5.1. Increasing Productivity
5.2. Protecting the Environment
5.3. Saving Biodiversity
5.4. Improving Policies
5.5. Strengthening National Programmes
Introduction
As discussed in Chapter 3, since 1992 the CGIAR's research and research-related work had been classified in five major undertakings: germplasm enhancement and breeding; development and management of production systems; conservation and management of natural resources; socioeconomic, public policy and public management research; and institution building. In 1995, in preparation for the Lucerne Consultation, these activities were regrouped as follows 1:
· increasing productivity, which includes activities in germplasm enhancement and breeding, and production systems development and management;· protecting the environment, which includes NRM;
· saving biodiversity, which includes germplasm collection and conservation;
· improving policies, which includes socioeconomic, policy and management; and
· strengthening national research programmes, which includes institution building.
1 TAC/CGIAR, 1995. The 1996 CGIAR Research Agenda. TAC Secretariat, FAO, Rome. The definition of activities concerned is listed in Annex 1.
TAC is currently engaged in a major effort to reclassify activities to improve the CGIAR planning process. A workshop was held in February 1997 with German support to review the present classification scheme and to put it in a larger logical framework. A TAC working group with representatives of the broader CGIAR community will follow up on the workshop's findings and develop an alternative activity classification scheme in time for consideration at MTM98.
TAC began this priority analysis by considering, in Systemwide terms, how the CGIAR should distribute its resources among the above five undertakings, themselves made up of 11 activities and 19 sub-activities. It should be noted that there is no sharp dividing line between these activities, each of which may serve more than one undertaking. Each of the 19 sub-activities were reviewed, taking the 1997 allocation of resources to each of these activities as a starting point. Consideration was then given as to whether, on the basis of new information on relevance for poverty alleviation, changes in alternative sources of supply and changes in science that may affect the probability of success of research, a shift in priorities was warranted. Attention was paid to the findings of the strategic studies conducted by TAC, and other institutions or CGIAR Committees, which are reported upon in Chapter 4.
In developing the 1996 draft recommendations, TAC relied on a delphi approach to engage in a broad discussion as to the future use of CGIAR's resources for each of these sub-activities. Agreement was reached on a redistribution of resources among activities, taking into account that many activities contribute to more than one undertaking. TAC also bore in mind the recommendations of each of the regional fora as well as the comments by Centre Directors on an earlier draft of this report. Finally, TAC took into account the Group's comments on the 1996 draft of this report. Particular attention was given to alternative views with respect to a proposed reduction in resources allocated to activities on strengthening NARS, in particular training. In the following sections, TAC presents its views, and the rationale behind them, on the future direction that CGIAR activities should take.
5.1.1. Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding
5.1.2. Production Systems Development and Management
TAC recommends an increase in the resources allocated to germplasm enhancement and breeding, and research on related activities. It was noted that although TAC's 1994-98 MTP recommendations allotted 21-23% of CGIAR's resources to this category, only 17% of the proposed 1997 budget has been allotted to this. The allocation should reach at least 20% of resources for the agreed research agenda. The rationale for this is given below.
TAC particularly recommends an increase in pre-breeding activities (1.1.1) relative to other activities in (1.1).2 This work emphasizes the incorporation of novel genes from various sources, including from like species, primitive materials, wild relatives and unrelated species, and by its nature has the broad generic applications which comply with the desired characteristics of CGIAR activities. Moreover, it was noted that opportunities are good in this arena. In addition, there are still opportunities for advances, through the application of molecular biology, in all of the areas in which breeding is currently carried out, particularly that of marker-assisted breeding, with its promise for more efficiency and more rapid progress. TAC does not recommend expanding the work on transgenic transfers as, with few exceptions, this field awaits further scientific development before it can be routinely employed in germplasm enhancement. TAC does recommend that all centres involved in germplasm improvement take appropriate advantage of what are now regarded as conventional molecular techniques.
2 Pre-breeding is the process by which commercially useful genes are incorporated in genotypes which are not themselves suitable for use as crops but may be used as parents that will give rise to cultivars following further research.Germplasm enhancement is research that advances genotypes closer to those that may be used by farmers and growers.
