General Information
· Main climate: Tropical Wet, Tropical Dry-Wet, Subtropical Humid
· Total land area: 32 549 000 ha
· Internal renewable water resources: 376 km3
· Incoming water flow: # 400 km3
· GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 1 689
· Main food consumed: Rice, Roots and Tubers, Meat, Sugar & Honey, Fruits
· Rice supply, 1999: 255.4 kg paddy/capita/year
Basic Statistics
|
|
1985 |
1990 |
1995 |
2000 |
|
RICE |
|
|
|
|
|
Harvested area (M ha) |
5.7 |
6.0 |
6.7 |
7.6 |
|
Yield (kg/ha) |
2783 |
3189 |
3689 |
4252 |
|
Production (M t) |
15.8 |
19.2 |
24.9 |
32,5 |
|
Imports (T t) |
336 |
1 |
11 |
NA |
|
Exports (T t) |
59 |
1624 |
1988 |
NA |
|
OTHERS |
|
|
|
|
|
Population (M) |
59.8 |
66.6 |
73.8 |
NA |
|
Agr population (M) |
43.2 |
47.5 |
51.2 |
NA |
|
Irrigated agr area (T ha) |
2500 |
2900 |
3000 |
NA |
|
Fertilizer cons (T t) |
385 |
544 |
1214 |
NA |
|
Agr tractors in use (T units) |
31 |
25 |
97 |
NA |
Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons
The Mekong River Delta and to a lesser extend, the Red River Delta are the rice bowls of the country. The following table shows the rice-harvested areas from different producing zones.
|
Production zone |
Harvested area (% total harvested area) |
|
An Giang |
6.17 |
|
Kien Giang |
5.81 |
|
Dong Thap |
5.61 |
|
Can Tho |
5.55 |
|
Long An |
5.13 |
|
Minh Hai |
4.79 |
|
Tien Giang |
4.31 |
|
Soc Trang |
4.31 |
|
Thanh Hoa |
3.96 |
|
Hai Hung |
3.83 |
|
Nam Ha |
3.74 |
|
Nghe An |
2.99 |
|
Ha Bac |
2.98 |
|
Vinh Long |
2.71 |
|
Thai Binh |
2.70 |
|
Tra Vinh |
2.70 |
|
Ha Tay |
2.66 |
|
Vinh Phu |
2.19 |
|
Quang Nam Da Nang |
1.92 |
|
Binh Dinh |
1.92 |
|
Ha Tinh |
1.71 |
|
Hai Phong |
1.50 |
|
Ben Tre |
1.50 |
|
Quang Ngai |
1.45 |
|
Bac Thai |
1.20 |
|
Dac Lac |
1.16 |
|
Ninh Binh |
1.09 |
|
Phu Yen |
0.94 |
|
Binh Thuan |
0.93 |
|
Gia Lai |
0.92 |
|
Ha Noi |
0.89 |
|
Lai Chau |
0.78 |
|
Thua Thien Hue |
0.78 |
|
Quang Binh |
0.74 |
|
Quang Ninh |
0.73 |
|
Lang Son |
0.70 |
|
Hoa Binh |
0.70 |
|
Son La |
0.69 |
|
Quang Tri |
0.67 |
|
Tuyen Quang |
0.63 |
|
Khanh Hoa |
0.62 |
|
Yen Bai |
0.61 |
|
Cao Bang |
0.53 |
|
Lao Cai |
0.52 |
|
Lam Dong |
0.52 |
|
Ha Giang |
0.48 |
|
Ninh Thuan |
0.48 |
|
Kon Tum |
0.29 |
Rice is planted in three seasons: Mua (or monsoon), He-Thu (or Summer-Autumn) and Dong-Xuan (or Winter-Spring). The areas under Dong-Xuan and He-Thu crops have been increasing while that of Mua have been reduced significantly, especially in the Mekong River Delta.
|
|
Planting |
Harvesting |
|
Mua |
5-8 |
9-12 |
|
Dong-Xuan |
12-2 |
4-6 |
|
He-Thu |
4-6 |
8-9 |
Production Practices
The harvested areas under different ecologies during 1995-2000 period are shown in the following figure.
