Appendix I - IFPRI's 1998 RESPONSE TO 1990 EPMR
Appendix II - IFPRI's RESPONSE TO INSTITUTE SPECIFIC POLICY STRIPE STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS
Appendix III - PANEL COMPOSITION
Appendix IV - IFPRI PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
Appendix V - ToR OF EXTERNAL REVIEWS
Appendix VI - ACRONYMS
LIST of 1990 EMR RECOMMENDATIONS LABELLED as "NOT IMPLEMENTED"
in THE 1992 MID-TERM REVIEW and STATUS IN 1998.
5. A Deputy Director General for Research and Development (DDG) should be appointed.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review:
(a) The Board endorsed this recommendation in its formal response to the EMR and considers the appointment of a DDG important in the long run.(b) After thorough discussion during its meeting in October 1990, the Board concurred with the Director General's decision that during his tenure a Deputy would not be appointed. Accordingly, the functions which were intended to be performed by a DDG are being performed partly by the Director General himself and partly shared among other senior staff.
RESPONSE in 1998: As noted above, the interim director general determined and the Board of Trustees concurred that a DDG not be hired until the new director general was brought on board. The current DG joined IFPRI in July 1992. After a one year assessment, the management recommended and the board agreed that a DDG be hired to take over the role of the DFA, who was retiring, and to represent the DG in his absence. An extensive recruitment process led to the hiring of a DDG in 1995. She left after five months for personal reasons related to dual-career families. An assessment of the experience gained during the period when IFPRI had a DDG and further review of IFPRI's needs resulted in the conclusion that it was unlikely that IFPRI would be able to find a person who would have the necessary expertise, background, and interest to span the requirements for finance and administration as well as those required of a DDG in the area of research, outreach and IFPRI representation and image. Management, therefore, recommended and the Board approved that the DDG position not be refilled, but that the DFA position be recreated and filled. The DFA position was filled as of September 2, 1997.
7. Create a position for a Director of Outreach which combines the present functions of Information Services and External Relations; and recruit as Director a respected scientist who understands policy issues and can participate in training as well as be able to organize conferences and seminars.
ACTION as of 1992 Interim Review: Before creating this position and recruiting a specialist to manage the outreach functions, the Director General and staff see a need to explore more thoroughly and in detail what the Institute can and should do in the area of formal and informal training and other outreach activities in the 1990s. In the meantime, therefore, the EMR recommendation is on hold for a period of experimentation and discussion that will define more clearly IFPRI's outreach strategy for the 1990s.
RESPONSE in 1998: The Outreach Division (OD) was created in late 1992 in large part in response to a recommendation made in the 1990 review and to preliminary results from the 1994-1998 MTP planning process. The director for the division, the former director of the Special Development Studies Division, was assigned in 1993. Although a staff committee on outreach had already determined the nature and scope of the new division, the director crystallized the specific direction of the capacity strengthening and information program. During 1992-1997, outreach activities, including capacity strengthening and public awareness, have been a growing emphasis for IFPRI. The Outreach Division (OD) was established to disseminate policy information IFPRI generates and to help strengthen the capacity of developing countries to conduct policy research. Through several recent strategic planning processes and in response to a 1996 internally commissioned external review, IFPRI has decided to further strengthen its Outreach Division to improve information dissemination, capacity strengthening, country programs, impact assessment, seminars, and networking.
21. The long-term employment prospects of Research Assistants/Analysts (RAs) should be clarified.
ACTION as of 1992 Interim Review: Long-term employment prospects of RAs was taken up as part of the general review of personnel policies and among the concepts embodied in the Salary Administration Plan. Position descriptions and responsibilities were clarified in consultation with RAs' representatives. A number of issues related to the role of RAs in the Institute remain under discussion. Promotions from assistant to analyst, which were suspended, have resumed, and in some cases made retroactive.
RESPONSE in 1998: As of 1997, all IFPRI employees are hired with limited-term appointments that range from several months to five years, all of which can be renewed. Those RAs hired prior to this time are "grandfathered in" and are not subject to term limits. However, performance of RAs is reviewed annually, as it is for all staff, and high standards of performance are expected from RAs, regardless of their term status. There are now three levels of RA positions at IFPRI: research assistant, senior research assistant, and research analyst.
If qualified, RAs can be promoted to a higher level RA position, without using a competitive process. RAs are also welcome to apply for internationally-recruited, senior research positions for which they qualify.
SECTION C - OTHER
4. When appointing trustees, the CGIAR should give special attention to ensuring that the Board has sufficient management expertise in its membership, (Also appears under Section A.)
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review: This IFPRI progress report cannot speak for actions taken by the CGIAR. However, the CG generally appoints Trustees in close consultation with IFPRI's Chairman, who makes clear to the Secretariat the criteria the Board is seeking for new appointees. Moreover, the Nominating Committee, as part of the operational changes noted in paragraph 2, has been instructed to define its criteria more explicitly and to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that Board membership contains the appropriate mix of experience and points of view. Three persons appointed to the board in the period following the external reviews have considerable administrative experience in addition to being familiar with issues of food policy.
Response in 1998: The IFPRI Board has considerably diversified its disciplinary mix and experience and the Board includes trustees with experience, capacity, and interest in management and finance as well as in key IFPRI research and outreach areas. When selecting new members, the Board makes an explicit effort to identify gaps in the composition of the Board and to seek candidates to fill those gaps.
23. The CGIAR Secretariat should clarify the responsibility of the centers to inform the CGIAR before making material commitments which are not included in the currently approved budget or medium-term plan.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review:
(a) This report cannot speak for the CGIAR Secretariat.(b) For its part, IFPRI management has established and is actively using open channels of communications with the CG Secretariat.
Response in 1998: The CGIAR Secretariat has decentralized much of the financial planning and implementation to the CGIAR Centers.
Thus, IFPRI has more flexibility to make material commitments which are not included in the approved budget, as long as we can cover the costs through identified restricted or unrestricted support. The Institute does, however, remain committed to conducting only those research and outreach activities that are part of our MTP, which in turn are part of the agreed upon agenda for the CGIAR.
LIST of 1990 EPR RECOMMENDATIONS LABELLED as "NOT IMPLEMENTED"
in THE 1992 MID-TERM REVIEW and STATUS IN 1998.
2. A primary data bank that archives IFPRI's household surveys needs to be organized with assistance from a data management expert and core funding support. (This recommendation would assign the data bank function to Computer Services and require additional staff financed by the core budget.)
