Annex 1 - How Applicable is the WARDA Model to the Other Centers?
Annex 2 - Creating a Long-Term Perspective
Annex 3 - Systemwide Issues
Annex 4 - Terms of Reference
Annex 5 - List of Institutions Visited and Persons Met
Annex 6 - Panel Composition and Biographical Information
Annex 7 - Glossary of Acronyms
WARDA is distinct from the other IARCs in West Africa. It (i) is an intergovernmental organization subject to regional governance; (ii) has a supracongruent allocation (Inter-Center Rice Review); (iii) nurtures unusually close relations with the NARS and has announced the intention to become an "Open Center"; and (iv) has defined its program with respect to the evolution of land use and farming systems.
WARDA has presented an Open Center Model which may be more broadly applicable in West Africa. Its features would be:
1. An ecoregional mandate that refers explicitly to cropping systems (WARDA undated, p. 2).2. A limited regional mandate, relinquishing extra-African responsibilities to other centers (eg, the WARDA/IRRI relation).
3. A Task Force approach in which the scientific agenda is driven by regional research needs (WARDA undated, p. 3), a more equal partnership with the NARS fosters "a stronger sense of ownership" of programs by the latter, and task sharing is based on comparative advantage, planned and implemented through thematic groups (the Task Forces).
4. An Open Center model, defined by WARDA as "a permanent institutional framework within which to attract, focus and facilitate the efforts of a range of collaborators working together in partnership." The Open Center provides critical mass in research "through a combination of a small core group of WARDA scientists conducting research over a range of key disciplines to provide continuity and partners from other institutions..." Another aspect of the model is allowing national and other collaborators to use Center facilities. An example is work on "The Sustainable Use of Inland Valley Agrosystems in Sub-Saharan Africa" (WARDA undated, p. 5).
5. Greater regional representation on the Board, and in the staff, management, problem definition, and resource allocation.
There is much to recommend in this model. It defines the ecoregional approach in an operational manner. It anticipates the rising environmental costs of intensification. It recognizes the interactions that necessitate a cropping systems focus. The national programs support it; they praise the Task Forces over similar arrangements in the other Centers for promoting an efficient exchange of information about researchable problems among WARDA and national scientists and for sharing responsibilities and money more equitably.
How do the activities of other West African Centers differ from those of WARDA?
Ecoregional mandate. Allowing for minor differences in terminology, ICRISAT, ICRAF and IITA have ecoregional mandates covering the same breadth of problems that WARDA's has. ILCA's mandate has been interpreted to permit studies of crop-livestock (and sometimes tree) systems in the principal climates of Sub-Saharan Africa. IITA and ICRAF have interactions with institutions working on non-Center crops (e.g., tree crops). The Panel found no material differences in the mandates or programs of IITA, ICRISAT, ILCA, and ICRAF that would justify any change to approximate the WARDA model in terms of proximity to the ecoregional notion.
No extra-regional responsibilities. IITA has abandoned extra-regional responsibilities for maize, sweet potato, and for cassava outside Africa. Professor Carl Eicher has recommended (Eicher 1992, p. 29) that IITA abandon East Africa, in favor of West and Central Africa, but this is undesirable given the common crops, smallholder production systems, and environmental questions in the three subregions.
The Task Force approach. The main elements are: (i) response to regional needs as expressed by the national programs; (ii) task sharing based on a collaborative common definition of comparative advantage; (iii) a greater allocation of responsibility to the NARS member of the partnership than is said to occur in other Centers; and (iv) joint decisions about funding. With the exception of joint decisions about funding, the Panel did not find this approach to differ materially from the practices of the other major centers. (Section 4 of the main report discusses center consultations with national programs at some length). It concludes that - with due attention to the costs of consultation and to the costs of a more explicit political approach to decision-making - the Centers now consult justifiably and efficiently with national program partners.