Rice is planted in intensive rice-based cropping systems. In the Red River Delta, Rice-Maize-Rice and Rice-Potato-Rice systems are widely practised. In the Central Coastal regions, Rice-Rice system is popular in irrigated areas, while Rice-Subsidiary crops system is popular in rainfed lowland areas. The subsidiary crops include mungbean, sesame, sweet potato, maize, groundnut, etc.. In the Mekong River Delta, Rice-Rice, Rice-Rice-Rice, Rice-Subsidiary crops systems are popular. Recently Rice-Vegetable crops system is widely practised in areas around major cities and Rice-Rice/fish/shrimp system has also become popular. Land preparation is done with animal traction or with tractors. The use of tractors for land preparation is more frequent in the Mekong River Delta than in other regions. Direct seeding in dry soils are done in upland and deepwater rice. In lowland rice, manual transplanting is widely practised in the northern and central regions, while direct seeding to either dry or wet soils is popular in the Mekong River Delta. After the introduction of IR 8 in 1969, a large number of high yielding varieties (HYV) have been developed and released for cultivation. A number of traditional varieties are still grown by farmers due to the good quality of their grain. Recently, commercial hybrid rice cultivation, mostly under irrigated conditions, has been practised by an increasing number of farmers in the northern and central regions.
· Varieties for irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies for north and north central regions
|
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
|
79-1 |
1990-94 |
125-145 |
|
A 20 |
1990-94 |
125-150 |
|
CR 01 |
1990-94 |
135-185 |
|
DH 60 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
DONG 256 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
V 18 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
Xuan So 4 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
N 28 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
C 180 |
1985-89 |
- |
|
V 14 |
1985-89 |
- |
|
CR 02 |
1994 |
135-185 |
|
CR 203 |
1985 |
115-140 |
|
C 70 |
1990-94 |
125-165 |
|
DT 10 |
1985 |
115-175 |
|
IR 17494 |
1989 |
130-185 |
|
C 71 |
1993 |
125-165 |
|
Tam Thom |
Traditional |
- |
|
Bacyou 64 |
1990-94 |
125-150 |
|
Iyou 63 |
1990-94 |
135 |
|
Jinyou 63 |
1990-94 |
135 |
|
Jinyou Gui 91 |
1990-94 |
140 |
|
Kimyou Gui 99 |
1990-94 |
140 |
|
Shanyou 63 |
1990-94 |
125-140 |
|
Shanyou Gui 99 |
1990-94 |
125-145 |
· Varieties for irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies for southern and south-central regions
|
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
|
MOT BUI LUN |
Traditional |
- |
|
NANG HUONG |
Traditional |
- |
|
Trang Chum |
Traditional |
- |
|
Trang Lua |
Traditional |
- |
|
Trang Lun |
Traditional |
- |
|
IR 64 |
1985-89 |
105-120 |
|
IR 33059 |
1990-94 |
- |
|
NN 8A |
1980-84 |
- |
|
IR 9782-111-2-1-2 (or OM 90) |
1986 |
90-105 |
|
OM 91 |
1986 |
90-105 |
|
OM 80 |
1987 |
106-120 |
|
IR 50404-57 |
1988 |
95 |
|
IR 68 |
1988 |
121-140 |
|
IR 31802-48-2-2-2 (or OM 87-1) |
1989 |
90-105 |
|
IR 31868-64-2-3-3-3OM 87-9 |
1989 |
106-120 |
|
OM 44-5 |
1990 |
106-120 |
|
OM 576 |
1990 |
90-105 |
|
OM 59-7 |
1990 |
90-105 |
|
OM 59-71 |
1991 |
|
|
IR 13429-299-2-1-3 (or IR 60A) |
1992 |
105-120 |
|
IR 35546-17-3-1-3 (or OM 90-9) |
1992 |
106-120 |
|
IR 44595-702-2-3 (or OM 90-2) |
1992 |
106-120 |
|
IR 50401 |
1992 |
90-105 |
|
IR 72 |
1992 |
106-120 |
|
OM 43-26 |
1992 |
90-105 |
|
IR 53936-97-2-2-3-3 (or MTL 119) |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
IR 54742-23-19-16-10-3 (or MTL 110) |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
IR 54751-2-41-10-5-1 (or MTL 105) |
1993 |
90-105 |
|
IR 54751-2-44-15-2-2 (or MTL 114) |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
IR 54751-2-44-15-24-3-1 (or MTL 98) |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
OM 269 (65) |
1993 |
90-105 |
|
OM 49517-23 |
1993 |
90-100 |
|
OM 723-11 |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
IR 59606-119-3 (or OMCS 94) |
1994 |
90-105 |
|
OM 1589 |
1994 |
90-105 |
|
OM 1630-108-2 |
1994 |
90-105 |
|
OM 86 1 |
1994 |
105-120 |
|
IR 56420-28-2-2 (or MTL 99) |
1995 |
90-105 |
|