ACTION as of 1992 Interim Review: As a result of scrutiny by the Director's Advisory Committee and discussions in meetings of the senior research staff in the context of program restructuring, the responsibility for the organization of the data bank was placed alongside the remaining food data evaluation function and located in Special Development Studies Division. In the budget review for 1992, the director of this division was asked to make a specific proposal for consideration by the RAC and the Director General of steps to be taken under this recommendation.
Response in 1998: Computer Services has taken over the function of archiving IFPRI's data sets and serves as a clearinghouse for requests. Most data sets are now clear and well-documented, and a well-defined policy for their use is in place.
7. The International Trade and Food Security Programme needs to be expanded to take on new research and outreach responsibilities.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review: Resource constraints have limited progress in this direction. One Senior Trade Economist has been recruited, and another is under recruitment to allow expansion of the activities of the division following priorities of IFPRI Research Strategy and Medium Term Plan.
RESPONSE in 1998: With the arrival of a new Division Director at the end of 1993, Trade and Macroeconomics Division (formerly International Trade and Food Security Program) reorganized its research program around two themes or multicountry programs
(MPs): "Macroeconomic Policy Reforms, Agricultural Growth, and Rural Development" (MP12), and "Regional Integration, Agricultural Trade, and Food Security in Developing Countries" (GRP2, formerly MP13). MP12 incorporates the first two themes (incentives and stability in food supply) and GRP2 the second two themes (the impact of trade negotiations and increased food security through regional trade). In 1998, Division staff includes five research fellows (three full time and two part-time visitors), one post-doctoral fellow, and six research analysts/assistants.
10. Staff performance should be thoroughly reviewed when contracts come up for renewal.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review: Procedures have been put in place for tracking termination dates of employment agreements and making a considered decision on extension taking account of performance factors inter alia.
RESPONSE in 1998: Guidelines have been developed for staff whose contracts are terminating which allow sufficient notice of the impending date. Contracts are renewed based on employee performance and the needs of the Institute. Performance evaluations play a vital role in these decisions. Details of the guidelines for these procedures are transparent to all staff as they can be found in IFPRI's intranet on the SMT's Human Resource decisions.
11. The Institute should reinforce its outreach and developing country capacity-building in policy research according to a well-defined strategy.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review: This relates to the issue of a Director for Outreach which is addressed in connection with the EMR. IFPRI decided to focus on these issues in developing its research strategy document, which is complete, and its medium-term program which remains to be done. The
Institute notes that CGIAR priority for capacity-building has weakened as reflected in a lower core allocation for this purpose to IFPRI in the resources envelop suggested for the MTP.
RESPONSE in 1998: See the response to Question 7 in the EMR.
14. IFPRI should design and implement a strategy for post-research follow-up activities to secure sustained collaboration with the developing country policy research communities.
ACTIONS as of 1992 Interim Review: This is part and parcel of the issue of outreach strategy which is being addressed, as mentioned in item 11 above. A great deal of follow-up is undertaken at the divisional level usually in the form of second and third phase research collaboration. We also need to consider the competition for resources between follow-up in areas where research is no longer being conducted and new research.
RESPONSE in 1998: It has been decided to establish a network of IFPRI Associates. Implementation will take place soon after the new Outreach Division director is in place.
(Prepared December 1997)
Suggests that the databases at IFPRI and other centers be made available for graduate students thesis results (p. 58).
Response. IFPRI is committed to facilitating the use of data by collaborators and graduate students to conduct research that is consistent with the primary mission of the Institute. IFPRI has guidelines for access to the Institute's data sets which clearly describe IFPRI's policies for issues such as unpublished proprietary secondary data, publicly available secondary data etc., and are available upon request. Numerous data sets have been made available to graduate students throughout IFPRI's study countries. For example, in Pakistan over 100 M.Sc. and M.Phil dissertations and 11 Ph.D. dissertations have been completed using IFPRI's data sets.
Suggests that, building on its experience, IFPRI consider opportunities for developing regional courses in collaboration with appropriate regional organizations, local, and leading foreign universities that could contribute to such courses and at the same time provide the continuity after IFPRI moves on. (p. 58).
Response: IFPRI, through its Outreach Division, has sponsored a number of short-term training courses in Sub-Saharan Africa (mainly Malawi, Mozambique, and Ghana). These courses have involved over 350 participants, many of whom are our research partners. In Malawi we have worked intensively with the Bunda College of Agriculture to implement these courses, in Mozambique we work with the Eduardo Mondlane University, and in Ghana with the University of Ghana. In Mozambique and Malawi, we also work with the Southern African Development Commission. The goal for these collaborative relationships is for IFPRI to work itself out of a job by building the capacity of these institutions to conduct research in food policy analysis. These courses offer quantitative methods in policy analysis, agricultural policy analysis, food and nutrition policy analysis, and environmental and natural resource policy analysis. The Institute has also developed and implemented a training of trainers course, designed so that its participants can return home and train other people in their home institutions. IFPRI has also made it a priority to develop training materials that are targeted to specific training audiences and that can be used by participants in their home offices.
In addition to the training activities that the Outreach Division undertakes, research divisions organize both formal and informal training in conjunction with their research projects. For example, in the rice market study project in Vietnam, the project team conducted four different training activities: a training in data collection and data entry, a course in food policy analysis, a course in the design and use of a computer model designed to simulate food markets, and a study tour of rice markets in Thailand.
Suggests that IFPRI set in place mechanisms for course evaluation by external experts and course participants. (p58).
Following each IFPRI training course, questionnaires are circulated to participants in order to evaluate the training course. We will consider assessing our training courses with expert evaluators in the future.
Suggests that IFPRI pay due consideration to the organization of regional workshops for assessing priorities for policy and management research (p. 58).
In preparation for our medium-term plan, we conferred with over 300 organizations and incorporated the feedback we received into our plan. In addition, numerous regional workshops were organized as part of the 2020 Vision initiative to assess regional priorities for achieving food security. IFPRI facilitated the development of regional strategies in South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America. These regional strategies influence IFPRI's research and outreach priorities. IFPRI has received a number of requests from several countries to help them design and implement their own 2020 strategies through regional networks. This approach will lead to the development and use of better information for policy design and implementation. Networks are being planned in East and West Africa and possibly Southern Africa. Finally, many participatory workshops are held in conjunction with individual research efforts to discuss project plans and activities. For example, under the Macroeconomic Reforms and Regional Integration in Southern Africa project, a project advisory group with representatives from each of the partner countries was formed. The advisory group plays a key role in providing country-specific policy perspectives to the research being conducted and providing feedback to IFPRI on research methodologies and results.