The Panel accepts that "joint decisions about funding" can be an efficient innovation because it allocates resources based on comparative advantage, reduces duplication, fills gaps, and promotes accountability. Nonetheless, the Panel cannot conclude that "joint decisions about funding" is so novel or applicable that it merits general application as a new operating rule. First, it is not new because funding decisions about training are already intrinsically joint given that trainees funded by Centers are invariably nominated by their NARS. Second, it is not new because the Centers already manage funds jointly with national partners in an extensive set of collaborative research projects. Third, it is not generally applicable without perilous changes in the Centers' independence given that sizable fixed investment decisions (e.g., buildings) are difficult to make jointly on scientific grounds alone and so political criteria are inevitably applied. One imagines with some difficulty the Centers making site location decisions largely on political grounds, the way the CILSS members do, to give one pertinent illustration. Fourth, it is not generally applicable to staffing, always the greatest fraction of research cost. Recruitment, evaluation, and promotion decisions are inherently most efficient within a single institution because of the costs of acquiring the long-term knowledge needed to manage staff. (Minimization of such costs is of course one of the reasons that large institutions emerge as economically efficient entities.)
The Panel concludes that the benefits of joint decisions about funding can be harvested with flexible and practical procedures developed through collaboration among partners, not by the imposition of rigid rules. Joint decisions about funding will become less relevant in research agencies, and more the preserve of donors, as the national programs become more able to compete for common funds. However, as long as the national programs depend on the Centers, or on others like them, for access to donors, then joint decisions about funding are a feasible institution to weaken the unwarranted grip of the stronger partners over the money.
The Open Center Model. The Open Center model does not differ significantly from what ICRISAT does at Niamey, or from what IITA does at Ibadan. They: (i) are permanent; (ii) attract staff from different collaborators, including other IARCs, regional and foreign universities and networks; (iii) support NARS work, notably degree students from African universities; (iv) operate in several key disciplines to achieve critical mass without necessarily having all the disciplines based in the convening center 1. There are many more disciplines at Niamey and Ibadan than at Bouake because of the larger programs at the former.; and (v) are continuous because they are permanent. It is premature to speculate about the evolution about the IITA/ICRAF activities in the Cameroon or about the ICRISAT/CIRAD/ICRAF programs in Bamako. In both instances, there is the danger that the Centers will become isolated from national and other partners, a fear that was strongly expressed by Malian national program staff, but one lesson of WARDA's current structure is that it is possible to have very good relations with the NARS while maintaining independence.
1 There are many more disciplines at Niamey and Ibadan than at Bouake because of the larger programs at the former.
The Open Center Model and WARDA's future. There has been speculation that becoming an Open Center is WARDA's path to expansion through diversification out of rice. This move would be consistent with WARDA's character as a regional research pole, and with the ecoregional approach. If WARDA seeks to expand beyond the special justification for rice in West Africa, then it is hard to see how it differs from being an outstation of IITA and the question of consolidating the two should be raised again.
Governance. WARDA establishes a precedent for other regional centers (eg, CIRDES, ITC) in the limited sense of having a partly political character, not in the sense of eventual entry into the CGIAR. WARDA and IITA are appropriate precedents for the evolution of ICRISAT as an African Center in mandate, but not in governance since the risks of political interference with staffing, priorities, operations, and funding of regional institutions are too great.
Costs. WARDA seems, on the basis of information presented in the Desk Study, to have lower relative administration costs than IITA and ICRISAT which are the most directly comparable Centers in West Africa. The contrast between ICRISAT and WARDA, both CFA countries, certainly bears investigating. It is possible that the Open Center model has hidden costs of administration - for example, multiple reports for multiple donors - among partners at a site that need to be considered by external reviews.
How WARDA should be evaluated. WARDA should be evaluated on results, not on the good feelings engendered by its excellent collaboration with national programs. Collaboration is admirable but it is not field results, only a (possible) way of achieving them. Results must always be the basic point in any decisions about WARDA's effectiveness.
The Centers are under pressure to get quick results because it is sometimes held that quick results are feasible through adaptive research without basic or strategic research. Behind the notion that adaptive research can pay quickly are the erroneous presumptions that external technologies can be directly productive in Africa and that no research has been done in Africa. Pressure for quick results distorts the priorities of the IARCs away from their evolving comparative advantage and forces them into competition with the NARS precisely where the latter have begun to assert themselves.
