nutrient intakes for energy 1.4.2. RNIs for protein 1.4.3. Other nutrient RNIs 2. Food Consumption 2.1. Methods of measuring food consumption 2.1.1. Food balance sheet (FBS) 2.1.2. Household food consumption surveys 2.1.3. Individual dietary surveys 2.2. Patterns of food consumption 3. Direct Measures of Nutritional Status 3.1. Anthropometric measures 3.2. Interpretation of nutritional indicators in food policy analysis 4. The Aggregate Household Food Security Index 5. Assessing the Nutrition Situation at Different Levels of Aggregation Activities related to Chapter 2
	Chapter 3: Food Security: the Economic and Institutional Framework
	1. The Role of the Food Chain 1.1 Overview of agricultural commodity chains 1.2 Production and food entitlements 1.3 The marketing function 1.4 Household food entitlement and the food chain 1.5 The dynamics of the food chain 1.6 Seasonal variations in the operation of the food chain 2. The Open Economy and the Role of Food Imports and Exports 2.1 Historical trends 2.2 The competitiveness of international markets 2.3 International specialisation and food insecurity 3. The Political and Institutional Environment of the Food System 3.1 The institutional context 3.2 The role of the state 3.3 Food sector organisations 3.3.1. The private commercial sector 3.3.2 Co-operatives 3.3.3 Parastatals 3.3.4 Local and community organisations 3.3.5 Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 4. The Food System Under Stress 4.1 Chronic food insecurity 4.2 Seasonal and cyclical food insecurity 4.3 Household coping strategies under stress 5. Monitoring Food Security 5.1 The need for a food security monitoring system 5.2 National and global monitoring systems 5.3 Local and household food security monitoring Activities related to Chapter 3
	Chapter 4: Impact of Policy on Food Security
	1. The Macro-Economy and Food Security 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Macro-economic shocks, international economic trends and food security 1.3 Macro-economic parameters and food availability 1.4 Macro-economic policy and access to food 2. The Impact of Macro-Economic Policy on Food Security: A Framework for Analysis 3. Impact of Exchange Rate Policies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Consequences of an overvalued exchange rate 3.3 Effects of a devaluation on the food economy 3.3.1 Main channels of impact on food supply and demand 3.3.2 Impact on food prices 3.3.3 Impact on food production and supply 3.3.4 Impact on factor and household income 3.3.5 Impact on food demand and household food consumption 3.4 Impact on national and household food security 3.4.1 Effects on the aggregate national food situation 3.4.2 Impact on food security of vulnerable groups 4. Fiscal Policy 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reduction of public sector employment and wages 4.3 Reduction of public investments 4.4 Reduction of food subsidies 4.5 Reduction of other subsidies 4.6. Increase in prices/cutting of services provided by public enterprises 4.7. Summary of the effects on the food economy and food security 5. Monetary Policies 5.1 Main features of monetary policies under adjustment 5.2 Effects of tighter monetary policies 5.3 Impact on the food economy and food security 6. Trade Policy 6.1 Contents of trade policies 6.2 Effects of trade liberalisation on the food sector 7. Agricultural Market Reforms and Sectoral Adjustment 7.1. Objectives of agricultural sector, market and price policies 7.2 Price policy instruments 7.3 Other agricultural sector policies 7.4 Impacts on food security 8. Further Elements of Structural Adjustment Programmes 8.1 Institutional reform 8.2 Other sector policies and linkages to food security 9. Assessing the Overall Impact of Adjustment Programmes on Food Security Activities related to Chapter 4
	Chapter 5: Domestic Policy Interventions to Improve Food Security
	1. Introduction: Embodying a Food Security Dimension in Macro- and Sector Policies 2. Production and Supply Based Approaches 2.1 Increasing food production and supplies 2.2 Stabilising food supplies 2.2.1 Price stabilisation 2.2.2 Stocking policies 2.3 Food imports 3. Improving Access to Food 3.1 Access to food on national and household levels 3.2 Targeted asset distribution and production support 3.3 Public works programmes and Food-for-Work schemes 3.4 Targeted food subsidies 3.5 Direct food transfers 4. The Impact Paths of Policies to Improve Food Security - an Overview Activities related to Chapter 5
	Chapter 6: International Policy Interventions for Improving Food Security
	1. Introduction 2. Food Aid and Food Security 2.1 General features 2.2 Programme food aid 2.3 Relief food aid 2.4 Project food aid 2.5 The role of food aid interventions in alleviating food insecurity 2.5.1 Programme food aid to mitigate market supply deficits 2.5.2 Relief and project food aid to mitigate demand deficits 2.5.3 Food aid to stabilise supplies and prevent temporary food shortages 2.5.4 Local purchases to compensate for demand deficits 2.6 Evaluating and improving the efficacy of food aid interventions 3. International Development Co-operation and Food Security 3.1 Technical assistance 3.2 Financial assistance 4. International Trade and Food Security 4.1. Unbalanced international trade 4.2. Implications of the GATT Uruguay Round agreement 5. Summary of the Major Results of the World Food Summit Appendix to Chapter 6 Activities related to Chapter 6
	Annex 1 A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of Policy. Impacts on the Food Economy and on Food Security
	Annex 2 Theoretical Concepts for the Analysis of Economic Policies Annex 2A The Salter-Swan Model
	Annex 2 Theoretical Concepts for the Analysis of Economic Policies Annex 2A The Salter-Swan Model
	Annex 2B The Exchange Rate-Price-Market Mechanism
	Annex 2C The Process of Money Creation and Credit Expansion
	Annex 2D Measures of Protection
	Bibliography
	Summary