No increase in resources for the conventional breeding of crops (1.1.2) is recommended, as several NARS are full partners in such activities, even though many more still rely heavily on CGIAR for finished or quasi-finished materials. The efforts of centres should be rebalanced towards more upstream breeding work (1.1.1), with emphasis given to incorporating primitive and novel genes through pre-breeding, while at the same time giving priority to crops of importance to countries with less advanced NARS and reducing efforts on crops of importance to countries with stronger NARS. The less advanced NARS will continue to reap large benefits from the CGIAR's ultra-specific work, while countries with strong NARS will gain from pre-breeding activities.
A moderate increase in livestock improvement (1.1.3) is recommended. It was noted that there is considerable investment by others in improving species and breeds of importance to the CGIAR and that the System must stay abreast of such work. TAC recommends that ILRI place more effort on molecular genetics related to disease resistance and is disposed to support such an increase. Currently, the CGIAR's principal emphasis is on genetic resistance to trypanosomiasis and helminthiasis, for which the ongoing research promises to be of relevance to other diseases. This category also includes work on germplasm enhancement of forage crops that should also be given greater emphasis in the future.
Discussion on the germplasm enhancement of trees (1.1.4) concluded that a marginal increase in resources is justified in this area. Opportunities for improvement lie in identifying and testing elite materials, and the phenotypic selection and initial rounds of cloning of elite materials. It was thought that large-scale cloning and distribution should be the province of NARS, with the possible exception of direct cloning of some high-value fruits, as this should be preceded by physiological work, for example, on rooting, targeted on these species and their valuable clones. Methods to improve cloning were discussed, but TAC agreed that much of this work is already being done in non-CGIAR centres, including some in developing countries. The importance of high-value trees which yield special chemicals for the pharmaceutical and other industries was considered and the possibility of extending the CGIAR's efforts to fruits and other high-value trees was discussed. It was concluded that: there are limited opportunities for generic work; that some location-specific breeding is already underway in the private sector; and that there were some queries that needed clarification, such as the extent to which the poor would benefit, as special conditions appear to be required for the adoption of improved materials, and for its harvesting and postharvest processing.
TAC recommended an increase in the investment in fish breeding (1.1.5); in particular the opportunities for improving carp species were noted. ICLARM's work on tilapia had produced notable genetic gains, was widely known among specialists in fish breeding and held promise for the poor. Some specialists now see good opportunities for carp breeding but few are engaged in this area. TAC believes that the successes with tilapia and the realization of the promise for carp, will bring increased non-CGIAR investment into play. Against this background, TAC recommends an increase in CGIAR funding to this activity.
The CGIAR currently allocates approximately 22% of its core resources to research on production systems. This is a rapid reduction from the 33% of resources that were allocated to this category during 1991. In 1992, TAC recommended a reduction of resources to this category from 33% to approximately 29%, in view of the increasing national capacity to deal with these activities, which mostly consist of applied and adaptive research. It was also noted that greater use should be made of research networks and consortia. While the Committee is aware that the reduction in resources for these activities is already greater than TAC's 1992 recommendations, it believes that a further moderate decrease in resources could be justified through more efficient organization and in view of the growing ability of NARS-based networks to assume responsibility for this type of work.
This comment refers particularly to crop production research. The more advanced NARS have the capacity to produce finished crop varieties with adaptation to local requirements, and even the weaker national systems should be able to do much of the national varietal testing. TAC notes that a little more than half of the projects proposed in the MTPs with a component on Production Systems Development and Management also contained a component on Germplasm Enhancement and Breeding. It is in this type of project activity that TAC sees scope for reduced CGIAR investment as the emphasis in the latter undertaking moves to pre-breeding.
The other kind of activity that should be gradually phased out is production systems research that has no direct bearing on sustainability. TAC has consistently emphasized that research on Agricultural production systems must be carried out with a view to their sustainability. The purpose should be to enhance productivity while at the same time improving, or causing minimum degradation, to the natural resources both at the site of production and at locations external to the site. If this is not done, the potential for food production by future generations is put at risk and costs outside of Agriculture are increased.
However, there is little experience yet from industrialized or developing countries that would provide guidance on what the balance of resource allocation should be between the different outputs sought in research on sustainable production systems. The first set of outputs relates directly to productivity - the quantity and quality of product (food, wood, things that can be sold by poor people to buy food and fuel). The productivity-enhancing research that generates these outputs typically deals with the effects of purchased inputs such as seed, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and with the effects of management practices such as cultivation, sowing and harvesting, on the yield and quality of product within a season or year.