IFPRI should devote some thinking to the issue of generic versus country-specific policy studies. (p. 46).
IFPRI (and other centers) continue to adhere to the principles of international relevance and strategic research, but that they seek ways to give greater country-level policy relevance to their research, in part as an instrument for institution strengthening. (p. 60).
The central focus of IFPRI's work continues to be the generation of international public goods. At the same time, however, IFPRI has been developing more specific, in-country expertise to strengthen its policy impact in collaborating study countries. IFPRI now has 14 senior and 1 junior staff members outposted - the highest number in IFPRI's history - to help achieve this objective. By outposting staff, we also increase the amount of networking and in-country partners, such as NGOs, universities, and government officials. The Office of Country Programs was established to improve the management of IFPRI's activities in focal countries, to improve linkages among individual IFPRI activities in a country, and to strengthen the quality of research and policy impact in the country. Although the generation of international public goods continues to be the overriding emphasis for IFPRI, we have increasingly realized the value of focusing on a specific country's food policy issues to strengthen the quality of the research and policy impact in the study country.
IFPRI's outposted staff be increased when consistent with key research projects, and when it enhances a center's policy research capacity. (p. 50).
When the Stripe study was completed in 1995, IFPRI had seven senior staff outposted. As mentioned above, we now have 14 outposted senior staff, which represents nearly 30 percent of IFPRI's research fellows. Rockefeller fellows, and post-doctoral fellows. Our objective is to keep at least the same percentage of outposted staff over the medium-term period.
IFPRI consider appointing research fellows to be liaison persons with specific centers with which it works.
IFPRI believes that effective working relationships with other CGIAR centers are best established by working on specific project activities. Having liaison persons for each center would add another level of bureaucracy to these collaborative relationships that could hamper their effectiveness. In fact, not having liaison persons has not slowed down IFPRI's collaborations with other centers; we now collaborate with all 15 other centers.
IFPRI assess feasibility, advantages, etc. of using Internet for interactive activities related to specific themes. (p. 59).
IFPRI held an electronic mail conference on gender and intrahousehold issues, which brought together participants from 30 countries, many of whom were from developing countries. Commissioned papers were put on the email conference site and discussed for one month, including a presentation of key issues by the author of the lead paper, commentary by two formal discussants followed by general discussion and replies from the paper's authors. At the conclusion of the conference in early 1996, surveys were sent out to all the participants and the response was overwhelmingly positive. The conference yielded four papers that will be published soon by the journal World Development. A proceedings volume of the electronic conference exchange has been distributed. This January, a new 3-month electronic conference will be launched on micronutrients. Every two weeks an issue paper will be put on the site and discussed.
In addition, IFPRI's Web site (http://www.cgiar.org/ifpri) was launched in 1995, providing a wide-range of information, including an overview of IFPRI, position openings, details about specific programs within individual divisions, and our publications lists. The Web site has been instrumental in dramatically increasing the number of publications requests IFPRI receives. IFPRI's work is also widely disseminated through other web sites.
IFPRI review and assess the proportions of project funding in the various programs of the Institute and their implications for program effectiveness. (p. 31).
In preparation for the IFPRI's 1998-2000 MTP, IFPRI senior staff qualitatively used the priority setting criteria to establish the relative proportions of funding that IFPRI's MPs and GRPs would receive. For example, although funding for Water Resource Allocation: Productivity and Environment Impacts was not receiving sufficient funding through restricted sources, given its importance to future poverty reduction, IFPRI decided to increase the unrestricted allocation to the program. There are other examples of this occurring, especially with newer and synthesis programs.
IFPRI review and consider the desirable level of involvement in policy science research and approaches through which policy science research can be pursued. (p. 36).
IFPRI uses the most appropriate scientific tools for the analysis required by a project. Our research is empirical and focused on specific policy problems. IFPRI does not feel it is appropriate to undertake highly theoretical research.
IFPRI should assess the extent to which IFPRI publications are cited by peers; and that IFPRI should analyze the feasibility of making available on-line more of its recent publications. (p. 59).
IFPRI recently began a bibliometric study or intensive literature survey to determine how widely our research and outreach results are used in other research efforts, and to assess where, how often, and by whom IFPRI is cited. Several other institutions in CGIAR network and one U.S. food policy research organization will be assessed for comparative purposes. The Institute for Scientific Information, publishers of the Social Science Citations Index, are conducting the analysis based on their bibliographic and citation records.
Shorter publications are available through IFPRI's Web site, such as research report abstracts, food policy statements, and 2020 briefs and syntheses. Readers can easily order the lengthier publications by sending an email.
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Panel Chair: |
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Samuel Paul |
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Chairman, Public Affairs Centre |
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27, SBl Colony, Block 3, Koramangala |
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Bangalore 560 034 |
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Gerald Bourrier |
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Bourrier International Consultants Inc. |
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12 Roseglen Private |
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Ottawa, Ontario |
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K1H 1B6 Canada |
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Jean-Marc Boussard |
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INRA-ENGREF |
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(33-1) 45498882 |
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19 Avenue du Maine |
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France |
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Catherine Geissler |
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Department of Nutrition and Dietetics |
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King's College London |
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Campden Hill Road |
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Hans Gregersen |
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College of Natural Resources |
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University of Minnesota |
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Ammar Siamwalla |
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The Thailand Development Research |
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Institute Foundation |
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565 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 39 (Thepleela 1) |
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Deputy Executive Secretary, TAC |
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SDRC - D442 |
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FAO |
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Selcuk Ozgediz |
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CGIAR Secretariat |
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World Bank |
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BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
Samuel Paul (India) is Chairman of the Public Affairs Centre in Bangalore, India. He is a former Director and Professor at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad. From 1985-91, he was Advisor to the World Bank on Public Sector Management in Washington. He has taught at Harvard and Princeton Universities. He has also been a Senior Advisor to the United Nations and ILO, and a consultant to many other international organizations). In 1992 he served as a member of the External Programme and Management Review (EPMR) of ICLARM. In 1995-96, he chaired the EPMR of ISNAR.
