Annexes

ANNEX 1: Key Informant Interviews to collect Information about a Milkshed
ANNEX 2: A sample questionnaire for dairy marketing survey
ANNEX 3: Coding Plan for Data Collected Through Key Informant Interviews

ANNEX 1: Key Informant Interviews to collect Information about a Milkshed

In order to undertake a detailed marketing study in a milkshed, it is necessary to first establish the boundaries and the size of the milkshed where size implies both area and population, then obtain a general idea about the types of products available. This information is complemented by the types and numbers of marketing agents operating, their locations, and the marketing chains in which they function.

Some of this information may be available from published sources, but key informants such as experienced farmers, traders, government extension staff, managers of dairy farms or processing plants, may be able to provide additional descriptive and quantitative information. Ideally, a number of key informants representing different segments of a marketing system or chain should be interviewed. A formal questionnaire is not always needed for key informant interviews but a list of questions or a check list in some form may help guide the interview. Even when a somewhat formal questionnaire is used, it is desirable that the interview is conducted in an informal manner, allowing scope for exploring relevant information which might not have been included in the original list of questions. New information and ideas may emerge during the interview process.

Guide for Key Informant Interviews
Sample No. __________

1. The key informant
Name: _________________ Location ___________
Occupation: __________________
Location: _______________

2. Area and population of the milkshed

Area of the milkshed _____________ sq. km
Population: Households ______________ Persons ______________

3. Main population concentrations served by the milkshed

Name	Type (City/Town/Market)	Population
1. _____	____________________	__________________
2. _____	____________________	__________________
3. _____	____________________	__________________

4. Dairy animals and milk yields

Number of farmers	Cross-bred/exotic cow	Local cow
Average herd size
Total animals in the area
Av. lactation length (days)
Av. lactation yield (kg)

5. Dairy processing plant(s) in the milkshed _________________________
Products produced in each _______________________________________
Daily capacity for each __________________________________________
How much capacity is utilized in each ______________________________
Sources of milk other than the milkshed _____________________________

6. If there is no plant in the milkshed, does any outside processing plant collect milk from the milkshed?

Yes _____ No. _____ If yes, where and how far is it located? _____

What products are produced ____________________

7. Roads and means of transport for milk in the milkshed
Paved (all weather) road __________ km
Earthen (seasonal) road __________ km
Means of milk transport __________

8. Marketing agents, products handled and volume

Marketing agent	Product(s) handled	Number of agents	Volume/day or week/head	Principal source of supply	Principal buyer(s)
Farmer	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	3. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	4. ________	________	_________	___________	________
Itinerant Trader	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	3. ________	________	_________	___________	________
Wholesaler	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	3. ________	________	_________	___________	________
Processor	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	3. ________	________	_________	___________	________
Retailer	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	3. ________	________	_________	___________	________
Other (specify)	1. ________	________	_________	___________	________
	2. ________	________	_________	___________	________

Any tax paid by marketing agents?

Agent	Form of tax paid	Magnitude of tax
Dairy farmer
Wholesaler
Retailer
Processor/plants

10. Any subsidy received by marketing agents:

Agent	Form of subsidy	Magnitude of tax
Dairy farmer
Wholesaler
Retailer
Processor/plants

11. Is there any government or industrial control on prices of products? Which products? In what form? how is control on price implemented?

12. Is quality/standard of various products defined and enforced? How?

13. Is there any licensing requirement for farmers and traders? If so for what purpose? How much does it cost?

14. Sources of credit for market agents, interest rates? _________________

15. Are producers organised into a group or cooperative? for what purpose?

16. Are traders organised or linked in any formal or informal organisation? for what purpose?

ANNEX 2: A sample questionnaire for dairy marketing survey

A. GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Date of interview	[____________]
	Day/Month/Year

2. Name of enumerator _________________

3. Location and identification of the marketing agent

Name/designation ______________
Province/Region/State ______________ District ______________
Town _________________(_____) Village/___________(_____)

4. Type of agent 1 = Producer 2 = Wholesaler 3 = Retailer 4 = Itinerant trader 5 = Catering shop 6 = Private processing plant 7 = Govt. processing plant 8 = Cooperative processing plant 9 = Other (specify) __________

5. Sex: 1 = Male 2 = Female

6. Age of decision maker: ________ Yrs

7. Education: 1 = No formal 2 = Adult literacy 3 = Primary 4 = Secondary 5 = Beyond secondary

8. Religion: 1 = Christian 2 = Muslim 3 = Hindu 4 = Other (specify) _____________

9. Ethnic group: _______________

10. Household size and composition (for agent 1 only)

Sex	< 2 yrs	2-10	11-15	16-30	31-50	> 50
Male
Female

Milking mainly done by _____________________________
Processing mainly done by _____________________________
Selling mainly done by _____________________________