Another set of outputs sought from research on sustainable production systems relate to the longer-term productivity of the resource base - soil, water as the factor of production for irrigated agriculture and the medium of production for fisheries, and vegetation (forests, the natural grasses and shrubs consumed by ruminants). The kind of research that generates such outputs typically requires, in addition to the customary recording of yield and quality of product, on-site measurement of the condition and trend of soil, water and vegetation resources under current and proposed production practices.
The third set of desired outputs relates to the objective of reducing the off-site impacts of agricultural production practices on the environment, so as to minimize tradeoffs between the CGIAR goals of enhancing food production as a means of achieving food security and alleviating poverty on the one hand and protecting the environment on the other. Realization of this set of research outputs from sustainable production research typically requires additional measurements of (a) fluxes of pesticide residues, eroded soil and nutrients, and animal excreta in run-on and runoff, (b) pesticide residue and nutrient concentrations in percolating water, and (c) contaminants in foods.
TAC currently classifies the second and third sets of research outputs under the undertaking Protecting the Environment and the first set under the undertaking Production Systems Development and Management. Very often, however, the two will require the same general type of experimentation and will be distinguishable only in terms of project and research activity outputs. Thus, more than two-thirds of the projects in the current MTPs of the crop-mandated centres that contain elements of the former undertaking contain elements of the latter one also. TAC's sense of the issue is that the two undertakings should achieve almost equal weight by the year 2000 and has set revised targets of 18 and 19%, respectively.
At present, activities on production systems research are under four headings: cropping systems, livestock systems, tree systems, and fish systems.
Cropping Systems (1.2.1): Cropping systems research currently accounts for approximately 12% of CGIAR's core resources and more than half of all production systems research. This predominance of research on cropping systems reflects the traditional focus of the Group on the major food crops of concern to the poor. The rapidly growing strength of NARS in cropping systems research will allow for a gradual reduction of resources allocated to this work. With the expansion of the CGIAR in 1992, increasing emphasis has been given to the newer production sectors, particularly trees, fish and livestock. Increased resources for these three production sectors will need to be derived from the reduced investment in cropping systems research. It should be noted, however, that resources allocated to water-management research will increase.
Livestock Systems (1.2.2): Research on livestock production systems currently accounts for 7% of the CGIAR's core resources, well below the TAC recommendation in 1992. TAC believes that further resources should be allocated to livestock research, particularly in mixed farming systems, in view of their current inadequate coverage. The contribution of livestock to the sustainability of production systems is vital, and a strong increase in demand for livestock products is forecast for the next two decades. In addition, intermediate products, such as animal traction and manure, are important to poor smallholder farmers.
Tree Systems (1.2.3): Tree-systems research currently account for 3% of the CGIAR's core resources and there is a need to expand the CGIAR's efforts in both forestry and agroforestry systems.
Fish Systems (1.2.4): Research on fish systems is currently allocated 1% of the CGIAR's core resources. At Lucerne, it was recommended that the Group strengthen its efforts in aquatic resources research management, therefore, increased resources should be allocated to research on this production system.
5.2.1. Natural Resource Management and Environmental Issues
5.2.2. Towards a Paradigm for NRM in the CGIAR
This activity accounts directly for approximately 18% of the CGIAR's core resources and primarily deals with research on NRM. A comprehensive review of the future for this area of work has been made 3 and TAC believes that, overall, the present allocation of resources should be expanded in selected areas. In any case, the CGIAR needs to give greater emphasis to strategic research and to its off-site components as it deals with soil and water. TAC notes, however, that its study dealt primarily with soil and water aspects of NRM, bringing in other topics such as forestry, fisheries and genetic resources (which had been subject of separate studies), primarily to clarify linkages.
3 TAC Secretariat, 1995. Priorities and Strategies for Soil and Water Aspects of NRM Research in the CGIAR. FAO, Rome. (SDR/TAC:IAR/95/14)
Three points from the TAC study are of general relevance for CGIAR research on protecting the environment (see also Chapter 4).
1. A publicly-funded institution like the CGIAR should concentrate on those aspects of NRM research for which the benefits are likely to be delayed, remote, difficult to identify, and do not accrue to the investor of effort, money or forgone use. The CGIAR also has a legitimate role in research on the constraints, especially institutional, that deter land users from accepting responsibility for NRM, when it appears to be clearly in their interest to do so.2. There is a need to improve the state of information on land and water degradation and its impacts on agricultural, forestry and fisheries production. The CGIAR has limited resources, but it can work with other agencies to help fill the gaps in the existing data. Whenever possible, CGIAR research should set baselines for future evaluation of impact and monitor trends in the condition of the resource under study.