Gerald Bourrier (Canada) is a professional manager with over 25 years of increasingly responsible line experience in technical programming, administration and management. Positions held with a Canadian Crown Corporation (the International Development Research Centre) include Regional Director, West and Central Africa, Director, Fellowships and Awards Division, Director, Human Resources Division, and Deputy Director, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences Division, Prior to his 25 years with IDRC, he spent 10 years in the Canadian private sector working as an extension agronomist. His academic background is in Extension Agronomy. Bourrier currently heads a small management consulting company which he founded in 1996 - Bourrier International Consultants Inc. He has undertaken several international consultancies in corporate management systems with the following organizations: ICRAF (Internally Commissioned External Review of the Finance and Administration Division); IDRC (organized and directed a training workshop; conducted a comparative study on different models of program delivery); CGIAR (External Program and Management Review of IFPRI); and Renaud Foster Management Consultants (participated in an international executive search commissioned by IDRC).
Jean-Marc Boussard (France) was first educated as an agronomist. He subsequently completed a doctorate in the Paris's faculty of economics, and entered the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, where he is presently directeur de recherches. He is well known for his works on modelling agricultural systems, especially by introducing risk and uncertainty considerations into farm and macro economic models. He studied also dynamics and investments, both from a private and public point of view, and contributed to the project evaluation literature for irrigation. He is teaching in various institutions, among which the Institut National Agronomique, and the University of Paris I. He was awarded "outstanding journal article " in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics in 1972. He was president of the French Society of Agricultural Economists from 1992 to 1996, He has been elected fellow of the French Académie d'Agriculture in 1995.
Catherine Geissler (UK) graduated from the University of Edinburgh, and undertook postgraduate studies at the University of California Berkeley, where she obtained a PhD in Human Nutrition. During this period she worked for two years at the Institute of Nutritional Science and Food Technology in Teheran and carried out field studies in urban and rural areas of Iran. She was subsequently appointed to the Department of Nutrition at King's College, University of London. She has carried out community and clinical research work on a variety of nutrition issues in the UK and in several countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. She has also been food and nutrition consultant to FAO, the World Bank, and other agencies, in Africa and the Middle East. In 1990 Catherine Geissler was Visiting Professor at Cornell University where she worked on the analysis of a large epidemiological survey of nutrition and health in China. On her return to London she was appointed Head of the Department of Nutrition, a post she held for 5 years before being promoted to her current position as Head of the Division of Health Sciences. She also serves on the Food Advisory Committee to the UK government.
Hans Gregersen (USA) is professor of forest economics and policy at the University of Minnesota, with a joint appointment in the Departments of Forest Resources and Applied Economics, He has bachelors and masters degrees in forestry and a PhD in natural resources economics from the University of Michigan. He worked for the U.S. Forest Service and spent three years with FAO in the forest planning and policy area. He has served for six years on the Technical Advisory Committee of the CGIAR. During that time, he served terms as chair of the standing panel on natural resources, forestry and agroforestry and the standing committee on external reviews. In addition, he worked on the TAC Stripe Review on Policy and Management Research and on several other stripe studies dealing with natural resources and marginal lands. As a consultant and adviser over the past 25 years to the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Environment Program, the OECD, the World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Development, and many other groups, Gregersen has been involved in interdisciplinary forest and watershed economics and policy programs in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Gregersen's main research interests are in the areas of forestry for sustainable development, watershed management economics and policy, natural resources valuation, sector analysis and planning, and natural resources policy. He is the author of more than 160 publications dealing with these subjects. Many of these publications represent results of collaborative work with hydrologists, watershed managers, foresters, sociologists, and anthropologists.
Ammar Siamwalla (Thailand) is an economist, having obtained his B.Sc. Econ. from the University of London, and his doctorate from Harvard University. He was Research Fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute between 1978 and 1984. He then returned to Thailand to become Program Director for Agriculture and Rural Development and later (1990-1995) President of Thailand Development Research Institute, Bangkok, where he is currently Distinguished Scholar. He has also served as a member of the Technical Advisory Committee to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research between 1993 and 1996.
Title: Input Market Reform and Development (MP1)
Although many developing countries have adopted market reform as a policy objective and have started implementation, the specific policies and institutions needed for markets that will work effectively under local economic and social conditions are frequently absent, particularly regarding rural areas. Countries making the transition from command to market economies have special difficulties. Little knowledge exists on how the principles of free markets can be applied with success to the problem of bringing to the poor in rural areas the agricultural inputs needed to facilitate the use of better technology with a consequent increase in production and incomes. The order in which reforms should be undertaken, for example, is not at all clear. The overall objective of this program is to understand the conditions for reform of markets for agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and livestock services. The research output is expected to contribute to the development of an efficient marketing system able to accelerate and sustain agricultural growth without adverse effects on the income of small farmers.
Title: Output Market Reform and Development (MP2)
Crucial to the process of economic growth is the efficient operation of markets to coordinate production and consumption decisions within and across domestic sectors and thereby guide the optimal allocation of economic resources. After decades of extensive state intervention in the domestic distribution of agricultural products, many developing-country governments have recently initiated programs aimed at establishing private sector-based marketing systems. In many cases, the rate of success has been much less than expected, and the transition from state-run to private-sector marketing has been slow. The objectives of the present research program are: (1) to better understand the institutional, structural, and policy-related factors that impede the process of transition, and (2) to help guide policymakers in designing and implementing domestic market reform programs.
Title: Rural Financial Policies for Food Security of the Poor (MP5)
While most formal rural credit programs in the past failed to reach the poor, there are now an increasing number of bottom-up, informal programs that seem to be more effective. Basic to this research program is the premise that a better understanding of the functions and arrangements of existing informal institutions at the household and community level may provide the key to designing rural financial systems that will serve the poor. The research draws on recent and ongoing IFPRI work in Bangladesh. Cameroon, Ghana, Madagascar, Mali, Nepal, and Pakistan. Additional studies have been implemented in Bangladesh, China, Egypt, and Malawi to expand the range of agroecological and social conditions covered by the research. The individual studies address four broad questions: (1) What is the scope for enhanced access and participation of the poor in formal and informal credit and savings arrangements? (2) How can the direct and indirect effects of access to credit and savings services on poor household's income, consumption and nutrition be improved? (3) Can formal financial institutions be linked with existing informal savings and credit systems to create a sustainable rural financial system, and (4) how can formal financial services and their institutional arrangements be altered to enable enhanced and sustainable access by the poor to financial services?