IR 62032 |
1997 |
90-105 |
|
OM 1633 |
1997 |
90-105 |
|
OM 1706 |
1997 |
90-105 |
|
TNDB 100 |
1997 |
90-105 |
|
Trang Nong 15 |
1995-99 |
125-40 |
|
Trang Nong 16 |
1995-99 |
125-40 |
· Other irrigated and rainfed lowland varieties
|
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
|
IR 129-192-2-3-5 (or NN 7A) |
1983 |
90-105 |
|
IR 13240-10-1 (or NN 9A) |
1985 |
90-105 |
|
IR 64 (or OM 98) |
1987 |
105-115 |
|
IR 13240-108-2-2-3 (or MTL 58) |
1988 |
90-105 |
|
IR 32429-47-3-2-2 (or OM 86-9) |
1989 |
90-105 |
|
IR 66 |
1989 |
106-120 |
|
IR 19660-131-3-3-3-3 |
1990 |
90-105 |
|
IR 29723 |
1992 |
121-140 |
|
IR 9729-67 |
1992 |
90-105 |
|
IR 47686-1-4-B (or LC 88-86) |
1993 |
106-120 |
|
OM 723-7 |
1994 |
120-140 |
|
Khao Dao Mali 105 |
1994 |
100-150 |
· Upland varieties
|
Variety Name |
Released period |
Growth duration (days) |
|
BAO THAI HONG |
NA |
|
|
BC 35-2 |
NA |
|
|
C 22 |
1985-89 |
|
|
HA AN |
NA |
|
|
KN96 |
NA |
|
|
LC 90-5 |
1990-94 |
|
|
IR 4768-1-5-1-1 (or LC 88-67-1) |
1993 |
106-120 |
Hand weeding is widely practised in the northern and central regions. In the Mekong River Delta and nearby provinces weed control with herbicides is popular and threshing is being increasingly mechanised. Small equipment has been developed and popularized for drying rice. In the northern and central regions farmers apply both organic and inorganic fertilizer, while in the southern region, farmers apply mainly inorganic fertilizers. The following table shows rice responses to fertilizer application.
|
Other information |
Test range (kg/ha) |
Control rate (kg/ha) |
Control yield (t/ha) |
Rate at Maximum yield (kg/ha) |
Maximum yield (t/ha) |
|
Nitrogen (N), Irrgated Rice |
|||||
|
Report for 1990/91, Can Tho, alluvial soil,dry season |
0-200 |
3.7 |
0 |
120 |
6 |
|
Report for 1990/91, Binh Duc, dry season |
0-200 |
3 |
0 |
120 |
6 |
|
Report for 1990/91, Hoa An, alluvial soil, dry season |
0-200 |
2 |
0 |
160 |
4.1 |
|
Report for 1990/91, Cai Lay, alluvial soil, dry season |
0-200 |
4 |
0 |
120 |
6.1 |
|
Report for 1991/92, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season |
0-160 |
1.9 |
0 |
160 |
2.9 |
|
Report for 1991/92, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season |
0-160 |
1.1 |
0 |
80 |
5.7 |
|
Report for 1991/92, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season |
0-160 |
3.1 |
0 |
160 |
5.9 |
|
Report for 1991/92, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season |
0-160 |
3.4 |
0 |
120 |
5.4 |
|
Reported in 1992, Omon, alluvial soil, wetseason, variety UTL 1 (3-line hybrid), with 60 P + 30 K kg/ha |
40-160 |
4.8 |
40 |
80 |
5.33 |
|
Reported for 1992, Omon, alluvial soil, wet season, variety OM 90-9, with 60 P + 30 K kg/ha |
40-160 |
4.06 |
40 |
120 |
4.86 |
|
Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta, with green manure 3 tons/ha |
0-90 |
0 |
4.77 |
90 |
6.67 |
|
Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta, with green manure 9 tons/ha |
0-90 |
0 |
5.2 |
90 |
6.77 |
|
Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta |
0-90 |
0 |
4.33 |
90 |
6.37 |
|
Reported for 1992, Ha Bac Degraded alluvial soil, summer season, variety CR 203 |
0-150 |
2.47 |
0 |
120 |
3.74 |
|
Reported for 1992, Ha Bac Degraded alluvial soil, spring season, variety CR 203 |
0-150 |
2.74 |
0 |
120 |
3.89 |
|
Reported for 1993, Ha Bac Degraded alluvial soil, spring season, variety CR 203 |
0-150 |
2.97 |
0 |
60 |
4.1 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season, variety UTL 2 (3-line hybrid) |
0-180 |
4.7 |
0 |
60 |
5.5 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season, variety IR 64 |
0-180 |
5.1 |
0 |
60 |
6.5 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season, variety MTL 105 |
0-180 |
5.5 |
0 |
60 |
6.3 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season, variety OM 723-7 |
0-180 |
5.7 |
0 |
60 |
7.6 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season, MTL 119 |
0-180 |
5.6 |
0 |
120 |
7.1 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season, variety UTL 2 (3-line hybrid) |
0-180 |
5.1 |
0 |
180 |
6.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season, variety IR 64 |
0-180 |
3.6 |
0 |
120 |
5.7 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season, variety MTL 105 |