3. Much sound scientific information already exists that could be adapted for the practical improvement of NRM. Therefore, the CGIAR should be highly selective in choosing areas needing further NRM research and its future activities should include the incentives and other policy tools needed to obtain effective widespread adoption of appropriate NRM knowledge and technologies. Where there have been successes already in developing countries, local participatory organizations working in a learning mode have been a common feature. More knowledge about their role is needed.
As already indicated in section 5.1.2, TAC considers that a balanced approach is needed in future research on sustainable production systems. Three aspects not specifically identified as components of the undertaking Production Systems Development and Management are listed below, together with brief comments.
Water - About 80% of the water used is for agricultural purposes. Clearly it is one of the most crucial primary resources needed for agriculture and its management should be improved on farms, in the command area in irrigation systems and within major catchments. For these reasons, TAC has encouraged the development of a Systemwide programme on water management. Moreover, TAC believes too that the impact of agricultural production practices on the quantity and quality of water supplies used by rural households also warrants attention.Coastal research - Tens of millions of people live less than 10 km from the sea and they will be particularly vulnerable to changes in climatic conditions. Research is necessary on the interaction between Agricultural production on the shore and hinterland, and marine production from the adjacent sea into which the land water drains. This requires multidisciplinary research on coastal production systems for agriculture as well as forestry and fisheries.
Human health - TAC is also favourably disposed towards the need for a greater integration of Agricultural and human-health research which is essential to overcome crucial bottlenecks in sustainable productivity improvement, particularly where some forms of Agriculture affect human health, e.g. bilharzia in irrigation systems, application of hazardous chemical pesticides, and through the presence of contaminants in foodstuffs. CGIAR activities in this work must be conducted in close collaboration with other institutions.
Integrated pest management (IPM) - There are some aspects of IPM on which further generic research may be necessary before they can be applied to specific problems. Research under this category should not only incorporate but also go beyond that automatically developed for specific production systems. IPM will be increasingly important for the CGIAR in its search for more sustainable methods for controlling insects, other parasites of plants and animals, plant diseases and weeds.
The CGIAR System would benefit from the introduction of a more consistent, systematic and environmentally sensitive integrated NRM (INRM) framework for research. This would serve two main purposes: one would be to provide a logical structure for linking the various NRM activities in the System; the other would be to work out, in collaboration with its partners, effective ways to address the inter-related environmental, natural resources and human wellbeing issues that are of concern when considering sustainable agricultural, forestry and fisheries production.
TAC's preliminary view is that a future paradigm for NRM research in the System would have two main elements:
Firstly it would have a biophysical element that would combine three factors: (a) a basic understanding of the processes that cause NRM and environmental degradation and of how they are influenced by climatic conditions, the nature of the resource base and agricultural production practices; (b) resource data sets and GIS techniques that allow that basic understanding to be extrapolated on a large enough scale to be meaningful in terms of the CGIAR's global goals, thereby overcoming the location specificity that has constrained the System's NRM research in the past; and (c) the local scientific and technical skills and facilities needed to apply this international knowledge to the solution of particular NRM and environmental problems ("delivery systems").Secondly, it would have a strong social science component to deal with the organizational and management challenges inherent in achieving the biophysical objectives. The number of institutions and different organizational cultures involved in this very broad field is likely to very large and it will be absolutely essential to have effective planning and evaluation processes, while working in a participatory mode and controlling transaction costs.
The CGIAR currently allocates approximately 10% of its core resources to activities on biodiversity, in particular, germplasm collection, conservation, characterization and evaluation, along with legal, organizational and policy matters. This activity accounted for 6% of resources during 1991 and at that time, TAC recommended an increase to approximately 8%. The rapid increase in resources allocated to saving biodiversity, which exceed the levels originally recommended, reflects the growing concern for this work as expressed at the Lucerne Conference.
The CGIAR's motivation is largely based on the need for biodiversity to increase productivity and to protect the environment. Thus the CGIAR looks at biodiversity from two basic standpoints:
(i) the genetic diversity of species and sub-species, which is of direct importance for collecting genetic resources of the CGIAR mandate crops and animals;(ii) the biodiversity of natural complex ecosystems, such as indigenous forests or aquatic ecosystems, which are of direct importance for managing higher yielding sustainable production systems in forestry and fisheries, and have implications for life systems.
