5 RESULTS ON TRIGGERFISH (Balistes capriscus) FROM ALL SURVEYS

5.1 Fish Distribution and Abundance
5.2 Aspects on the Biology of Balistes capriscus

5.1 Fish Distribution and Abundance

The triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) seems to be divided into two separate stocks off West Africa, with no apparent interchange. The western stock, with its center of distribution off Guinea and Guinea Bissau, was fully surveyed twice in the Dr. Fridtjof Nansen programme, in May-81 and Feb-82. In Sept-81 the stock was only partly covered. The eastern stock with its center off Ghana has only been covered once (Jun-81).

Figure 46 based on the integrator readouts classified as triggerfish shows the distribution of the Guinea stock at three levels of density during the three coverages. Figure 47 on the other hand shows the distribution of the same species during the same coverages, but solely on basis of the trawl catches. This figure includes spurious occurrences in the fringes of the distribution area but no density levels. The Guinean stock of triggerfish was distributed north to Cape Timiris and south to Sherbro Island. The main distribution is south of Cape Verde and substantial quantities are from Bissagos Islands and southwards. There seems to be a tendency of increasing length with increasing latitude in the younger part of the population, i.e. for the small and middle sized individuals. Figure 48 shows this for the three coverages. In May-June this pattern is not apparent, but the minimum values show that all fish of 16 cm or less are located south of 11°30'N. The results from the two other coverages show a clear tendency to increasing mean and minimum lengths by latitude. The size distribution could be due to a gradual northward migration within the younger part of the population. A possibility of a location-dependent growth, corresponding with a general decreasing productivity southwards, should also be considered. The maximum values in the samples do not show a similar trend. The figures also indicate that there is little or no recruitment of young fish into the population during the period of the surveys, as the minimum values increase with each survey along the coast.

Fig. 46 Distribution of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) from Cape Verde to Sherbro Island, 1981-1982.

Fig. 47 Distribution of Balistes capriscus from occurrence in trawl catches, Cape Blanc to Sherbro Island, 1981-1982.

Fig. 48 Recorded maximum, mean and minimum length by latitude and survey in samples of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus).

Fig. 49 Distribution of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) from Cape Verde to Togo, June 1981.

The distribution of the Ghana stock in Jun-81 is shown in Figure 49. The triggerfish is distributed from the border between Liberia and the Ivory Coast and eastward almost to Togo. The length distributions show the same pattern as for the Guinea stock; the mean and minimum lengths observed tend to increase westwards (see Annex III st. 171-200). From Figure 49 it is also seen that the triggerfish is virtually absent from Liberia. From this we assume that the two populations do not mix.

The biomass estimates were as follows (thousand tonnes):

	May-Jun-81	Sept-81	Feb-82
Guinea stock	1050	490*	1350
Ghana stock	500	n.s.	n.s.

By EEZ's:
	Senegambia	70	140	40
	Guinea Bissau	380	350	590
	Guinea	510	n.s.	720
	Sierra Leone	80	n.s.	10
	Liberia	2	n.s.	n.s.
	Ivory Coast	190	n.s.	n.s.
	Ghana	310	n.s.	n.s.

n.s. = no survey
* = partly coverage only

The first and last surveys fully encompassed the population of the Guinea stock, and the two estimates seem to be in fair agreement, allowing for some growth in the intermediate period. As seen, the western stock is approximately twice the size of the eastern stock.

Earlier estimates (FAO 1981) of the Ghana stock are 68 thousand tonnes for Ghana (1976) and 8 thousand tonnes for the benthic part on Ivory Coast (1977). The estimate from the "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" survey thus far exceeds the earlier assessments of the Ghana stock.

Earlier estimates of the Guinea stock are (FAO 1981 and CECAF 1981) (1000 tonnes):

USSR survey 1975	80
Capricorne Nov 1978	440
Capricorne Mar 1979	440
Cornide de Saavedra 1980	760

The results from the "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" surveys also indicate a considerable recent growth in the Guinea stock.

The distribution of the catches of triggerfish is shown in Table 11. Except for two cases, both off Cape Roxo, all hauls in the western stock exceeding 1 tonne/hour were obtained from the Bissagos Islands and south to the Guinea - Sierra Leone border. In the Ghana stock four hauls were above the same level, within 60 miles from Cape Three Points. The fish was generally very easy to catch and the best catch (12 tonnes/hour at stn 87) is in no way outside the range of the expected catches.

Table 11. Catch distribution of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) by survey.

		NUMBER OF HAULS IN CATCH GROUPS (kg/hr)
		<1	1-10	10-50	50-200	200-1000	>1000
Guinea stock,	May-June 1981	1	8	12	7	11	12
Ghana stock,	June 1981	0	0	4	7	6	4
Guinea stock,	September 1981	0	3	4	7	11	2
Guinea stock,	February 1982	1	2	6	3	2	4

5.2 Aspects on the Biology of Balistes capriscus

The size-dependent distribution along the coast of West Africa has already been touched in the foregoing chapter. The same pattern is shown when the samples are pooled by countries. Figure 50 shows the pooled length distributions from Ghana, Ivory Coast and Guinea Bissau waters from the May-June survey. The distributions from the three areas have clearly distinct modes: Ghana 14.5 cm, Ivory Coast 16 cm and Guinea Bissau 19 cm.

Fig. 50 Length frequency distributions of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) off Ghana, Ivory Coast and Guinea-Bissau, June 1981.

Weight measurements were carried out on length grouped material, and the weight data were later pooled in ½ cm length groups. The relationship between the fork length and weight is given in Figure 51. An exponential regression analysis on all data with more than 5 specimens in the length interval gave the equation

W_(g) = 0.035209 · L_(cm) ^2.1817 r² = 0.972

for the relationship. This agrees well with earlier results (Gerlotto et al. 1980).

Fig. 51 Relationship between fish length and weight of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) off Ghana and Guinea, June 1981.

Fig. 52 Percentage of identified females by 5 cm length intervals of triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) off Guinea - Ghana in June 1981.

2500 specimens were also sex analysed. The difficulties involved in identification of males of Balistes capriscus have earlier been reported (Gerlotto et al. 1980). Figure 52 shows the percentage of identified females within each ½ cm length intervals.