Title: Marketing, Institutional, and Infrastructure Policies for Agricultural Commercialization, Diversification, and Export Promotion (MP7)
Most developing countries are dependent on agriculture for foreign exchange and - directly or indirectly - for employment of the majority of the population. They are faced with the need to revise agricultural strategies in the light of the effect on domestic relative prices of a major realignment of international prices, domestic macroeconomic reforms, and urbanization. They typically adopt agricultural diversification policies to promote adjustment to these structural changes. Such policies typically seek to promote an increase in value added in tradable sectors from changes in the composition of output mix. In many Asian countries, success in meeting domestic food needs through growth in rice output following the Green Revolution has led to a need to diversify into other crops with export markets if agricultural growth is to continue. Many other developing countries, especially in Africa, are in the early stages of agricultural commercialization and transformation. These countries are often characterized by the widespread prevalence of subsistence consumption of agricultural products, imperfect markets and high transfer costs, which render a large share of rural production non tradable. The objective of this program is to identify more effective marketing, infrastructure, and institutional policies to facilitate the adjustment of farmers to change in incentives arising from long-term structural changes in agricultural markets. It will have a particular concern to better incorporate those rural people left behind by structural change into the mainstream of new economic growth opportunities.
Title: Arresting Deforestation and Resource Degradation in the Forest Margins of the Humid Tropics - Policy, Technology, and Institutional Options (MP8)
Tropical forests are under great pressure from both present inhabitants and new migrants seeking land for agricultural and other purposes. Many of those involved are poor. There is a paucity of knowledge of the process itself, of the motivations of those involved, and of the technologies, institutional forms, and policies that might be used to slow the pace at which forests are disappearing. In ways consistent with other economic and social goals, the purpose of this research program is to identify new combinations of technologies, policies, and organizational/institutional arrangements capable of slowing the rates of deforestation and other natural resource degradation at the margins of tropical moist forests, while improving the welfare of inhabitants of these areas. To achieve these goals, a three-year program of research is being be conducted at sites in the Brazilian Amazon, and support provided to comparable policy and socioeconomic work being conducted at sites in Cameroon, Indonesia, and Peru by other CGIAR Centers and their collaborators as part of the Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn (ASB) initiative.
Title: Water Resource Allocation: Productivity and Environmental Impacts (MP10)
Demand for water for agriculture, household use, and industry continues to increase rapidly, while watersheds, the irrigated land base, and the quality of water delivered to the final user are deteriorating. Scarcity of water has led to demand for policy reform, but many questions concerning feasibility, costs, and likely effects of alternative water allocation policies in developing countries remain unanswered. This research program seeks to address these issues in ways that will be directly relevant to national governments and international donors for choosing appropriate water policies and establishing priorities for reform of institutions and incentives that affect water resource allocation. Specifically, the research will determine the effectiveness of alternative water allocation mechanisms and seek to understand their productivity, equity, and environmental impacts. Research is planned in several countries and regions with varying agroclimatic conditions, levels of economic development, and degrees of water scarcity. In each case, there will be analysis of the nature and evolution of existing systems of water allocation and of the impact of water allocation on agricultural and industrial productivity, consumer welfare and equity, and resource degradation. The methodology involves integrated analysis of water policies within a river basin, including institutional, economic, and environmental aspects.
Title: Property Rights and Collective Action in Natural Resource Management (MP11)
Property rights are an important determinant of agricultural productivity and natural resource management. They determine long-term incentives for the sustainable management and improvement of resources. Property rights systems also play a key role in determining patterns of equality or inequality in access to resources. These systems are in a state of transition in many regions as population growth and increased commercialization lead to greater competition and conflict over scarce resources. Many traditional communal ownership systems are evolving toward greater privatization of rights, while others are degenerating toward open access regimes that allow overuse and resulting degradation of the resource base. Relatively little is known about the effectiveness of different ownership and management systems, and how they are coping with growing pressures. The purpose of this multicountry research program is to explore the causes and consequences of the choice of property rights institutions and of the role of collective action in natural resource management.
Title: Macroeconomic Policies, Rural Development, and the Environment (MP12)
Poor performance of the agriculture sector has been associated with the poor economic performance that has characterized many developing countries in the last three decades. While external developments have had adverse effects, the influence of inappropriate domestic policies has been increasingly recognized, leading to the adoption of major programs of macroeconomic and sectoral policy reforms, aimed at stability and growth. Relatively little work has addressed the impact of such policy reforms on agriculture and rural performance, and the further repercussions on income distribution, overall growth, and the environment. The purpose of MP12 research is to investigate the interactions among agriculture, the environment (water and forestry resources), and macroeconomic policy reforms. The goal is to determine better mixes of policies that achieve macro goals, eliminate biases against agriculture, support poverty alleviation, and protect the environment. This goal is being approached through a series of a dozen or more case studies in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. The case studies will then be compared and contrasted to generalize the results to a variety of country settings
Title: Urban Challenges to Food and Nutrition Security
Within the next 20 years, more poor and undernourished people in developing countries will live in the cities than in the countryside. Rapid rates of urbanization mean that urban food insecurity and malnutrition are concerns even for Africa and Asia, which currently have relatively low levels of urbanization. Although available studies indicate that malnutrition is usually more severe in rural than in urban areas, such general statements mask significant differences in levels of malnutrition within urban areas. Malnutrition in the poorest areas of cities often rivals that found in rural areas. Nevertheless, despite the severity and extent of the problem, few comprehensive studies of the determinants of urban food insecurity and malnutrition exists. This research program aims to (1) better document trends in urban poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition; (2) better understand the main determinants of urban poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition; (3) document and analyze successful community, NGO and local government responses to the pressures that urbanization places on the attainment of urban food security and malnutrition; and (4) document and analyze public policy affecting food and nutrition in urban areas.
Title: Gender and Intrahousehold Aspects of Food Policy (MP17)
The success of policy - from macro policies such as structural adjustment to micro initiatives such as home gardens - depends on an ability to anticipate the responses of individuals to changing incentives. Often, however, actual responses differ from anticipated responses. One important reason for this divergence is a poor understanding of how rights, responsibilities and resources are allocated within the household. This program addresses the policy question, when and how can food and agricultural policies be improved through a better understanding of intrahousehold processes? The research team will test the assertion that a better understanding of intrahousehold resource allocation is essential to predict the outcomes and consequences of policies, regardless of whether the policy is targeted at the household or individual level. This will be done through intensive research at the household level in four countries, and by adding a gender and intrahousehold perspective to ongoing research by IFPRI collaborators in up to 10 other countries. The understanding gained will be used to generate information that will assist in the development of policies, programs, and projects that are high-performing precisely because they take intrahousehold allocation processes into account.