B. PRODUCER

11. Type of Producer:	1 = Specialized dairy farmer (dairy main source of income)
	2 = Crop-livestock farmer (balanced income from crop and livestock)
	3 = Small/landless dairy farmer (none or little crop land, 1-2 cows)
	4 = Agropastoralist (crop-livestock farmer, cattle mainly grazed)

12. Dairy herd size, composition and milk yield

	Breed	Number Milking	Yield per day (litre)
			Season 1	Season 2
Crossbred cows
Local cows
Buffalo
Camel
Dairy Goat
Dairy Sheep

13. Output and disposal of milk and milk products by season

		Local or St. Unit	Duration, day,	Season 1 *	Season 2 *
Milk
Total produced
Total Consumed
Total sold
Total processed
	into Butter
	into Cheese
	into yoghurt
	other
Butter
Total produced
Total consumed
Total sold
Cheese
Total produced
Total consumed
Total sold
Yoghurt
Total produced
Total consumed
Total sold
Other (specify)
Total produced, kg
Total consumed, kg
Total sold, kg

* Specify months in each season.

14. Sales of Products and Prices

	Unit	Season 1		Season 2
		Outlet 1	Outlet 2	Outlet 1	Outlet 2
Raw Milk
Sales outlet
Buyer type
Qty per day or week
Price/unit
Mode of payment
Distance travelled/day
Time spent/day
Transport cost/day
Butter
Sales outlet
Buyer type
Qty per day or week
Price/unit
Mode of payment
Distance travelled/day
Time spent/day
Transport cost/day
Cheese
Sales outlet
Buyer type
Qty per day or week
Price/unit
Mode of payment
Distance travelled/day
Time spent/day
Transport cost/day

Codes for sales outlet	1 = Farm gate 2 = Market place 3 = Delivery to buyer
Code for mode of payment	1 = Cash 2 = Cash in advance 3 = Credit 4: _____________
Codes for type of buyer	1 = Consumer 2 = Trader 3 = Catering shop 4 = Organization (hospital/school/hostel), 5 = Collection point of Govt/private/Coop enterprise 6 = Govt/private/coop processing plant

15. Tools and equipment for processing, preservation, transportation and storage of dairy products

Name of equipment	% Used for dairy	Present market value	Remaining life	Salvage value
______________	_____________	________________	___________	__________
______________	_____________	________________	___________	__________
______________	_____________	________________	___________	__________

16. Main problem(s) in sale or disposal of dairy products

Product	Problem
	Product related	Buyer related	Price related
Raw milk	1. ____________	____________	___________
	2. ____________	____________	___________
Butter	1. ____________	____________	___________
	2. ____________	____________	___________
Cheese	1. ____________	____________	___________
	2. ____________	____________	___________
Yoghurt	1. ____________	____________	___________
	2. ____________	____________	___________

17. Member of any Cooperative or Association or dairy development project. Yes/No
If yes, benefits and obligations e.g. Obtain credit, inputs, guaranteed sales outlet

C. TRADER

18. Type of trader: 1 = Wholesaler, 2 = Retailer, 3 = Catering shop 4 = Other (specify) _________

19. Purchase of dairy products in season __________________

Product	Source	Nature of contract	Reason for choice of source	Qty/day/wk/month	Price/Unit	Mode of payment	Distance travelled/day, km	Time Spent/day	Transport cost/day	How is product differentiated	How is price determined
Raw milk
Pasteurized milk
UH Milk
Powdered milk
Fermented milk
Evaporated milk
Yoghurt
Table butter
Cosmetic butter
Cheese
Ghee
Cream
Goat milk
Buffalo milk
Other (specify)

Codes:
Source: 1 = Farmgate 2 = Processing plant 3 = Wholesaler 4 = Delivered at home/shop 5 = Coop/group
Reason for choice of source: 1 = Good price 2 = Short distance 3 = Product quality 4 = Reliable supplier 5 = Mode of payment 6 = ___________
Mode of payment: 1 = cash 2 = cash in advance 3 = Credit 4 = Other (specify) ________

20. Processing and storage by traders

Product	Qty processed/ day or week	Processing labour/day or week or month	Other materials cost for processing/preservation/day or wk or month	Rent for storage space	Period of Storage before sale	Losses, Spoilage in storage
Fermented milk
Yoghurt
Table butter
Cosmetic butter
Cheese
Ghee
Cream
Goat milk
Buffalo milk
Skimmed milk

