Abbreviations:
MC: Ministry of Commerce
MPH: Ministry of Public
Health
References:
SE1 |
Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal. |
SE2 |
EC-directive 76/372/01.03.1976. Official Journal EC L102/9, 1976. |
Abbreviation:
SASO: Saudi Arabian Standard Organisation
Reference:
SA1 |
Aflatoxin M1 concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 - 997. |
Abbreviations:
MPH: Ministry of Public Health
MA: Ministry of
Agriculture
References:
YU1 |
Regulations on amounts of pesticides, metals and other toxic substances, anabolics and other toxic substances, in foodstuff (1992). |
YU2 |
Guide on sampling method for analysis and superanalysis of samples of food and general use items (60/78 - 1980). |
YU3 |
AOAC methods. |
YU4 |
Regulations of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic and harmful ingredients in feedstuff (1990). |
YU5 |
Regulation on sampling method and physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of feed (15/87 - 1987). |
Abbreviation:
AVA: Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority
References:
SG1 |
Regulation 34 of the Singapore Food Regulations. |
SG2 |
AOAC International, 17th Edition, 990.33. |
SG3 |
JAOAC (1992), Vol. 3: 481. |
SG4 |
Food & Agricultural Immunology (1990). Vol.2: 189-195. |
SG5 |
JAOAC (1978). Vol. 61, 6: 1359-1362. |
SG6 |
J. Chromatography A (1999). 859: 23-28. |
SG7 |
JAOAC International (1997). 80: 825-828. |
SG8 |
VICAM, ZearalaTest HPLC Document. |
SG9 |
J. Chromatography A (1987). Vol. 407: 393-398. |
Abbreviations:
MA: Ministry of Agriculture
MH: Ministry of
Health
References:
SK1 |
Food Codex of Slovak Republik. Registered in Collection of Laws from 29 June 1996. |
SK2 |
ELISA test [ Standard Operating Protocol]. |
Abbreviations:
MHHI: Ministry of Health, Health Inspectorate
VARS:
Veterinary Administration of Republic Slovenia
MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Food
References:
SI-1 |
Rules on contaminants in foodstuffs (OJ RS 69/2003, 16.07.2003). |
SI-2 |
Immunoaffinity columns, HPLC, Kobra cell (Rhone Diagnostics). |
SI-3 |
AOAC, immunoaffinity columns, HPLC (Rhone Diagnostics). |
SI-4 |
Rules on the Sanitary Suitability of Feedingstuffs (OJ RS 65/2002). |
SI-5 |
Rules on the method of sampling and analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. (OJ RS 41/2003, 05.05.2003). |
SI-6 |
Rules on the method of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs (OJ RS 73/2003, 29.07.2003; - in accordance with CD 76/372 EEC and 94/14 EEC). |
SI-7 |
AOAC (1995). 16th Ed. Combination with Romer minicolumns. |
SI-8 |
Easi-Extract Zearalenone, Application of immunoaffinity columns for sample clean-up prior to detection of zearalenone using HPLC analysis, Rhone Diagnostics, EE Zearalenone IFU (RP91v7). Doc 27-10-99. |
SI-9 |
Rood HD et al. (1988). Gas chromatographic screening method for T-2 toxin, DAS, DON and related trichothecenes in feeds. Journal of AOAC 71, 493-498. |
SI-10 |
AOAC (1995). Analysis method for Trichothecenes. DON, 3-Acetyl-DON, 15-Acetyl-DON, FUS X, NIV by TLC, Romer; 3 Toxin Test - Analysis Method for Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol, Romer, AOAC, 16th Ed. |
Abbreviation:
DH: Department of Health
Reference:
ZA1 |
Regulations R.313 of 16 February 1990, published under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (Act 54 of 1972). |
Abbreviations:
MA: Ministry of Agriculture
MH: Ministry of
Health
Reference:
LK1 |
Food (Labelling & Miscellaneous) Regulations 1993. |
Abbreviation:
SSMO: not given
Abbreviations:
NFA: National Food Administration
SBA: Swedish Board of
Agriculture
References:
SE1 |
SLVFS 1993:36. |
SE2 |
SLVFS 2002:16, annexes 1 & 2. |
SE3 |
SLVFS 2000:43. |
SE4 |
SLVFS 1993:17, annex 15. |
Abbreviation:
OFCACS: Official Food Control Authorities of the Cantons of
Switzerland
EVD: Eidgenössische Volkswirtschaftsdepartement