Title: Targeted Interventions to Reduce and Prevent Poverty (MP18)
The basic objective of this research program is to provide information to policymakers in developing countries to help them assess the appropriate balance between interventions that promote growth and those that prevent destitution, with particular reference to food security. The program will focus on three components (1) poverty identification and characterization; (2) comparative analysis of anti poverty interventions; (3) methodological innovations and improvements. Drawing on past IFPRI research on food subsidies, labor markets, nutrition monitoring, and famine prevention, this MP will study actual experience in six or more countries to determine how vulnerable groups can be identified, to analyze public and private programs that show success in addressing the causes of poverty and food insecurity, and to seek understanding of the role of fiscal, political, and logistical constraints.
Title: Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Policy (GRP1)
Judgments by national authorities and development agencies, even by CGIAR institutions, about policies and investments related to institutions generating and disseminating agricultural technology in developing countries, are severely hampered by a lack of information about those institutions and the consequences of alternative policy choices. The overall goal of this GRP is to remedy that situation by providing more information and analyzing its implications for issues facing decision makers. The current objectives of the GRP are organized around several research themes. They are: 1: to measure and monitor the global pattern of investments in agricultural R&D and provide policy interpretations of these developments for national and international decision makers; 2: to continue development of systematic, economic approaches to evaluating and setting priorities for agricultural research and initiate work on the evaluation of social science research; 3: to gain a more complete understanding of the productivity, distributional, and environmental consequences of agricultural research and other public sector investments targeted to the agriculture sector; 4: to explore alternative policies regarding the economics of financing, organizing, and managing agricultural R&D; and 5: to undertake a program of research on agricultural genetic resources policies.
Title: Global and Regional Trade (GRP2)
During the long period of Uruguay Round negotiations, regional trade arrangements gained increased favor among developed and developing countries, in part as alternatives in case the global negotiations should fail, Since the completion of the GATT agreement, regional trade arrangements have remained important and new ones are appearing, with a combination of economic and political goals. The importance of these arrangements and of the GATT agreement itself for the food sector in developing countries is uncertain, and policy choices are difficult because of the uncertainty. The objective of this research program is to evaluate the impact on agriculture, the rural economy, and poverty alleviation of (1) regional arrangements to promote economic integration and (2) global trade reform. This goal will be pursued through a series of case studies of actual and potential regional trade agreements in Sub-Saharan Africa (SADC), Latin America (NAFTA, Mercosur. Andean Pact, Central American Common Market), and Asia (APEC, ASEAN), plus synthesis work to generalize the results to a variety of country settings.
Title: Priorities for Public Investment in Agriculture and Rural Areas, and Appropriate Institutional Arrangements (GRP3)
During the last decade, developing countries have witnessed some fundamental structural changes, driven by market-led development, that have affected the allocation of public resources to agriculture and rural development. As a result, governments' hitherto pervasive interventions have been reduced and the scope of the private sector in economic activities has expanded. However, the reduction in public expenditures has resulted in a shrinking allocation to agricultural research, irrigation and water control, rural infrastructure, and agricultural credit. This GRP will look at how national and local governments can maintain their commitment to market-led development, while increasing their allocation to strategic subsectors of agriculture and rural development where the private sector is not likely to invest. This project will get started in 1998.
Title: The 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment (GRP4)
The 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment was launched in 1993 to identify solutions for meeting the world's food needs to the year 2020 and beyond, while reducing poverty and protecting the environment. The initiative builds on food policy research by IFPRI and others and relies on data from many sources. In addition to conducting analyses and syntheses on many topics related to food, agriculture, and the environment, the initiative has brought together policymakers, analysts, and officials of governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector in workshops and consultations to share their knowledge of selected topics and bring that knowledge to bear on recommendations for action.
During Phase II, the 2020 Vision initiative will I) generate timely, state-of-the-knowledge information on key issues for which better knowledge is required to realize the 2020 Vision; 2) communicate the 2020 Vision to diverse audiences around the world to raise awareness of the world's food and environmental problems and what can be done to solve them; 3) provide a forum for dialogue, debate, information sharing, and consensus building among policymakers, policy analysts, researchers, and members of nongovernmental organizations, private sector, and media through seminars, workshops, and conferences; and 4) help individual developing countries to design and implement their own 2020 strategies, mainly through regional networks. Initial emphasis will be on sub-regional networks in East, West, and Southern Africa.
Title: Sustainable Development of Less-Favored Lands (GRP5)
Past agricultural development strategies have predominantly emphasized irrigated agriculture and "high potential" rainfed lands in the attempt to increase food production and stimulate economic growth. This strategy has been spectacularly successful in many countries and was responsible for the Green Revolution. But at the same time, large areas of less-favored lands have been neglected, and with rapid population growth, these lands have become or are becoming major areas of rural poverty, food insecurity, and resource degradation. About 500 million people now live in less-favored lands and, if current conditions persist, this number could increase to more than 800 million people by 2020. It is becoming increasingly clear that, on poverty and environmental grounds alone, more attention will have to be given to less-favored lands in setting priorities for policy and public investments. This leads to two key policy issues. First, what level of investment in these areas can be justified, including expenditures on agricultural research? Second, how should the resources allocated to less-favored lands be spent to promote sustainable economic development? The objectives of the proposed research are to provide empirical evidence on (1) the productivity, poverty, environmental and food security consequences of targeting agricultural investments, including agricultural research, to less-favored agricultural areas compared to more favored areas, and (2) the appropriate development strategies for different types of less-favored lands.
Title: Agricultural Strategies for Micronutrients (GRP6)
The problems addressed in this project are the existence of widespread malnutrition caused by lack of important micronutrients in the diet and the intractability of this problem, which persists even when foods containing adequate supplies of calories and proteins are consumed. Under this GRP, IFPRI and collaborating institutions are investigating the feasibility and cost - effectiveness of breeding for micronutrient-rich staple food crops. Crops being addressed by appropriate research centers include rice, wheat, beans, maize, and cassava. IFPRI recognizes that this is just one approach of many that need to be undertaken together to address widespread malnutrition. IFPRI coordinates this project's research and collaborates with a broader group of nutrition professionals that are looking at methods such as nutrition education, fortification, and supplementation. In addition, GPR6 researchers coordinate with other IFPRI research that assesses the interface of economic factors such as household income, food prices, and adoption of new technologies on nutrition.
