Appendix

Appendix A. Parameters for dairy cattle production in 1996

Parameter	Dairy Cattle
name	Dairy breeds
Milk production demand	10,300
Distribution losses	0.000
Fertility rate	0.800
Prolificacy rate	1.000
Breeder males per breeder female	0.010
Milk yield per lactation	3.000
Fraction of females milked	1.000
Cow mortality rate	0.040
Bull mortality rate	0.040
Female replacement mortality rate	0.030
Male replacement mortality rate	0.030
Female young mortality rate	0.050
Male young mortality rate	0.050
Other stock mortality rate	0.030
Draught animals mortality rate	0.030
Years in breeding herd, cows	5.000
Years in breeding herd, bulls	5.000
Years in replacement herd, females	2.000
Years in replacement herd, males	2.000
Years from young to slaughter, other stock	1.000
Years from young to slaughter, draught animals	1.000
Years as young	1.000
Carcass weight of female breeders	0.300
Carcass weight of male breeders	0.350
Carcass weight of other stock	0.250
Carcass weight of draught animals	0.250
Males in the system? (Y=1/N=0)	0.000
Are young males slaughtered at birth? (Y=1 / N=0)	1.000
Fraction of fallen animal eaten	0.000
Proportion of female breeders with usable skin	0.950
Proportion of male breeders with usable skin	0.950
Proportion of other stock with usable skin	0.950
Proportion of draught animals with usable skin	0.950
Weight of skin for female breeders	0.036
Weight of skin for male breeders	0.045
Weight of skin for other stock	0.023
Weight of skin for draught animals	0.030
Average live weight, breeder female	0.700
Average live weight, breeder male	0.800
Average live weight, replacement female	0.500
Average live weight, replacement male	0.600
Average live weight, other stock	0.370
Average live weight, draught animals	0.370
Average live weight, young female	0.200
Average live weight, young male	0.220
Milk fat content(g/kg)	34.000
Peek animal draught power demand / month	0
Are there Draught specific oxen?(Y=1 / N=0)	0.00
Are Male Breeders used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	0.00
Are Female Breeders used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	0.00
Are Male replacements used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	0.00
Number of days worked, draught specific animals	0.00
Number of days worked, Breeders	0.00
Number of days worked, Replacements	0.00
Average productivity /animal /day, draught specific oxen	0.00
Average productivity /animal /day, Breeders	0.00
Average productivity /animal /day, Replacements	0.00

Appendix B. Parameters for beef cattle production in 1996

Parameter	Beef Cattle
name	SNL	TDL	GR
Meat production demand	6,380	2,900	490
Distribution losses	0.000	0.000	0.000
Fertility rate	0.430	0.500	0.500
Prolificacy rate	1.000	1.000	1.000
Breeder males per breeder female	0.130	0.090	0.070
Female breeder mortality rate	0.060	0.050	0.050
Male breeder mortality rate	0.060	0.050	0.050
Female replacement mortality rate	0.050	0.050	0.040
Male replacement mortality rate	0.050	0.050	0.040
Young mortality rate	0.100	0.080	0.060
Other stock mortality rate	0.070	0.050	0.040
Draught animals mortality rate
Years in breeding herd	9.000	6.000	6.000
Years in replacement herd	2.000	2.000	2.000
Years as young	1.000	1.000	1.000
Years from young to slaughter, other stock	8.000	3.000	4.500
Years from young to slaughter, draught animals
Carcass weight of female breeders	0.200	0.220	0.220
Carcass weight of male breeders	0.220	0.250	0.250
Carcass weight of other stock	0.200	0.250	0.250
Carcass weight of draught animals
Fraction of females milked	0.500	0.000	0.000
Milk yield per lactation	0.800	0.100	0.100
Fraction of calves that are fertile	1.000	1.000	1.000
Retention ratio for young females	1.000	1.000	1.000
Fraction of fallen animals eaten	0.000	0.000	0.000
Are young males slaughtered at birth? (Y=1 / N=0)	0.000	0.000	0.000
Proportion of female breeders with usable skin	0.950	0.950	0.950
Proportion of male breeders with usable skin	0.950	0.950	0.950
Proportion of other stock with usable skin	0.950	0.950	0.950
Proportion of draught animals with usable skin	0.950	0.950	0.950
Weight of skin for female breeders	0.036	0.036	0.036
Weight of skin for male breeders	0.045	0.045	0.045
Weight of skin for other stock	0.023	0.023	0.023
Weight of skin for draught animals	0.030	0.030	0.030
Average live weight, breeder female	0.500	0.550	0.550
Average live weight, breeder male	0.550	0.600	0.600
Average live weight, replacement female	0.350	0.400	0.400
Average live weight, replacement male	0.400	0.450	0.450
Average live weight, other stock	0.500	0.550	0.550
Average live weight, draught animals
Average live weight, young female	0.150	0.200	0.200
Average live weight, young male	0.150	0.200	0.200
Milk fat content(g/kg)	35.000	35.000	35.000
Peek animal draught power demand / month	2610000	0	0
Are there Draught specific oxen?(Y=1 / N=0)	1	0	0
Are Male Breeders used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	1	0	0
Are Female Breeders used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	0	0	0
Are Male replacements used for draught?(Y=1 / N=0)	0	0	0
Number of days worked, draught specific animals	0	0	0
Number of days worked, Breeders	0	0	0
Number of days worked, Replacements	0	0	0
Average productivity /animal /day, draught specific oxen	1	1	1
Average productivity /animal /day, Breeders	1	1	1
Average productivity /animal /day, Replacements	1	1	1