The only way to resist this pressure, and to avoid the hazards it poses to the integrity of the IARCs, is to develop a long-term perspective in the IARCs and sell it to the donors, regional governments, NGOs and others. What does this mean?
Estimating the benefits of strategic and basic research to counter the dangerously misguided clamor for quick results at the expense of deeper scientific understanding. The Panel saw no evidence that such estimates are being made. One prominent instance is the interesting projections of the future economic benefits needed to pay for ILRAD. The tart exchange of opinions concerning the relevance of those projections obscured the fact that ILRAD - and those other Centers confronting the same critique-have not replied quantitatively or even in the same economic terms.
With the exception of the Desert Margins initiative, which is in a major Center, the short-term initiatives we have criticized are in Centers with marginal weight in West Africa. This is not an accident. ISNAR, IFPRI, and IIMI have global, flexible and largely non-technical mandates that lend themselves to greater freedom and creativity in their implementation because they are not rooted in one ecoregion or group of commodities. When funds are scarce, greater freedom has in some instances led to initiatives without a broader purpose. The Panel sees this criticism as being in the terms of reference of the external reviews, and the point was indeed made by the recent IIMI review, but the problem has resurfaced on so many occasions that one wonders how seriously the Centers take the criticism.
TAC commented that the draft report "raised significant issues which go beyond the sub-region". It asked that a section of the final report be devoted to "analysis of general systemwide issues to provide a clear basis for the associated recommendations". We believe that the main text of the final report justifies the recommendations on the systemwide issues in West Africa. In this annex, we summarize the chief systemwide issues and indicate what further analysis or actions the system might consider beyond West Africa. This is not a comprehensive treatment.
The main systemic issues raised by the report are: i) CGIAR relations with small NARS and the institutional implications of the particular characteristics and needs of small countries; ii) CGIAR efforts in marginal rainfed areas; iii) the future of production systems and management research (Category 3); iv) the future of institution-building efforts (Category 5) by the Centers other than ISNAR; and v) studies of CGIAR Commitments in other Regions. The first four share the aspect of reflecting the intense pressure on the Centers to do everything, everywhere, for everybody.
Relations with small NARS. We argue that a significant Center presence (defined not entirely arbitrarily to include a breeder, a pathologist, an entomologist, an agronomist, and an economist) in a small country 1/ is too great a commitment relative to the expected benefits of research. A group of five staff would exceed the entire presence of most of the Centers in West Africa today. This argument depends on the justifiable assumptions that most, if not all, of the team's work is devoted to the host country, with few spillovers to other situations; and that the weakness of the host country's research and extension services causes the Center presence to substitute for what the national system would ordinarily do. We further argue that the basic need of the small country is academically trained people, without which physical and institutional investments are wasted. We note, moreover, that there are many sources of technical assistance and knowledge transfer available to small and large developing countries alike that did not exist even 20 years ago.
1/ In West Africa, they are Mauritania, the Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Togo, Benin, and Chad.
This chain of reasoning leads to the conclusions that: i) the Centers should avoid long-term and large physical presence of staff in small countries; ii) other interactions - germplasm exchanges, joint trials, training, professional meetings, study tours - are obviously vital; iii) Center research has to be designed to produce spillovers with these countries in mind, as ICRISAT is specifically attempting to do; iv) the role of ISNAR can be crucial in the initial phase of institutional development, but it has to be recognized that other institutions - universities, private firms, the development banks, regional organizations and SPAAR - can offer the same services in many instances; and v) Center boards, Center management, and the external reviews have to be careful about the level of commitments to small countries, most importantly where the Centers involved are not crop germplasm centers (e.g. ICLARM, ISNAR, IFPRI, ILRI, ICRAF, CIFOR) because of the higher fixed costs of research outside the crop area.