TAC proposes a modest increase in the resources allocated by the different centres to conserving biodiversity, specifically those concerning germplasm, and to more research on conservation per se, such as that on core collections, seed pathology and seed physiology. Such activities mainly concern germplasm collection, characterization (be it molecular or not), evaluation, rejuvenation and the study of diversity levels sampled and/or maintained. TAC is also in favour of increased work on in situ conservation for forestry.
Bearing in mind that for some species, if not all, molecular characterization may be the most efficient way of carrying out such tasks, and its relatively new introduction in the CGIAR system, this is another area where an increase in activity is expected, even though advanced research institutions should take up a major part of the task. (National programmes do not have a comparative advantage in this case.) Much of this characterization will result from the work done by centres on pre-breeding. Concern here provides another stimulus for the incorporation of conventional molecular techniques in CGIAR work.
Some of the above-mentioned tasks could also be performed with funds that are now used for the preservation/rejuvenation/characterization of present collections. Such work should decrease as some of these tasks appear to be completed. However, the present status of the CGIAR collections indicates that it will take at least five to 10 years to characterize, safety duplicate and deposit adequate samples under long-term storage. Since this is part of the agreement that was signed by the CGIAR when the collections were placed under the auspices of FAO, the centres cannot decrease their activities in such responsibilities.
Taking all these considerations together, a small increase in allocation is justified, mainly to cover the research areas mentioned earlier, and to focus on generic activities and technologies that are specifically the CGIAR's responsibility and not already covered by other institutes. The CGIAR also has an important role to play in the conservation of animal genetic resources, recognizing that FAO is the lead actor in this area through its global initiative for domestic animal diversity. The CGIAR's role is particularly significant in the development of tools and networks for characterization of animal genetic resources.
TAC takes as its starting point the recommendation of the Stripe Study on Policy and Management Research in the CGIAR that the current level of investment in socioeconomic, policy and management research be maintained. During 1997, the CGIAR's investment in this area amounted to approximately 12% of resources allocated, and TAC supports a continuation of that level. As the Stripe Study makes clear, the line between categories 4.1 (Social and Economic Analysis) and 4.2 (Policy Analysis), is arbitrary and they are part of a continuum; for example, good policy analysis must encompass and have as its basis, good social and economic analysis. There is, however, a need to increase the CGIAR's resources for social and economic analysis.
The CGIAR is being increasingly drawn into the complexities of NRM, in which social science inputs play an important role. Past policy work, for example that on market liberalization, was able to draw upon a vast pre-existing literature in economics. However, social and economic analysis of the NRM problem is still young, and its application to specific areas of concern to the CGIAR even more recent. The CGIAR, in view of its close contact with these issues, is especially well placed to initiate research in this area particularly through the ecoregional approach; such research, if carefully planned, can be expected to yield results of international significance. More important, institutions such as IIMI and CIFOR, which are called upon to provide policy analyses in this area, need to have this firm foundation of social and economic analysis of NRM problems. As social and economic analysis expands, the proportion of resources allocated within the category of "Improving Policies" to policy analysis will decline. Less emphasis could be given to market and trade research.
On the other hand, as the CGIAR moves towards more research on NRM, there will be an increasing need for research in order to understand decision making by collective entities other than the state, therefore, the scope for social and economic analysis will correspondingly expand. The CGIAR, with its close contact with some of the issues raised by NRM, is well placed to initiate research on such matters. What is more, as the work on the social sciences in this area is incomplete, research can be expected to yield results of international significance.
With respect to activities 4.3 and 4.4 governance and management of public systems, and organization and management of institutes, TAC recommends that, in line with its views expressed in the strategic study on institution strengthening research, more resources should be allocated to research on these areas of work at the expense of service-type activities. On balance, the present level of support should be maintained.
Training (5.1.): In the first phase of the this MTP process TAC recommended a reduced investment in training until such time as some other constraints on the effectiveness of researchers in NARS had been resolved. Subsequently it became clear that many leaders of NARS and regional fora attach a high priority to continuing the types of training provided by the CGIAR in recent years. Accordingly, TAC has decided to increase the proportion of resources recommended for training in 1998-2000 from 8 to 9%. Additional emphasis should be given to new tools such as biotechnology, GIS and information systems. TAC also recognizes that additional support will need to be given in the areas of forestry and agroforestry, fisheries, livestock, policy and NRM.