Appendix C. Grazing feed resources in Swaziland

Grazing land
Growing	Hectares	Energy	Protein	Crude fiber			Total digest.
period (days)	(x100)	(MJ/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	Constant	TOT LSU	protein (MT)
1 to 75	0	5.0	84.0	296.0	23.5	0	0
76 to 89	0	5.0	84.0	296.0	13.0	0	0
90 to 119	0	5.0	104.0	269.6	10.4	0	0
120 to 149	14,139	5.0	104.0	269.6	6.9	204,913	102,566
150 to 179	0	5.0	143.0	257.1	4.5	0	0
180 to 209	0	5.0	143.0	257.1	3.1	0	0
210 to 239	0	5.0	174.0	236.8	2.0	0	0
240 to 269	0	5.0	174.0	236.8	1.4	0	0
270 to 299	0	5.0	174.0	236.8	0.9	0	0
300 to 329	0	5.0	222.0	200.0	0.6	0	0
330 to 365	0	5.0	222.0	200.0	0.4	0	0
Total	14,139	5.0				204,913	102,566

Appendix D. Non-grazing feed resources

Crop residues
Name	Quantity	Imports	Exports	Energy	Protein	Crude fiber	Total	Total digest.
	(tons)	(tons)	(tons)	(MJ/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	LSUs	protein (MT)
straws	0	0.0	0.0	6.0	30.0	400.0	0	0
Potato vine	0	0.0	0.0	10.0	219.0	150.0	0	0
Vegetables	0	0.0	0.0	8.0	23.0	22.0	0	0
Pulses	0	0.0	0.0	16.4	264.0	75.0	0	0
weeds, crop lands	96,000	0.0	0.0	8.0	60.0	350.0	21,573	1,560
weeds, fallow lands	53,000	0.0	0.0	8.0	60.0	350.0	11,910	861
maize stover	223,800	0.0	0.0	7.3	35.0	400.0	45,892	0
other residues	8,000	0.0	0.0	8.0	35.0	400.0	1,798	0
	0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0	0
Sugar cane tops	0	0.0	0.0	8.4	59.0	335.0	0	0
Total	380,800	0.0	0.0	7.6			81,172	2,421
Primary products
Name	Quantity	Imports	Exports	Energy	Protein	Crude fiber	Total	Total protein
	(tons)	(tons)	(tons)	(MJ/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	LSUs	(tons dm)
Maize	16,905	0.0	0.0	14.2	110.0	46.0	6,743	1,762
Wheat	0	0.0	0.0	14.0	135.0	33.0	0	0
Rice	0	0.0	0.0	12.4	70.0	119.0	0	0
Other cereals	0	0.0	0.0	12.0	100.0	30.0	0	0
Soybeans	0	0.0	0.0	14.9	429.0	49.0	0	0
Potatoes	0	0.0	0.0	12.4	103.0	20.0	0	0
Sweet potatoes	0	0.0	0.0	13.6	54.0	23.0	0	0
Cassava	0	0.0	0.0	12.2	39.0	49.0	0	0
Sugar cane	0	0.0	0.0	9.0	63.0	350.0	0	0
Sugar beats	0	0.0	0.0	13.5	74.0	62.0	0	0
Total	16,905	0.0	0.0	14.2			6,743	1,762
Crop by-products
Name	Quantity	Imports	Exports	Energy	Protein	Crude fiber	Total	Total protein
	(tons)	(tons)	(tons)	(MJ/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	LSUs	(tons dm)
Bran of wheat	2,160	0.0	0.0	10.1	169.0	113.0	613	335
Bran of rice	0	0.0	0.0	12.5	106.0	189.0	0	0
Bran of maize	0	0.0	0.0	12.5	120.0	30.0	0	0
Bran of millet	0	0.0	0.0	12.0	120.0	30.0	0	0
Bran of other cer.	0	0.0	0.0	10.0	100.0	100.0	0	0
Cake of groundnuts	0	0.0	0.0	11.4	335.0	255.0	0	0
cottonseed	135	0.0	0.0	8.7	215.0	240.0	33	25
Cake of rapeseed	0	0.0	0.0	11.7	360.0	104.0	0	0
Cake of soya beans	0	0.0	0.0	13.3	475.0	51.0	0	0
Hominy chop	5,880	0.0	0.0	14.2	109.0	46.0	2,345	607
Total	8,175	0.0	0.0	13.0			2,991	967
Others
Name	Quantity	Imports	Exports	Energy	Protein	Crude fiber	Total	Total protein
	(tons)	(tons)	(tons)	(MJ/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	(g/kg d m)	LSUs	(tons dm)
Silages etc.	0	0.0	0.0	1.7	80.0	300.0	0	0
Pelagic meals	0	0.0	0.0	20.2	660.0	0.0	0	0
skim milk	0	0.0	0.0	17.3	370.0	0.0	0	0
whey fresh	0	0.0	0.0	15.1	108.0	0.0	0	0
molasses	9,000	0.0	0.0	42.0	35.0	0.0	10,618	315
Fruit wastes	1,350	0.0	0.0	12.6	60.0	131.0	478	59
carcase meal	118	0.0	0.0	16.8	430.0	21.0	56	50
blood meal	9	0.0	0.0	16.8	707.0	0.0	4	7
poultry litter	320	0.0	0.0	16.8	300.0	0.0	151	96
brewers grain	405	0.0	0.0	10.5	279.0	155.0	119	105
Total	11,202	0.0	0.0	36.3			11,426	632

Appendix E. Dairy systems logical flow chart