CGIAR Commitments in Marginal Rainfed Areas. The impact of agricultural research in marginal rainfed areas has been weak. This is most noticeable in Africa. We take the Centers' argument that some of the absence of impact is the fault of weak national research, extension and input supply systems. Even so, the basic return is certain to be lower in these zones even when they have better support services compared to zones of cheap irrigation, deeper soils, and less variable climate. The lower expected and realized return should accordingly elicit lower CGIAR investment, even when poverty and environmental benefits are considered. Yet system documents and what might be called the public debate often permit the inference that the marginal lands are the principal target of the Centers' labors.
The Panel found that Center production impact in the marginal areas of West Africa was basically nil, so far. This observation applies mainly to ICRISAT (millet and sorghum) and ILCA (livestock), and partly to IITA (cowpea and maize) and WARDA (rice). To improve overall impact - i.e., the sum of marginal and better areas - we have recommended a shift in emphasis toward category 2 research away from category 3 within the IARCs; shift of category 3 research to the national programs; a deeper scientific re-examination of the objectives, methods, constraints, and results of ICRISAT crop improvement work in the dry areas; and a shift toward the wetter areas by both ICRISAT and ILRI.
Though the issues affect most Centers they do not seem to have been fully analyzed yet, despite the good prospect in the Marginal Lands Initiative led by IFPRI. What is missing is consideration of the other forces driving the growth of human welfare in the marginal areas. Those include growth in the better agricultural areas, which pulls people out of the marginal areas; growth outside agriculture which has the same effect, and the genesis of property rights and other institutions that lift the return on private investment in marginal lands. The Stripe Review on Public Policy ought specifically to consider these issues because they should determine resource allocations to biological research.
Production Systems and Management Research. We have argued that the growth of the NARS capacity - if not their research output - and the general lack of impact of production systems research 2/ justify a deemphasis of Category 3 research in the Centers, and a reorientation of the remaining Category 3 work toward strategic problems. Despite the unhappy reactions from several quarters, we suspect that these recommendations will eventually be implemented, though grudgingly. We further suspect that the greater capacity of the national programs elsewhere will make these recommendations apply a fortiori outside West Africa. A more thorough, aggressive, and critical review of the objectives, methods, and results of category 3 research should be a permanent feature of each external review; it is easy to be beguiled by the Center's less-than-disinterested reactions and to forget the general lack of impact of this field.
2/ To make this point again, ICRISAT reports expected impacts on 11 Category 2 problems (CGIAR 1994b) - millet stem borer in Africa, pearl millet downy mildew, chickpea ascochyta blight, wilt resistance in pigeonpea, groundnut rosette resistance, midge resistance in sorghum, drought resistance in groundnut, drought resistance in chickpea, cold tolerance in sorghum, cold tolerance in chickpea, and pigeonpea hybrids. It reports 1 expected impact in Category 3 - windbreaks for soil erosion - and it is not entirely certain that this is a research problem. The paper of Crosson and Anderson (1994) SUPPORTS this point as well.
Institution Building (Category 5). We are aware of the vocal interest that asserts the Centers should do more in this area. This interest should be resisted because: i) much of this category is outside the mandate of the Centers, with the specific exception of ISNAR's; ii) there are obstacles to good institutions that the Centers cannot budge; iii) basic Center activities (e.g. multilocational trials) have positive institutional spillovers through knowledge transfer; and iv) there are many adequate competing sources of supply for the products of this Category. Category 5 - including training - should be de-emphasized for those reasons and the savings shifted into Category 2. The system, notably through the "Inter-Center Training Program for sub-Saharan Africa", is reacting appropriately in Africa, though we do not know about the other regions. The subject of competing suppliers should be considered systemwide in the next external review of ISNAR.
CGIAR Commitments in other Regions. This study could be usefully done elsewhere, but more cost-effectively. It should be done jointly with the external review of the principal Center of the region (e.g. ICARDA for WANA or IRRI for East Asia) by a member of the Center review; the designated member would not be additional to the Panel, but would replace another normal member. This would allow the person doing the commitments study to be supported by the TAC Secretariat and to interact with the members of the external review at no additional cost. The external review of the major Center would be preceded by a meeting of NARS leaders, like the one held at Bouake, and, if convenient, by a TAC meeting at the same time to introduce the study and to have the benefits of the meeting of NARS leaders at one time.
