Abreviaturas y referencias para el Cuadro 3

BMVEL:

Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture) Ministry of Public Health

LMBG:

Lebensmittel- und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz (Act on Food and Commodities)

DE1

Mykotoxin - Höchstmengenverordnung. (Ordinance laying down maximum levels for mycotoxins in foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 834. Lieferung Oktober 1999.

DE2

Diätverordnung (Ordinance on dietetic foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 832. Lieferung September 1999.

DE3

Sampling based on § 42 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 [see EU6].

DE4

Sampling based on § 35 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 [see EU6].

SA1

Aflatoxin M₁ concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 - 997.

DZ1

AOAC (1990). 986.22. Aflatoxinas en maníes y productos de los maníes - CB método Food and Drug Laboratories - Canadá - Best food method.

DZ2

NF-VF (1980). Raciones animales - medida de aflatoxina B₁, junio de 1980: 18-200.

AM1

Moscow (1997). Foodstuffs and their raw materials. Hygienic requirements for quality and safety of foodstuffs and their raw materials. Sanitary regulations and norms Sanitary Supervision 2.3.2 560-96.

AM2

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs, December 10,1980 Moscow. No. 2273-80.

AM3

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of the content of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs and their raw materials, using the high effective liquid chromatography, March 20,1986 Moscow. No. 4082-86.

AM4

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Zearalenone in foodstuffs, January 23, 1984, Moscow. No. 2964-84.

AM5

GOST 28001-88. Corn, the products of its processing, combicorm. Method of determination of mycotoxins, namely: T-2 toxin, Zearalenone (F-2) and ochratoxin A. Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin.

AM6

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of the content of T-2 toxin in foodstuffs, December 29, 1984, Moscow. No. 3184-84.

AM7

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) in corn and grain products, October 10, 1985, Moscow. No. 3940-85.

AM8

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1990). Methodical instructions for revealing, identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) and Zearalenone in corn and grain products, July 27,1990, Moscow. No. 5177-90.

AM9

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1982). Methodical recommendations for revealing, identification and determination of the content of Patulin in both fruit and vegetable juices and those paste, December 30,1982 Moscow. No. 2655-82.

AM10

Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin. GOST 28038-89.

AM11

Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical recommendations for quality control of Aflatoxins in food coming from animals, October 11,1985 Moscow. No. 3942-85.

AU1

Maximum limits of these toxins are listed in Australia New Zealand. Food Standard Code: Standard 1.4.1 - Contaminants and Natural Toxicants.

AT1

CEN-Method prEN 14123.

AT2

Lew, et al. (2001). Clean-up by Romer-column, silylation, GC-ECD. Die Bodenkultur 52 (3): 199-207.

AT3

Schuhmacher, et al. (1998). Clean-up by immunoaffinity column, HPLC. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 360: 241-245.

BD1

Ridascreen Fast Aflatoxin kit, R-Biopharm GmbH, D-Darmstadt, Germany. Enzyme immunoassay for quantitative determination of aflatoxin.

BD2

Giasuddin, et al. (2002). Prevalence of poultry disease in Bangladesh. Journal of Bio. Sci. 2002: 212-213.

BD3

Motalib Khan, Khamar (2001). Ochratoxin, the silent killer of poultry. Monthly magazine on poultry livestock & fisheries, March 2001: 17-18.

BY1

Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 98-101, 112, 116, 133, 160.

BY2

Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 85, 90, 92.

BY3

Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 81, 112, 160, 72-75.

BY4

Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-75, 160.

BA1

Article 57, Federal Register no. 2, 1980, Sluzbeni list Socijalisticka Federation Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980.

BA2

BA2 Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/Federal Register no. 60/1978 Sluzbeni list SFRJ br. 60/1978.

BR1

Ministry Health (1977). Resolução N° 34/76, CNNPA/MS - Diário Official da União, 19/01/1977 - Seção I: 710.

BR2

Journal AOAC (1989) 72: 22-26 (TLC).

BR3

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. (TLC or HPLC).

BR4

Ministry Agriculture (1988). Portaria N° 07/88, MAA - Diário Official da União, 14/11/1988, Seção I: 21968-21974.

BG1

Ministry of Health in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Industry and the State Standardization Agency (2000). Regulation No. 11/2000 of 11 July 2000 laying down the maximum levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Newspaper of the Republic of Bulgaria No. 58: 18-24.