References:
CH1 |
Verordnung über Fremd- und Inhaltsstoffe in Lebensmitteln. SR817.021.23, see http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_021_23.html |
CH2 |
Verordnung über Probenerhebung von Lebensmitteln und Gebrauchsgegenständen. SR817.94, see http://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_94.html |
CH3 |
Schweizerisches Lebenmittelbuch. Ausgabe 2002, Deutsche Version, Kapitel 54. |
CH4 |
CEN-methods. |
CH5 |
Verordnung des EVD vom 10. Juni 1999 über die Produktion und das Inverkehrbringen von Futternmitteln, Zusatzstoffen für die Tierernährung, Silierungszusätzen und Diätfuttermitteln (Futtermittelbuch-Verordnung, FMBV). SR916.307.1, Artikel 15 und Artikel 17 (Anhang 10, Teil 1, Aflatoxin B1) (available at www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c916_307_1.html). |
Abbreviations:
MS: Ministry of Supply
MH: Ministry of Health
MA:
Ministry of Agriculture
Abbreviations:
DH: Department of Health
CA: Council of
Agriculture
References:
TW1 |
Standard for the tolerance of aflatoxin in foods. DOH Food No. 8189322 Announced, 1/4/1993. |
TW2 |
Sanitation Standard for Infant Foods. DOH Food No. 8189322. Announced, 1/4/1993. |
TW3 |
Chinese National Standard, General No. 12925, Classified No. N6233, Method of Test for Grains-Sampling. |
TW4 |
AOAC official method 991.31. |
TW5 |
Lin SS, Lin FM, Fu YM, Shih YC (2002). Survey of Aflatoxins of Peanut Products in Taiwan. Ann. Rept. NLFD Taiwan, R.O.C. 20: 257-262. |
TW6 |
Chinese National Standard, General No. 4090, Classified No. N6097, Method of Test for Aflatoxins in Foods. |
TW7 |
Lin SS, Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC. Analysis of ochratoxin A of cereals by Reversed Phase HPLC with fluorescence detector (unpublished). |
TW8 |
AOAC official method 995.10. |
TW9 |
Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC (2000). Determination of Mycotoxin Patulin in Apple Juice. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 8 (2): 85-96. |
TW10 |
Journal of AOAC Int. (1995). 78: 705-710. |
TW11 |
Chung YJ, Fu YM. Assay of mycotoxin fumonisins in foods (unpublished). |
TW12 |
Chinese National Standard, General No. 3440, Classified No. 6056, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-General Rules. |
TW13 |
Journal of AOAC Int. (2001). 84: 437-443. |
TW14 |
Fu YM (1996). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk powder using immuno-affinity column and fluorescence measurement. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 4 (2): 178-183. |
TW15 |
Chinese National Standard, General No. 13631, Classified No. N6282, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-Test for Aflatoxins M1 and M2 in Fluid Milk. |
Abbreviation:
NFCC: National Food Control Commission of the Ministry of Health
References:
TZ1 |
The Food (Control of Quality/Importation of Food) Regulations (1982). |
TZ2 |
Sampling of Agricultural Products and their analysis for Aflatoxin Determination Manual (1989) FAO/UNEP/USSR Tanzanian Project FP/7101/86/03, Centre for International Projects, USSR State Committee for Environment Protection, Moscow. |
TZ3 |
AOAC and ROMER Methods. |
Abbreviation:
MPH-FDA: Ministry of Public Health - Food and Drug Administration
References:
TH1 |
Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 98 B.E. 2529. Re: Standard of food containing contaminants. |
TH2 |
Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 193 B.E. 2543 and its amendment Notification No. 239 B.E. 2544. Re: Prescribing the methods of production, tools and utensils, used in the production and storage of food. |
Abbreviations:
MH: Ministry of Health
ANCSEP: National Agency for the
Sanitary Control for Products
References:
TN1 |
Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia. Standard NT 117.02 - 1985. |
TN2 |
EEC published methods. |
Abbreviation:
MARA: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
References:
TR1 |
Turkish Food Codex Regulation. 1997. Official Gazette (16 November 1997) No. 23172: 1-198 and the amendments to this Codex Regulation: Official Gazette (23 September 2002) No. 24885: 29-40. |
TR2 |
AOAC Official Method 999.07 (2000). Aflatoxins and total aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste and paprika powder. Immunoaffinity column-liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. First action 1999. J AOAC Int. 83: 320. |
TR3 |
AOAC Official Method 2000.16. Aflatoxin B1 in Baby Food. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; Chapter 49: 37. |
TR4 |
ISO 14501. Milk and milk powder. Determination of aflatoxin M1 content; clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. First edition 1998-11-15. |
TR5 |
Entwisle C, et al. (2000). Liquid Chromatographic Method with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup for Determination of Ochratoxin A in Barley. AOAC Official Method 2000.03. J. AOAC Int. 83: 1377. |
TR6 |
Ochratest. Procedure for Currants and Raisins. Vicam Ochratest. HPLC Procedure. |
TR7 |
ISO 8128-1 (1993). Apple juice, apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice. Determination of patulin content. Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography. |
TR8 |
MAFF-UK. Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Retail Milk and Milk Products. CSL Food Science Laboratory. Norwich Research Park, Colney. Norwich NR4 7UQ. Report No. FD 94/98A. |
TR9 |
Official Gazette (1991). (5 August 1991) No. 20982. |
TR10 |
Stroka J, Von Holst C, Anklam E (2003). Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography Using Post-Column Bromination for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Cattle Feed: Collaborative Study. AOAC Official Method 2000.02. J. AOAC Int 86: 1179-1186. |
Abbreviations:
MHP: Ministry of Health Protection
SDVM: State Department
of Veterinary Medicine (Ministry of Agricultural Policy)
References:
UA1 |
The order of the Ministry of Health of USSR No. 5061-89. Medical and biological requirements and sanitary norms of the quality of food raw materials and ready products. |
UA2 |
The order of the Ministry of Agricultural Complex of Ukraine, State Department of Veterinary Medicine No. 16 from 03.11.1998. On approval of the mandatory minimal list of tests of the materials, products of animal and plant origin, raw materials for animal combined feed, vitamins etc. to be conducted by the state laboratories of veterinary medicine and as a result of which the veterinary document F2 is issued. |
UA3 |
Ministry of Health - The issuing agency (2001). Temporary hygienic norms for the contents of chemical and biological contaminants in the biologically active additives. No. TH 4.4.8.073-2001. |
UA4 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of aflatoxins in food products. No. 2273-80. |
UA5 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of patulin in fruit and vegetable juices and puree. No. 2655-82. |
UA6 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and grain products. No. 3940-84. |
UA7 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of T-2 toxin in food products and food raw materials. No. 3184-84. |
UA8 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of zearalenone in food products. No. 2964-84. |
UA9 |
Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of aflatoxins in food raw materials and food products by means of high performance liquid chromatography. No. 4082-86. |
Reference:
AE1 Information about maximum residue levels established in various countries. Australian Government, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Commonwealth of Australia 2003. Internet access date: 6 October 2003; http://www.affa.gov.au > Product Integrity/Animal and Plant Health > National Residue Survey (NRS).