A. Terms of Reference
The Terms of Reference were:
1. To make an inventory of, and assess CGIAR facilities, personnel, programs, and activities, program expenditure and level of capital investment in the West Africa region.2. To identify and propose (a) cost-effective options for organizing and operating the future CGIAR presence in the region; and (b) whether the Study should be expanded to other regions, based on the assessment of the usefulness of the West Africa Study to the System.
B. List of Specific Issues to be Addressed by the Panel
It was expected that the Study would also deal with the following specific issues:
1. Evaluation of Centers' outputs and methods of impact assessment;2. Synthesis of NARS views on, and capacity to use, CGIAR delivery mechanisms;
3. Identification of overlaps and gaps in current CGIAR delivery mechanisms and means of amelioration;
4. Strategies/options to increase efficiency and effectiveness of CGIAR delivery mechanisms.
1. MALI (4-6 August 1994)
WASIP/CIRAD, Samanko
Dr. S.N. Lohani, Principal Millet Breeder
Dr. A. Ratnadass, Principal Entomologist
Dr. J. Gigou, Agronomist
Mr. Dramane Doumiba, Administrative Officer
Mr. I. Sissoko, Senior Research Assistant
Mr. D. Sanogo, Senior Research Assistant
INSAH
Dr. Josué Dioné, Economist, Food Security Research
Dr. Laomaibao Netoyo, Ag. Economist, Drought Resistance, Network Coordinator
Dr. Daoulé Diallo Ba, Phytopathologist, IPM Research
IER
Hamadi Dirko, Secretaire Permanent CNRA/IER
Bino Teme, Chef DRSPR
Aboubacar Toure, Chef Programme Sorgho
Amadou B. Cissé, CRRA/Nioro
Mamadou Ouattara, CRRA/Mopti
Aly Kouriba, D/CRRA Kayes
Mèmè Togola, Chef DRZ/IER
Souleymane Camara, Représentant Chef DRFH
Youssouf Manian Diarra, DPAER
Ousmane Moriba Sanogo, Cond/DPAER
Boubacar Traore, P/D/CRRA, Sikasso
NTji Coulibaly, Chef Programme Mais
Amadou Diarra, Chef DRA/IER
Yacouba Ousmane Doumbia, Directeur du CRRA/SOTUBA
2. BURKINA FASO (7-9 August 1994)
CIRDES, Bobo Dioulasso and Banankeledaga
Dr. G. Duvallet, Chief of Epidemiology Programme
Dr. B. Bauer, Chief of Entomology Programme
Dr. Babiné Kanwe, Research Scientist
Dr. Lassina Ouattara, Research Scientist
Dr. Augustin Bassingo, Research Scientist
Ing. Diara Thiombiano, Research Scientist (Agronomist)
Dr. Adamo Ouedraogo, Veterinarian
INERA, Kamboinse
Dr. G. Roger Zambre, Selectionneur Chef du CRAF
Dr. Francois Lompo, Agro-pédologue, Chef Programme ESFINA
Dr. Ouedraogo S., Agroeconomist, Chef Programme RSP
Dr. Guira Moussa, Agronome Arboriculteur CMFPT
Dr. Clementine Dabire, Chef de Prog. Proteagineux
Dr. Gilles Trouche, CIRAD Déligué p.i.