BG2

Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85.

BG3

Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85. C-IAC with fluorometric determination.

BG4

AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49, Method 973.37. Ochratoxins in Barley, C-IAC with fluorometric determination.

BG5

(1993). ISO 8128:2

BG6

Russian State Standard Method GOST 3940-85 AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49, Method 986.17. Deoxynivalenol in wheat.

BG7

IAC with fluorometric determination.

BG8

(2001). BDS ISO 6870.

CA1

Tolerance under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations B.01.046 (1) and (n) and B.01.046 (2).

CA2

Guideline under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations, part 4a.

CA3

Codex Standard 209, Rev. 1, 2001.

CA4

Canadian Grain Commission; Official Grain Grading Guide. Standard Procedures for Grain Inspection as specified by the CGC.

CA5

Unofficial sampling plan of Health Canada [HC].

CA6

Health Protection Branch manual of Official Methods of Analysis - HPB-FC-14, June, 1993.

CA7

Canadian Grain Commission; analytical method for aflatoxins, ochratoxins and zearalenone in grains by HPLC with fluorescence detection.

CA8

Health Protection Branch Methods of Analysis, LPFC-155 (DON in wheat and soybeans) and LPFC-144 (DON in cereals).

CA9

Mass Spectral Investigations on Trichothecene Mycotoxins. 1. Application of Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Techniques for the Simultaneous and Accurate Analysis of Simple Trichothecenes in Picogram Levels, J. of Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry 13: 503 (1986).

CA10

Methods for the determination of Deoxynivalenol and other Trichothecenes in Foods, G.A. Lombaert in Mycotoxins and Food Safety, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 504, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, NY, 2002.

CA11

Canadian Grain Commission analytical method for determination of Fusarium trichothecenes in grain by GC-MS.

CA12

Canadian Feeds Act and Regulations (1983), Section 19 (1) (I).

CA13

Mycotoxin Factsheet 2000.

CA14

Feed Inspection Manual, May 1994.

CA15

AOAC Official Method 991.31.

CA16

JAOAC Int., 83, 1377 (2000).

CA17

CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (84/16), cleanup with Romer MycoSep 227, trifluoroacyl derivatives, GC/MS (ion-trap using acetonitrile CI).

CA18

CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (90/10), cleanup with IAC, LC/fluorescence detection.

CL1

For food established in the Sanitary Regulations of Foods.

CL2

Procedure NCh 1479 (1979) for food and feed.

CL3

For feed established in the Resolution 736. Ministry of Agriculture: Servicio Agricola y Ganadero.

CN1

The compilation of food hygiene standards (1991). Chinese Standards Publishing House.

Hygienic standards of food additive-red rice, 360.

Hygienic standards of food additive-a-amylase preparation, 401.

Hygienic standards of food additive-glucoamylase preparation, 402.

Hygienic standards of irradiated peanut, 503-504.

Hygienic standards of irradiated rice, 509-510.

Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-soybean, 650-654.

Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-“5410”, 655-659.

Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-formulated weaning foods, 660-665.

Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-weaning supplementary foods, 666-671.

CN2

Handbook of food hygiene standards [section of food hygiene standards] (1996).

Chinese Standards Publishing House.

Hygienic standards of fermented bean products, 157.

Hygienic standards of starch products, 158.

Hygienic standards of edible vegetable oil, 163-164.

Hygienic standards of soybean sauce, 165.

Hygienic standards of grain paste, 166.

Hygienic standards of vinegar, 167.

Hygienic standards of fermented wine, 220-221.

Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin B₁ in foods, 269.

Hygienic standards of batter cake, 316-317.

Hygienic standards of pastry, biscuit and bread, 318-319.

Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M₁ in milk and milk products, 377.

Hygienic standards of salad oil. Chinese Standards Publishing House: 473-474.

Hygienic standard for tolerance limits of patulin in apple and hawthorn products, 561-563.

Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M₁ in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 776-784.

Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M₁ in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 785-794.

HK1

Harmful substances in Food Regulations, Cap. 132 of the laws of Hong Kong SAR.

HK2

Aflatoxin B₁B₂G₁G₂: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 991.31

HK3

Aflatoxin M₁: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 200.08

CY1

Acquis Communautaire. EC Regulation No. 1528/98.

CY2

EU Directive 98/53/EC.