21. Sale of dairy products in season

Product

Sales outlet

Buyer type

Reason for choice of outlet

How price determined

Qty/day or wk or month

Price/Unit

Nature of contract

Mode of payment

Distance Travelled/day, km

Time Spent/Day

Transport cost/day

How product differentiated

Raw milk

Pasteurized milk

UHT Milk

Powdered milk

Fermented milk

Evaporated milk

Yoghurt

Table butter

Cosmetic butter

Cheese

Ghee

Cream

Goat milk

Buffalo milk

Skimmed milk

Codes:
Outlet: 1 = Own 2 = Market place 3 = Delivery to buyer 4 = Other (specify) _________
Buyer type: 1. Consumer 2 = Trader 3 = Catering shop 4 = Organization 5 = Processing plant 6 = _________
Mode of payment: 1 = Cash 2 = Cash in advance 3 = Credit
Reason for choice source: 1 = Good price 2 = Short distance 3 = Reliable customer 4 = Mode of payment 5 = _____________

22. Tools and equipment for processing, preservation, transportation and storage of dairy products

Type of equipment	% Used for dairy	Present market value	Remaining Life (yrs)	Salvage value
Milk Can
Portable cooler
Freezer
Refrigerator
Refrigerated tank
Cooling room
Warehouse godown
Packaging equip.
Other (specify)

Contractual payment for processing; quantity _________ Cost/Unit __________

23. Main problems with sale and purchase of dairy products

Product	Problems related to purchase		Problems related to sale
	Season 1	Season 2	Season 1	Season 2
Raw milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Pasteurized milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
UHT milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Powdered milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Evaporated milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Yoghurt	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Table butter	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Cosmetic butter	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Cheese	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Ghee	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Cream	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Goat milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________
Buffalo milk	1. _______	________	________	________
	2. _______	________	________	________

D. PROCESSING ENTERPRISE

24. Type of enterprise 1 = Private 2 = Govt. 3 = Coops. 4 = _____________

25. Products produced, installed capacity and utilization

Product	Plant capacity/day/week/month	Actual production/day or week
		Season 1	Season 2
Raw milk
Pasteurized milk
UHT milk
Powdered milk
Evaporated milk
Yoghurt
Table butter
Cosmetic butter
Cheese
Ghee
Cream
Goat milk
Buffalo milk
Skimmed milk

26. Raw materials used, their sources and prices

Raw material	Source	Reason for choice of source	Qty/day or week	Price/unit	Mode of payment	Farthest distance, km
Raw milk	1.
	2.
Powdered milk	1.
	2.
Packaging materials	1.
	2.
Other materials	1.
	2.

Codes: Source: 1 = Own production 2 = Purchased from trader 3 = Collected from local producer 4 = Direct import 5 = Purchased from local market 6 = _________
Reason for choice: 1 = Reliable supply 2 = Good price 3 = Short distance 4 = No alternative 5 = _________
Mode of payment: 1 = Cash 2 = Advance 3 = Credit

27. Sale of dairy products in season (_____)

Product	Outlets	Buyer type	Reason for choice of outlet	Qty/day or week or month	Price/Unit	How price determined	Mode of payment	Distance Travelled/day, km	Time Spent/Day	Transport cost/day	How product differentiate
Raw milk
Pasteurized milk
UHT Milk
Powdered milk
Fermented milk
Evaporated milk
Yoghurt
Table butter
Cosmetic butter
Cheese
Ghee
Cream
Goat milk
Buffalo milk

Codes:
Outlet: 1 = Own shop 2 = Market place 3 = Delivery to buyer 4 = Other (specify) _________
Buyer Type: See question 21.
Mode of payment 1 = Cash 2 = Cash in advance 3 = Credit 4 = Other (specify) _________
Reason for choice of source: 1 = Good price 2 = Short distance 3 = Reliable customer 4 = Mode of payment 5 = _________

28. Equipment, machinery, building

Asset	% Used for dairy	Present value	Remaining Life	Salvage value
Land
Building

29. Manpower

Type	Number	Total monthly wages
Skilled
Unskilled
Managerial

30. Problem with purchase of raw materials and sale of products

	Problems related to purchases	Problems related to sale
Raw material	1.	1.
	2.	2.
	3.	3.