Dr. Amidou Tamboura, Programme, Productions Animales
Dr. Drissa Konate, Programme SOMIMA Virologiste
Dr. Paco Sereme, Phytopathologist, SOMIMA
INERA, Ouagadougou
Dr. P.C. Bélem, Director, INERA
3. NIGER (9-15 August 1994)
ISC, Niamey/Sadore
Dr. K. Harmsen, Executive Director
Dr. J.C.W. Odongo, Principal Scientist (ICRAF), Agronomy
Dr. A. Bationo, Principal Scientist, Soil Chemistry (IFDC)
Dr. J.H. Williams, Principal Scientist, Physiology
Dr. W. Payne, Principal Millet Physiologist
Ms. R.H. Gottfried, Regional Information Officer and Training Coordinator
Mr. Bruno Gerard, Farm Manager/GIS Expert
ILCA, Niamey (ISC Sadore)
Dr. T.O. Williams, Economist
Dr. S. Fernandez, Animal Scientist
Dr. M. Turner, Geographer
INRAN, Niamey
Mr. Toukoura, Interim Director General
Mr. Gauta, Interim Deputy Director General
UNDP, Niamey
Dr. M. Ouattara, ICRISAT Board Member and former INRAN Director General
INRAN, Kolo Research Station
Dr. Haougui Adamou, Plant Pathologist
Dr. Mohamane Moussa
Dr. Seyni Sirifi
Dr. Naino Jika, Chef de Station, Responsable du Departement de Recherches Agricoles (DRA)
Dr. Maiga Seyni, Entomologiste
Dr. Abdourahamane Alou, Agronome/Riz
4. NIGERIA (15-23 August 1994)
IITA/ICRISAT/IAR, Kano
Dr. B.B. Singh, IITA Team Leader, Breeder
Dr. O. Ajayi, Principal Scientist (Entomology) and ICRISAT Team Leader
Dr. R. Tabo, Principal Scientist (ISC), Agronomy
Mr. W.C. Mayaki, i/c IAR Station
Alh. M. Abba, KNARDA Project, Director, Agricultural Services
Mr. I.D. Musa, Deputy Director, MANR
Dr. S.F. Blade, Agronomist/Breeder - IITA (Post Doc.)
Dr. H. Bottenberg, IITA
Mr. C.I. Amafobi, Entomologist, IAR
Mr. T. Terao, Physiologist, IITA/JIRCAS
Dr. E.C. Odion, Agronomist, IAR/ABU
Mr. M. Badawi, Deputy Director, Adaptive Research
IAR, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria
Prof. Olugbeni, Director
Prof. L.B. Kaul, Agric. Mechanization
Prof. I.O. Erinle, Horticultural Crops
Prof. Olukosi, Farming Systems
Prof. A.M. Emechebe, Agronomy, and Deputy Director (Research)
Dr. E.N.O. Iwuafor
Dr. O.O. Olufaji, Legumes and Oilseeds
Dr. A.A. Ramalam, Irrigation Research
Dr. L.A. Ega, Deputy Director (Extension)
Dr. A.O. Ogungbile, Farming Systems
Dr. T.K. Atala, Extension Services
Dr. C. Harkness, Visiting Scientist, Plant Breeder
Dr. V.B. Ogunlela, Fibres
Dr. A.D. Akpa, Crop Protection
Dr. J.D. Olarewaju, Food Science & Technology
NAPRI, ABU, Zaria
Prof. E.O. Oyedipe, Director
Dr. M.S. Kallah, Deputy Director
Dr. L.O. Eduru, Assistant Director
Dr. O.A. Osinowo, Extension Research
Dr. C.A.M. Lakpini, Small Ruminants
Dr. M.E. Abdumalik, Rabbit Research
Dr. O.S. Onipade, Forage and Crop Residues
Dr. B.Y. Abubakar, Poultry Research
Dr. A.M. Adamu, Beef Research
Dr. O.W. Ehoche, Dairy Research
Dr. E.O. Otchere, Livestock Systems
IAR&T, Moor Plantation, Ibadan
Prof. A.M. Daramola, Deputy Director Agronomy
Prof. J.O. Ojo-Atere, Pedology
Dr. E.A. Adebowale, Animal Nutrition
Dr. S.A. Shoyinka, Plant Pathology
Dr. P.O. Oyekan, Plant Pathology
Dr. (Mrs.) O. Omueti, Biochemistry
Dr. V.A. Banjoko, Soil Chemistry
Dr. (Mrs.) Y.O.K. Osikanlu, Plant Pathology
Dr. T.A. Fadare, Entomology
Dr. J.E. Iken, Plant Breeding
Mrs. B. Ikhizama, Library
Mr. Amusan, Statistics
IITA/ILCA/IRRI, Ibadan
Dr. L. Brader, Director General, IITA
Dr. J.P. Eckebil, Deputy Director General, International Cooperation
Mr. W. Powell, Deputy Director General, Management
Dr. S.A. Adetunji, Special Assistant to Director General
Dr. F.M. Quinn, Director, Crop Improvement
Dr. J.O. Akobundu, Weed Science
Dr. R. Carsky, Systems Agronomy, Moist Savanna
Dr. N. Sanginga, Soil Microbiology
Dr. Y. Hayashi, Agronomy
Dr. A.M. Manyong, Agric. Economics (Post Doc.)