0-180 |
4.1 |
0 |
60 |
5.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season, variety OM 723-7 |
0-180 |
4.2 |
0 |
120 |
5.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season, variety MTL 119 |
0-180 |
4.3 |
0 |
60 |
4.7 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season, variety UTL 2 (3-line hybrid) |
0-180 |
3.8 |
0 |
60 |
5.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season, variety IR 64 |
0-180 |
4.6 |
0 |
120 |
6 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season, variety MTL 105 |
0-180 |
4.2 |
0 |
120 |
5.8 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season, variety OM 723-7 |
0-180 |
5.9 |
0 |
60 |
6.4 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season, MTL 119 |
0-180 |
5.5 |
0 |
60 |
6.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season, variety UTL 2 (3-line hybrid) |
0-180 |
4.8 |
0 |
120 |
5.9 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season, variety IR 64 |
0-180 |
3.4 |
0 |
120 |
5.4 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season, variety MTL 105 |
0-180 |
3.3 |
0 |
120 |
4.8 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season, variety OM 723-7 |
0-180 |
3.7 |
0 |
120 |
5.2 |
|
Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season, variety MTL 119 |
0-180 |
3.7 |
0 |
60 |
4.8 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet season |
0-120 |
1.8 |
0 |
120 |
1.9 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet season, with 45 P kg/ha |
0-120 |
1.8 |
0 |
120 |
2.6 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet season, with 90 P kg/ha |
0-120 |
1.9 |
0 |
120 |
3 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet season, with 135 P kg/ha |
0-120 |
1.7 |
0 |
120 |
2.7 |
|
Reported in 1997, spring season, Red River Delta, hybrid rice with 90 kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O/ha |
0-210 |
0 |
4.83 |
180 |
7.34 |
|
Reported in 1997, summer season, Red River Delta, hybrid rice with 90 kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O/ha |
0-210 |
0 |
4.72 |
120 |
6.82 |
|
Nitrogen (N), Deepwater Rice |
|||||
|
Reported in 85, Thot Not, Mekong delta, sulfaquept soil, pH 4.5, variety Nang Tay Dum |
0-40 |
0 |
1.6 |
0 |
1.6 |
|
Phosphorus (P2O5), Rainfed Lowland Rice |
|||||
|
Reported in 59, Souther region, alluvium, with 30 N kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.47 |
30 |
1.63 |
|
Reported in 59, Souther region, low humic gley, with 30 N kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.13 |
30 |
1.2 |
|
Reported in 59, Central region, alluvium, with 30 N kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.41 |
30 |
1.52 |
|
Phosphorus (P2O5), Irrigated Rice |
|||||
|
Reported for 1993, Tan Lap, acid sulfate soils dry season, average of 4 P sources |
0-180 |
0 |
1.65 |
180 |
4.85 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wet season |
0-135 |
0 |
1.8 |
90 |
1.9 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wet season, with 60 N kg/ha |
0-135 |
0 |
1.9 |
90 |
2.6 |
|
Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wet season, with 120 N kg/ha |
0-135 |
0 |
1.9 |
90 |
3 |
|
Reported for 1993, Tan Lap, acid sulfate soils, wet season, average of 4 P sources |
0-180 |
0 |
0.81 |
180 |
1.49 |
|
Phosphorus (P2O5), Deepwater Rice |
|||||
|
Reported in 85, Thotnot, variety Nang tay dum, with 40 kgN/ha |
0-18 |
0 |
1.3 |
18 |
1.9 |
|
Reported in 87, Thotnot, variety, Nang tay dum |
0-26.2 |
0 |
0.96 |
17.5 |
4.26 |
|
Potassium (K2O), Rainfed lowland Rice |
|||||
|
Reported in 59, Souther region, alluvium, with 30 N + 30 P kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.63 |
0 |
1.63 |
|
Reported in 59, Souther region, low humic gley, with 30 n + 30 P kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.2 |
30 |
1.31 |
|
Reported in 59, Central region, alluvium, with 30 N + 30 P kg/ha |
0-30 |
0 |
1.52 |
30 |
1.68 |
|
Potassium (K2O), Deepwater Rice |
|||||
|
Reported in 85, Thot Not, Mekong delta, sulfaquept soil, pH 4.5, variety Nang Tay Dum, with 40 N + 18 P kg/ha |
0-33 |
0 |
1.9 |
33 |
2 |
Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production
In northern and north central region, low temperature during January to March.