ANNEX 3: Coding Plan for Data Collected Through Key Informant Interviews

Variable name	Variable Label/Description	Value Label/Code	Type	Field Size
V01	Sample No.	-	Numeric	3
V02	The key informant name		Character	20
V03	The key informant location	1= 2= 3=	Numeric	1
V04	The key informant occupation	1= 2= 3=	Numeric	1
V05	Area of milkshed (sq. km)		Numeric	4
V06	Households in the milkshed (No.)		Numeric	4
V07	Persons in the milkshed (No.)		Numeric	4
V08	Population centres	1 = Addis 2 = Holleta 3 = Debre-Zeit	Numeric	1
V09	Type of Centre	1= City 2= Town 3= Market	Numeric	1
V10	Population (No.)		Numeric	5
V11	Number of farmers owning crossbred cows		Numeric	5
V12	Number of farmers owning local cows		Numeric	5
V13	Number of farmers owning dairy goats/sheep		Numeric	5
V14	Average herd size of crossbred cows		Numeric	5
V15	Average herd size of local cows		Numeric	5
V16	Average heard size of dairy goats/sheep		Numeric	5
V17	Total crossbred cows in the area		Numeric	5
V18	Total local cows in the area		Numeric	5
V19	Total dairy goats/sheep in the area		Numeric	5
V20	Average lactation length (days) of crossbred cows		Numeric	3
V21	Average lactation length (days) of local cows		Numeric	3
V22	Average lactation length (days) of dairy goats/sheep		Numeric	3
V23	Average lactation yield (kg) of crossbred cows		Numeric	4
V24	Average lactation yield (kg) of local cows		Numeric	4
V25	Average lactation yield (kg) of dairy goats/sheep			4
V26	Names of dairy processing plant(s) in the milkshed	1 = 2 =
V27	Products produced	1 = pasteurized milk 2 = Butter 3 =	Numeric	1
V28	Daily capacity
V29	How much capacity is utilized		Numeric
V30	If there is no plant in the milkshed, does any outside processing plant collect milk from the milkshed?	0 = No 1 = Yes	Numeric	1
V31	If V30 is yes, where is it located?	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V32	If V30 is yes, How far is it located? (km)		Numeric	3
V33	If V30 is yes, what products are produced?	1 = 2 = 3 =		1
V34	Product(s) handled by farmer	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V35	Number of farmers		Numeric	3
V36	Volume/day or week/head handled by farmers		Numeric	5
V37	Farmers' principal source of supply	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V38	Principal buyer(s) from farmer	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V39	Product(s) handled by itinerant trader	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V40	Number of itinerant trader		Numeric	3
V41	Volume/day or week/head handled by itinerant traders		Numeric	5
V42	Itinerant trader's principal source of supply	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V43	Principal buyer(s) from itinerant trader	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V44-V58	Same as above			1
V59	Paved (all-weather road) (km)		Numeric	3
V60	Earthen (seasonal) road (km)		Numeric	3
V61	Means of milk transport	1 = Head load 2 = Truck 3 =	Numeric	1
V62	Form of tax paid by dairy farmer	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V63	Magnitude of tax paid by dairy farmer		Numeric	4
V64	Form of tax paid by wholesaler	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V65	Magnitude of tax paid by wholesaler		Numeric	4
V66	Form of tax paid by retailer	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V67	Magnitude of tax paid by retailer		Numeric	4
V68	Form of tax paid by processor/plants	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V69	Magnitude of tax paid by processor/plants		Numeric	4
V70	Form of subsidy received by dairy farmer	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V71	Magnitude of subsidy received by dairy farmer		Numeric	4
V72	Form of subsidy received by wholesaler	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V73	Magnitude of subsidy received by wholesaler		Numeric	4
V74	Form of subsidy received by retailer	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V75	Magnitude of subsidy received by retailer		Numeric	4
V76	Form of subsidy received by processor/p I ants	1 = 2 =	Numeric	1
V77	Magnitude of subsidy received by processor/plants		Numeric	4
V78	Is there any government or industrial control on prices of producers	1 = No 2 = Yes	Numeric	1
V79	If V78 is yes, which products?	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V80	If V78 is yes, in what form?	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V81	If V78 is yes, how is control on price implemented	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V82	Is quality/standard of various products defined and enforced?	0 = No 1 = Yes	Numeric	1
V83	If V82 is yes, how?	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric	1
V84	Is there any licensing requirement for farmers and traders	0 = No 1 = Yes	Numeric	1
V85	If V84 is yes, for what purpose?	1 = 2= 3=	Numeric	1
V86	If V84 is yes, how much does it cost?		Numeric	3
V87	Source of credit for market agents	1 = 2 = 3 =	Numeric
V88	Procedures coop or group	Yes = 1 No = 0	Numeric	1
V89	If V88 yes, purpose	1 = Collect 2 = Process 3 =	Numeric	1
V90	Traders group or association	Yes = 1 No = 0	Numeric	1
V91	If yes, purpose	1 = Transport milk 2 = Agree on price 3 =	Numeric	1