Dr. M. Gichuru, Soil Fertility
Dr. F.I. Nweke, Agric. Economics
Dr. A. P. Uriyo, International Cooperation
Dr. K. Alluri, IRRI Liaison Scientist, INGER/Africa
Dr. J. Smith, Animal Scientist and Programme Leader, ILCA
Dr. J. Gullay, International Cooperation
Dr. P.B. Thenkabail, Remote Sensing Specialist
Dr. G. Tian, Agronomist (Post Doc.)
Dr. Y.W. Jeon, Post Harvest Technologist
Dr. J. Tonye, Assistant Coordinator, AFNETA
Dr. K. Dashiell, Leader, GLIP/Soybean Breeder
Dr. C. Fatokun, Plant Breeder, Cowpea
Dr. A. Dixon, Plant Breeder, Cassava
Dr. I.N. Kasale, Agronomist/Crop Physiologist (Post Doc.)
Dr. N. Wanyera, Plant Breeder, Yam (Post Doc.)
Dr. R. Asiedu, Leader TRIP/Cassava, Yam Breeder
Dr. I. Ingelbrecht, Molecular Biology, Cowpea
5. BENIN (22-23 August 1994)
IITA, Cotonou, Plant Health Management Programme
Dr. P. Neuenschwander, Programme Leader
Mr. J. Quaye, Administrator
INRAB, Cotonou
Mr. G. Agbahungba, Director, Agricultural Research
CBRST, Cotonou
Mr. A. Nestor, Director General
6. CAMEROON (24-26 August 1994)
IITA, Yaoundé
Dr. S. Weise, Team Leader, Weed/Vegetation Management
Dr. M. Gichuru, Soil Fertility/Agronomy
Dr. O. Ndoye, Agricultural Economics
Dr. D. Baker, Agricultural Economics
Dr. I. Riviere, Crop Ecology (Post Doc.)
ICRAF/IRA, Yaoundé
Dr. J. Ayuk-Takem, Director, IRA
Dr. B. Duguma, ICRAF Team Leader
Dr. D.O. Ladipo, ICRAF Tree Breeder
ICRAF (Team Visiting from ICRAF Hqs. Nairobi)
Dr. R. Leakey, Director of Research
Dr. P. Cooper, Coordinator, Systems Improvement
Dr. Anne-Maria Izac, Coordinator, Characterization and Impact Analysis
7. GHANA (25-27 August 1994)
Ministry of Agriculture, Accra
Dr. A.K. Musi, Director, Animal Production Department
Dr. P. Ofori, Crops Services Extension Department
Dr. S. Korang-Amoakah, Director, Crops Services
CSIR, Accra
Prof. K. Haizel, Senior Technical Advisor
Mr. Byneth, Aquatic Biology Institute
Dr. S.O. Bennett-Lartey, Plant Genetic Resources Institute
CRI, Kumasi
Dr. Seth A.K. Ashiamah, Training Officer, Training & Communication Unit
Dr. Samuel A. Peporah, Resource and Crops Management Division
Dr. Joseph Adjei, Legumes Division
Dr. Isaac O.O. Ansah, Training, Communication & Printing Unit
Dr. J.Y. Asibuo, On-Farm Research
Dr. K.M. Adu, Plant Breeding, Legumes
Dr. Joyce Haleegoah, Socioeconomics Division
Dr. Florence Ansere-Brah, Socioeconomics Division
Dr. K.O. Adu-Tutu, Weed Scientist
8. GAMBIA (28-30 August 1994)
ITC, Banjul
Prof. L. Dempfle, Director General
Dr. B. Touray, Deputy Director General
Dr. S. Osaer
Dr. B. Goossens, Veterinarian
Dr. D.J. Clifford
Dr. R.C. Mattioli
Dr. M. Kassama
Dr. S. Kora
9. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (8 September 1994)
IFPRI Washington, DC
Dr. Ousmane Badiane, Research Fellow
Dr. Dean A. DeRosa, Research Fellow
Dr. Chris Delgado, Research Fellow
Dr. J. Hopkins, Research Fellow
Dr. C. Farrar, Director of Administration and Finance
Chair
Dr. John McIntire
Senior Agricultural Economist
World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433
USA
Member
Dr. Bakary Ouayogode
Directeur des Programmes de Recherche
Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l'Enseignement Professionnel et Technique
B.P.V. 151 Abidjan
Côte d'Ivoire
Panel Secretary
Dr. Philip Kio
Senior Forestry Research Officer
Room NF 721
TAC Secretariat
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome
Italy
John McIntire
John McIntire is a Senior Agricultural Economist at the World Bank where he has worked on agricultural and rural development and reform in Mexico, Central America and Bangladesh. Dr. McIntire worked on technology assessment and livestock policy analysis for ICRISAT and ILCA for nearly 10 years in Africa before joining the Word Bank. He was a consultant to the Third External Programme and Management Review of ICARDA and a member of the CGIAR Livestock Research Steering Committee.
Bakary Ouayogode
Bakary Ouayogode is Director of Research Programmes and Training at the Ministry of Scientific Research Technology and Professional Training, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. He commenced his research career as an entomologist at IDESSA, Bouake, rising to the position of Chief of the Division of Plant Protection. He was a representative of the Imperial Chemical Industries, Plant Protection Division for Central and West Francophone Africa. He participated in the IITA External Grain Legumes Programme Review and was a member of the Second External Programme and Management Review of ISNAR.
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CFA |
Communité Financiere Africaine |
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CG or CGIAR |