Typhoon and flash floods in many coastal provinces.
In Mekong River Delta, deep flooding during August-September.
In the Plain of Reed, quadrangle of Long Xuyen, yield is still limited by acid sulphate soils.
Weedy rice in direct seeding, brown plant hopper, stem borer, leaf folder and blast especially in north-central coastal areas, bacterial leaf blight, brown spot and rat are major biotic stresses.
Low prices of rice and low return from rice production.
Inadequate government support in-terms of credit and input, especially in the central regions and in highland areas.
The following table shows the rice production costs.
|
Other information |
Yield (t/ha) |
Cost |
Cost |
|
$/ha |
|||
|
Value for 92 |
3.34 |
212 |
|
|
Value for 90, CAN THO, Wet Season, Deepwater rice |
2.6 |
174 |
|
|
Value for 90, CAN THO, Wet Season, Irrigated rice |
4.6 |
310 |
|
|
Value for 1992-93 in An Giang Province, Deepwater rice |
2.4 |
188.5 |
|
|
Value for 1992-93 in An Giang Province, He-Thu season, Irrigated rice |
4.9 |
363.7 |
|
|
Value for 1992-93 in An Giang Province, Dong-Xuan season, Irrigated rice |
5.9 |
383.3 |
|
| |
|
Million Dong/ha |
Million Dong/t |
|
Mekong River Delta, 1996-97, Irrigated rice |
5.00 |
5.647 |
1.129 |
|
My Xuyen, Soc Trang, He-Thu crop, 1993, Irrigated rice |
5.10 |
2.927 |
0.574 |
|
My Xuyen, Soc Trang, Mua crop, 1993, Rainfed lowland rice |
2.00 |
2.001 |
1.00 |
|
Phung Hiep, Can Tho, He-Thu crop, 1993, Irrigated rice |
2.70 |
2.464 |
0.912 |
|
Phung Hiep, Can Tho, Mua crop, 1993, Rainfed lowland rice |
1.20 |
1.064 |
0.884 |
|
Thot Not, Can Tho, Dong-Xuan crop, 1993, Irrigated rice |
5.62 |
3.493 |
0.622 |
Both the rice-harvested area and yield have rapidly increased during the last five years. The rate of increase in harvested area, however, was reduced substantially during 1999-2000. This suggests that an increase in harvested area would not be a feasible option for increasing rice production in the future. Sustainable rice production would require the development and deployment of varieties with high yielding potential and good grain quality. The introduction of crop management system such as the Australian RICECHECK and the diversification of the mono and intensive rice production systems would be critical for sustainable rice production. Integration of rice with other production activities and modernisation of rice-based production systems would positively contribute to increase farmers' productivity and incomes.
Research and Development Institutes
· Cuu Long Rice Research Institute, Omon, Cantho, Tel (84-71) 61954, Fax (84-71) 61457
· Dong Van Seed Improvement Station, Dong Van
· Institut national des sciences agricoles (INSA) Ministere de l'agriculture, Van Dien, Hanoi
· Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi; Phone: (84-4)-843-7674 Fax: (844)-733-0752
· Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, Van Dien, Thanh Tri, Hanoi, Vietnam, Tel. 844 615556, Fax 844-613937
· National Insitute of Plant Protection, Chem, Tu Liem Hanoi, Tel 363119, Fax 363563
· Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam, 121 Nguyen Binh Khiem St., Ho-chi-minh, Vietnam, Tel 291746, Fax 297650
· University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh, Tel 8966946, Fax 8960713
· Mekong Delta Farming Systems Research and Development Center, University of Cantho, Cantho, Tel (84-71) 834517, Fax 84-71 25474