Abbreviation:
FSA via PHA and LAEHTSO: Food Standards Agency via the Port Health Authorities and the Local Authority Environmental Health and Trading Standards Officers.
Abbreviations:
TLU: Technological Laboratory of Uruguay
MSP: Ministerio de
Salud Pública
MGAP: Ministerio de Ganaderiá Agricultura y
Pesca
References:
UY1 |
Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A, 283, 302A, 336A. |
UY2 |
Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A. |
UY3 |
Decreto 533/001. Ministerio de Salud Pública (2001). |
UY4 |
AOAC (2000). 970.45 |
UY5 |
AOAC (2000). 993.17. |
UY6 |
Journal of AOAC International (1994). 77:1518. |
UY7 |
AOAC (2000). 974.18. |
UY8 |
AOAC (2000). 986.17. |
UY9 |
AOAC (2000). 985.18. |
UY10 |
Resoluciones 26 dic. 2001, 7 February 2002, 28. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (2002). |
UY11 |
Decreto 737/986. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (1986). |
UY12 |
Fajardo JE, Dexter JE, Roscoe MM, Nowicki TW (1995). Retention of Ergot Alkaloids in Wheat during Processing. Cereal Chem 72 (3): 291-298. |
Abbreviations:
FDA: Food and Drug Administration
USDA: United States
Department of Agriculture
References:
US1 |
Compliance Policy Guides. CPG 555.400, CPG 570.200, CPG 570.375, CPG 570.500. |
US2 |
Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 510.150. |
US3 |
Unpublished letter from FDA to State Agricultural Directors, State Feed Control Officials, and Food, Feed and Grain Trade Organizations, September 16, 1993. |
US4 |
FDA (2001). Guidance for Industry: Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds, November 9, 2001. |
US5 |
|
US6 |
FDA Investigative Operations
Manual, |
US7 |
FDA Compliance Program, Mycotoxins in Domestic Foods (7307.001), Mycotoxins in Imported Foods (7307.002). |
US8 |
AOAC International (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Edition, Chapter 49. |
US9 |
Trucksess et al. (1996). Journal of AOAC International 79 (4): 883-887. |
US10 |
Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 527.400. |
US11 |
Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 683.100. |
US12 |
FDA Compliance Program, Feed Contaminants
(7371.003). |
References:
VZ1 AOAC [Title, source, page]
VZ2 AOAC [Title, source,
page]
Abbreviations:
MH: Ministry of Health
MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development
References:
VN1 |
Ministry of Health (1998). List of hygiene standard of foodstuffs issued with the Decision No. 867/1998/QDD-BYT dated 4/4/1998: 55. |
VN2 |
Ministry of Health. Viet Nam Standards, Normal Rule. |
VN3 |
AOAC |
VN4 |
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Normal Rule |
Abbreviations:
MCI: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
DGSS: Directorate
General of Standards & Specifications
Reference:
YE1 |
AOAC Official Methods (2000). Detection of Natural Toxins. Chapter 49. |
Abbreviation:
MA: Ministry of Agriculture
Reference:
ZW1 |
Government Gazette no. 4959- 16.01.1976. |
|
1995 |
2003 |
||||
aflatoxin/matrix combination |
median (mg/kg) |
range (mg/kg) |
countries |
median (mg/kg) |
range (mg/kg) |
countries |
afla B1 in foodstuffs |
4 |
0-30 |
33 |
5 |
1-20 |
61 |
afla B1+B2+G1+G2 in foodstuffs |
8 |
0-50 |
48 |
10 |
0-35 |
76 |
afla M1 in milk |
0.05 |
0-1 |
17 |
0.05 |
0.05-15 |
60 |
afla B1 in feedstuffs |
5 |
5-50 |
25 |
5 |
5-50 |
39 |
afla B1+B2+G1+G2 in feedstuffs |
20 |
0-1 000 |
17 |
20 |
0-50 |
21 |