At the same time, TAC recommends that the definition of training be broadened to give emphasis to professional development. TAC does not believe that the Centres have any longer-term relative advantage as suppliers of training in conventional agricultural research practices, though in some regions their physical facilities for training may remain the best available. Their main role should be in the continuing professional development of research staff of the Centres and their NARS partners. In a spirit of true partnership, and the pursuit of excellence, both Centre and NARS scientists need the best possible opportunities to keep up-to-date with the latest developments in areas of science related to their joint research objectives.
Meanwhile, TAC encourages the NARS to work closely with the Centres to ensure that the funds required for the more-conventional forms of training are not obtained at the expense of professional development and other high-priority CGIAR activities.
Documentation, publication and dissemination of information (5.2): This includes some activities which pertain more to centres' efforts to keep the world apprised of their work than to developing the information facilities of the NARS. TAC recommends that these expenditures be transferred to the administrative budgets of centres and treated as a part of overheads. TAC recommends that the remaining activities be maintained at their current level. On the other hand, TAC notes the growing opportunities available through the use of modern communication technology and feels strongly that more NARS investment is required in this area. While TAC feels that bilateral and loan arrangements are the logical source of such funding, TAC believes that the CGIAR should play an advocacy role on behalf of the NARS. TAC notes the support for this view from the regional fora.
Institution building/advice to NARS (5.3): TAC recommends an increase in investment in research on institution building. This is consistent with TAC views on the future of institution strengthening in the CGIAR. TAC notes that there is a close relationship between two of the sub-categories of Undertaking 4 Governance and management of public systems (including irrigation systems) -4.3- and Research on organization and management of institutes -4.4- and the institution building that is classified in this sub-section of Undertaking 5. For the whole area, TAC sees a clear need for more emphasis on research and less on the provision of research-related services and for strict observance of the CGIAR objective of providing international public goods.
Networks (5.4): TAC believes that the CGIAR should gradually phase out its investment in networks aimed at strengthening institutions as this should be the responsibility of individual NARS and their respective subregional organizations, such as CORAF, INSAH, ASARECA and SACCAR (which now interact among each other through the recently established Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa - FARA) in the case of Africa. This view is supported by deliberations that have taken place in the regional fora, where great emphasis was placed on close linkages through networks within subregions and the need to address common agricultural issues. TAC, therefore, recommends a further gradual reduction in investment in this subcategory. At the same time, TAC recognizes the continuing importance of research networks. It sees these, however, as a part of the research effort, per se.
Table 5.1. Priorities by Activity Category
|
ACTIVITY CATEGORY |
1992 RECOMMENDATION |
CURRENT SHARE |
TAC 1996 RECOMMENDATION | ||
|
1. Increasing Productivity |
|
|
| ||
|
|
1.1 Germplasm Enh. & Breeding |
22 |
17 |
20 | |
|
|
|
· Pre-breeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|
· Crops |
|
|
|
|
|
|
· Livestock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
· Trees |
|
|
|
|
|
|
· Fish |
|
|
|
|
|
1.2 Prod. Systems Dev. & Mgt. |
29 |
23 |
19 | |
|
|
|
· Cropping Systems |
|
12 |
8 |
|
|
|
· Livestock Systems |
|
7 |
7 |
|
|
|
· Tree Systems |
|
3 |
3 |
|
|
|
· Fish Systems |
|
1 |
1 |
|
2. Protecting the Environment |
10 |
18 |
18 | ||
|
3. Saving Biodiversity |
8 |
10 |
11 | ||
|
4. Improving Policies |
11 |
12 |
12 | ||
|
|
4.1 Economic & Social Analysis |
|
|
| |
|
|
4.2 Policy Analysis |
|
|
| |
|
|
4.3 Governance & Mgt. of Public Systems |
|
|
| |
|
|
4.4 Organization & Mgt. of Institutes |
|
|
| |
|
5. Strengthening National Programmes |
20 |
20 |
20 | ||
|
|
5.1 Training |
|
8 |
9 | |
|
|
5.2 Documentation, Publication & Information |
|
5 |
5 | |
|
|
5.3 Institution Building/Advice to NARS |
|
3 |
3 | |
|
|
5.4 Institution Building Networks |
|
4 |
3 | |
|
TOTAL |
100 |
100 |
| ||
1/ CGIAR Secretariat, 1997. Financial Summary of the 1998-2000 Centre Medium-Term Plans. Revised April 9, 1997