Title: Outreach (PP20)
Outreach activities, both within the Outreach Division and within the Institute as a whole, have been a growing emphasis for IFPRI during the 1992-1997 period. IFPRI's outreach activities are divided into the following six programs.
Training and Capacity Strengthening Program - In much of the developing world, weakness or absence of institutional capacity to conduct policy research and analysis is a severe constraint on the ability of governments at all levels and of private-sector institutions, to make well-grounded choices of policies and programs in the food and related sectors. The overall objective of IFPRI's work in training and conferences is to strengthen the capacity of the developing-country counterparts to conduct food, agriculture, and natural resources policy analysis and to enhance the capacity of developing country institutions to provide training in policy analysis on a continuing basis. This is accomplished through training programs based in strong national institutions in developing countries, through a small number of global and regional IFPRI training courses in areas where the Institute has special expertise; through participation of individuals from developing countries in IFPRI research activities in ways integrated with their professional advancement; and through seminars, workshops, and conferences for experts and participants from both developed and developing countries. We collaborate with national and regional institutions in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, particularly in Malawi, Ghana, and Mozambique.
Information Program - For the outcomes of IFPRI research to have impact, the results must become part of the intellectual equipment of potential users in the developing countries and in the international and bilateral agencies that support development. The single most important vehicle IFPRI uses to ensure our message gets in the hands of our constituents is our Information Program. In addition to providing policy information to its users, IFPRI's Information Program also has the objectives of (1) providing access to methodologies for use by developing-country researchers both directly in research and in training, and (2) communicating information about the Institute and its work to broader audiences, including the media in developing - and developed-countries, important to its success.
Country Programs - The Office for Country Programs was moved from the Director General's Office into the Outreach Division in August 1997 based on Board and SMT discussions. The program was developed to further enhance IFPRI's outreach activities, to develop more specific, in-country expertise, and to strengthen the Institute's policy impact in particular countries. Although the generation of research results with characteristics of international public goods continues to be IFPRI's central objective, the Institute has realized the value of focusing IFPRI's research on a specific country's food policy issues to strengthen the quality of the research and policy impact in the study country.
Networks - We are planning to establish a network of IFPRI Associates that will help IFPRI keep its research and outreach activities relevant to and informed by the policy issues and policy environment where we work in the developing world. In addition, we are establishing networks in East and West Africa to stimulate and facilitate countries to develop their own 2020 Vision and take steps to implement it.
Seminars Program - As part of its strategy of disseminating policy research to a wide audience through the spoken word, the Policy Seminars Program facilitates exchange of information on institute-wide thematic concerns locally, regionally, and globally. Seminars, workshops, and conferences bring together collaborators, policymakers, and IFPRI research staff to discuss research design, methodologies, and findings.
Impact Assessment - IFPRI is working to develop a more strategic approach to assessing the Institute's impact. A senior-level staff member will be hired soon to undertake this work in conjunction with the Impact Assessment Committee. In addition, IFPRI has six impact assessment activities underway or recently completed. They include: 1) estimating the quantitative return to policy-oriented social science research (underway); 2) investigating the qualitative impacts IFPRI's research has had on governments' policy choices and whether the research has a demonstrable impact on poverty, food security, and malnutrition (underway); 3) a bibliometric study or intensive literature survey to determine how widely our research and outreach results are used in other research efforts, and to assess where, how often, and by whom IFPRI is cited (underway); 4) a readership survey to solicit feedback from IFPRI's general and 2020 Vision readership and found that IFPRI is successfully meeting the needs of both audiences (completed); 5) a history of IFPRI, that although its central theme is not the measurement of IFPRI's impact, the work will provide an overall view of the Institute's cumulative accomplishments (underway); and 6) a two-year project on the impact of agricultural research on poverty alleviation for the CGIAR's Impact Assessment Evaluation Group (proposal underway).
BACKGROUND
Context
The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is an informal association of over 50 members that supports a network of 16 international research centres in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The CGIAR aims, through its support to the Centres, to contribute to promoting sustainable agriculture for food security in developing countries. Because the Centres constitute the core of the CGIAR, the effectiveness of each Centre is crucial to the continued success of the CGIAR (as a System).
Each Centre is an autonomous institution operating within the mandate assigned to it by the CGIAR, and is governed by a legally constituted Board that has full fiduciary responsibility for managing the Centre. To ensure accountability in an essentially decentralized system, each Centre is expected to be responsive to the CGIAR, which provides financial support for its work.
The CGIAR has established a tradition of External Programme and Management Reviews (EPMRs) to provide a mechanism of transparency and accountability to the Members and other stakeholders of the CGIAR System. EPMRs are the joint responsibility of TAC and the CGIAR Secretariat, and are conducted for each Centre approximately every five years. As each Centre is autonomous, EPMRs provide a measure of central oversight and serve as an essential component of the CGIAR's accountability system.
Integrated System of Reviews of Each Centre
Besides the EPMRs, Centre Commissioned External Reviews (CCERs) are undertaken at each Centre. These CCERs are commissioned by the Centre Boards to periodically assess the quality and effectiveness of particular aspects of a Centre's work. The terms of reference (ToRs) for each CCER are determined by the Centre, based on broad principles endorsed by the CGIAR at ICW'95 (ref document entitled Improving the Quality and Consistency of CGIAR's External Centre Reviews, dated October 24, 1995).
EPMRs complement the CCERs by providing a CGIAR-commissioned and comprehensive external assessment of the Centre's program and management, especially its future directions and the quality and relevance of its research. The ToRs for the EPMRs (which update the "standard ToRs" endorsed by the CGIAR at MTM'95) are provided below. Guidelines for undertaking the reviews are issued separately.
TERMS OF REFERENCE
Objectives and Scope
EPMRs seek to inform CGIAR members that their investment is sound, or recommend measures to make it so. Members of the CGIAR and other stakeholders can be informed whether the Centre is doing its work effectively and efficiently. EPMRs are both retrospective and prospective; and help ensure the Centres' excellence, relevance and continued viability, and the CGIAR System's coherence. Each review is expected to be strategic in orientation and as comprehensive as the situation warrants.
The broad objectives of EPMRs are to: a) provide CGIAR members with an independent and rigorous assessment of the institutional health and contribution of a Centre they are supporting; and b) to provide the Centre and its collaborators with assessment information that complements or validates their own evaluation efforts, including the CCERs.