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research |
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CILSS |
Comité Permanent Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel |
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CIMMYT |
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo |
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CIP |
Centro Internacional de la Papa |
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CIRAD |
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement |
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CIRDES |
Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide |
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CORAF |
Conférence des Responsables de la Recherche Agronomique Africains |
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COSCA |
Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa |
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GDP |
Gross Domestic Product |
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GNP |
Gross National Product |
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HULWA |
Humid Zone of Lowland West Africa |
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IAR |
Institute of Agricultural Research (Nigeria) |
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IAR&T |
Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (Nigeria) |
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IARC |
International Agricultural Research Center |
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ICARDA |
International Center for Research in the Dry Areas |
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ICLARM |
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management |
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ICRAF |
International Center for Research in Agroforestry |
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ICRISAT |
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics |
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IER |
Institut d'Economie Rurale |
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IFPRI |
International Food Policy Research Institute |
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IIMI |
International Irrigation Management Institute |
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IITA |
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |
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ILCA |
International Livestock Center for Africa |
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ILRAD |
International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases |
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ILRI |
International Livestock Research Institute |
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INIBAP |
International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain |
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INRAB |
Institut National de Recherches Agronomique du Burkina Faso |
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INRAN |
Institut National de Recherches Agronomique du Niger |
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INSAH |
Institut du Sahel |
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IPGRI |
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute |
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IRA |
Institut des Recherches Agronomiques |
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ISC |
ICRISAT Sahelian Center |
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ISNAR |
International Service for National Agricultural Research |
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ITC |
International Trypanotolerance Center |
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IRRI |
International Rice Research Institute |
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MTP |
Medium-Term Plan |
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NAPRI |
National Animal Products Research Institute (Nigeria) |
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NARS |
National Agricultural Research System |
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SAFGRAD |
Semi-Arid Food Grains Research and Development |
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SALWA |
Semi-Arid Lowland of West Africa |
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SAT |
Semi-Arid Tropics |
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SSA |
Sub-Saharan Africa |
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TAC |
Technical Advisory Committee of the CGIAR |
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WARDA |
West Africa Rice Development Association |