The EPMR panel is specifically charged to assess the following:
a) The Centre's mission, strategy and priorities in the context of the CGIAR's priorities and strategies;b) The quality and relevance of the science undertaken, including the effectiveness and potential impact of the Centre's completed and ongoing research;
c) The effectiveness and efficiency of management, including the mechanisms and processes for ensuring quality; and
d) The accomplishments and impact of the Centre's research and related activities. The topics expected to be covered by the EPMRs are listed below.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
A. Mission, Strategy and Priorities
· The continuing appropriateness of the Centre's mission in light of important changes in the Centre and its external environment since the previous external review.· The policies, strategies, and priorities of the Centre, their coherence with the CGIAR's goals (of poverty alleviation, natural resources management, and sustainable food security), and relevance to beneficiaries, especially rural women.
· The appropriateness of the roles of relevant partners in the formulation and implementation of the Centre's strategy and priorities, considering alternative sources of supply and the benefits of partnerships with others.
B. Quality and Relevance
· The quality and relevance of the science practised at the Centre.· The effectiveness of the Centre's processes for planning priority setting, quality management (e.g., CCERs, peer reviews and other quality and relevance assurance mechanisms), and impact assessment.
C. Effectiveness and Efficiency of Management
· The performance of the Centre's Board in governing the Centre, the effectiveness of leadership throughout the Centre, and the suitability of the organization's culture to its mission.· The adequacy of the Centre's organizational structure and the mechanisms in place to manage, coordinate and ensure the excellence of the research programs and related activities.
· The adequacy of resources (financial, human, physical and information) available and the effectiveness and efficiency of their management.
· The effectiveness of the Centre's relationships with relevant research partners and other stakeholders of the CGIAR System.
D. Accomplishments and Impact
· Recent achievements of the Centre in research and other areas.· The effectiveness of the Centre's programs in terms of their impact and contribution to the achievement of the mission and goals of the CGIAR.
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ACIAR |
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |
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ADB |
Asian Development Bank |
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BAPPENAS |
National Planning Agency, Indonesia |
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BARC |
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council |
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BIDS |
Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies |
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CAER |
Center for Agro-Economic Research. Bogor, Indonesia |
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CEDRES |
Centre d'Etudes, de Documentation de Recherches Economiques et Sociale, Burkina Faso |
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CFO |
Chief Financial Officer |
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CGIAR |
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research |
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CIAT |
International Centre for Tropical Agriculture |
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CIFOR |
Centre for International Forestry Research |
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CILLS |
Comité Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte centre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel |
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CIMMYT |
International Centre for the Improvement of Maize and Wheat |
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CIP |
International Potato Centre |
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CIPA |
Centro de Investigación y Promoción Amazónico, Perú |
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CIRAD |
Centre de Coopération Internationale de Recherches Agronomiques pour le Développement, Paris, France |
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CIRES |
Centre Ivoirien de Recherches Economiques et Sociales, Côte d'Ivoire |
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DSE |
Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Entwicklung, Germany |
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EEC |
European Economic Community |
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EMR |
External Management Review |
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EPR |
External Programme Review |
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EPTD |
Environment and Production Technology Division |
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FAO |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
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GATT |
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Switzerland |
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GAPA |
Grupo Análisis de Política Agraria, Perú |
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GIAP |
Gujarat Institute of Area Planning |
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GRPs |
Global Research Programmes |
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GTZ |
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit |
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HCCs |
High Concentration Countries |
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IAEG |
Impact Assessment and Evaluation Group |
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IAEPD |
Instituto Andino de Estudios en Población y Desarrollo, Perú |
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IARC |
International Agricultural Research Centre |
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IARI |
Indian Agricultural Research Institute |
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IASRI |
Indian Agricultural Statistic Research Institute |
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IBPGR |
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources |
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ICIPE |
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology |
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ICRISAT |
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics |
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IDB |
Interamerican Development Bank |
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IDRC |
International Development Research Centre, Canada |
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IEA |
Institute of Economic Growth, India |
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IER |
Interim External Review |
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IFA |
Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques, Zaïre |
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IFAD |
International Fund for Agricultural Development |
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IFDC |
International Fertilizer Development Center |
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IIM |
Indian Institute of Management |
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IIMI |
International Irrigation Management Institute |
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IITA |
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture |
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ILRI |
International Livestock Research Institute |
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INRAN |
Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques au Niger |
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IPGRI |
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute |
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ISNAR |
International Service for National Agricultural Research |
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ISRA |
Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles |
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JNU |
Jawaharlal Nehru University, India |
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MPs |
Multi-Country Programmes |
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MRD |
Ministry of Rural Development (Malawi, Senegal, Togo) |
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NEDA |
National Economic Development Authority, Philippines |
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NIA |
National Irrigation Administration, Philippines |
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OD |
Outreach Division |
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OECD |
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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OPAM |
Malian Cereals Marketing Board |
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OSP |
Organizational Strengthening Programme |
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PBS |
Public Broadcasting System |
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PIDE |
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics |
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RAU |
Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar |
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RDSB |
Rural Development Studies Bureau (Zambia) |
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RU |
Rutgers University, USA |
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SADCC |
Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference |
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SACCAR |
Southern African Centre for Co-operation in Agricultural Research |
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SAFGRAD |
Semi-Arid Food Grains Development Project |
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SCI |
Science Citations Index |
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SCN |
Sub Committee on Nutrition |
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SDC |
Swiss Development Co-operation |
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SMIP |
Sorghum and Millet Improvement Program |
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SMT |
Senior Management Team |
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SPAAR |
Special Programme for African Agricultural Research |
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SSA |
Sub-saharan Africa |
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SSCI |
Social Science Citations Index |
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SWI |
Systemwide Initiative |
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SWPs |
Systemwide Programmes |
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SYNs |
Synthesis Activities |
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TAC |
Technical Advisory Committee |
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TMD |
Trade and Macroeconomics Division TMD |
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TNAU |
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India |
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UA |
University of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |
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UM |
University of Madras, India |
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UO |
University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso |
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UPLB |
University of the Philippines, Los Baños |
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USAID |
United States Agency for International Development |
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WARDA |
West Africa Rice Development Association, Côte d'Ivoire |
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WFP |
World Food Programme |
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ZARS |
Zambian Agricultural Research System |