CY3

AOAC (2000). Official Method 991.31.

CY4

Acquis Communautaire.

CY5

Kakouri E, et al. (1995). Food & Agriculture Immunology 7: 131-137.

CY6

(1993, 2001).Feedingstuffs and Feed Additives (Control of Quality, Supply and Use). Law 13 (I) of 1993 & 34 (I) of 2001, harmonized to the relevant Acquis Communautaire.

CY7

AOAC methods 2000.

CY8

EU method.

CY9

AOAC methods 2000.

CC1

Maximum level and sampling plan for total aflatoxins in peanuts intended for further processing. CODEX STAN 209-1999, Rev.1-2001: 5 pp.

CC2

Maximum level for patulin, CODEX STAN -2003, pre-publication.

CC3

Maximum level for aflatoxin M₁ in milk, CODEX STAN 232-2003.

CO1

Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 3581.

CO2

NTC366.

CO3

Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 740: Livestock Industry - Animal Food - Sampling.

CO4

Diaz GJ, Perilla NS and Royas Y (2001). Occurrence of aflatoxins in selected Colombian foods. Mycotoxin Research, 17: 15-20.

CO5

NTC 535-1.

CO6

NTC 535-2.

CO7

Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 602.

CO8

Agropecuario, ICA. Document No. DIP-3-100-002.

CO9

Céspedes AE and Diaz GJ (1997). Analysis of aflatoxins in poultry and pig feeds and feedstuffs used in Colombia. J. of AOAC Int., 80:1215-1219.

CO10

Diaz GJ and Céspedes AE (1997). Natural occurrence of zearalenone in feeds and feedstuffs used in poultry and pig nutrition in Colombia. Mycotoxin Research, 12: 81-87.

KR1

Korean Food and Drug Administration (2002). The food Index of Korea: pp 127.

KR2

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2001). Specification on maximum allowance levels of harmful materials and chemical residues in animal feed: pp 4.

KR3

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [MAF]. Feed Manual.

HR1

Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC.

HR2

Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC.

HR3

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 974.18.

HR4

Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and HPLC.

CU1

Ministerio de Salud Pública (1999). Manual de indicadores empleados en la evaluación sanitaria de alimentos. Instituto de Nutrición e Hygiene de los Alimentos (INHA), Diciembre de 1999.

CU2

NC76-06: 85.

CU3

(1991). Determinación de patulina en frutas frescas y conservas. Rev. Cub Alim.Nutr. No. 2.

CU4

Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R (2001). Presencia de patulina en purés y jugos de frutas. Rev. Alimentaria No. 321: 133.5.

CU5

Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R. España Validación de un método para la determinación de patulina en purés y jugos de frutas por HPLC. Rev. Cub. Alim. y Nutr. (En prensa).

CU6

Arauce Calderius, Lic. JJ (2002). Determinación de fumonisina B₁ en harina de maíz. Tésis de Maestría en Nutrición. INHA, abril 2002.

CU7

Methodo Modif. Trucksess.

DK1

Legal basis for OA legislation: Circular letter of 20 November 1980.

EG1

Egyptian Standard UDC 615.91. Maximum Limits for Mycotoxin. In Foods Part I: Aflatoxin.

AE1

Information about maximum residue levels established in various countries. Australian Government, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Commonwealth of Australia 2003. Internet access date: 6 October 2003; http://www.affa.gov.au > Product Integrity/Animal and Plant Health > National Residue Survey (NRS).

SK1

Food Codex of Slovak Republik. Registered in Collection of Laws from 29 June 1996.

SK2

ELISA test [ Standard Operating Protocol].

SI-1

Rules on contaminants in foodstuffs (OJ RS 69/2003, 16.07.2003).

SI-2

Immunoaffinity columns, HPLC, Kobra cell (Rhone Diagnostics).

SI-3

AOAC, immunoaffinity columns, HPLC (Rhone Diagnostics).

SI-4

Rules on the Sanitary Suitability of Feedingstuffs (OJ RS 65/2002).

SI-5

Rules on the method of sampling and analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. (OJ RS 41/2003, 05.05.2003).

SI-6

Rules on the method of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs (OJ RS 73/2003, 29.07.2003; - in accordance with CD 76/372 EEC and 94/14 EEC).

SI-7

AOAC (1995). 16th Ed. Combination with Romer minicolumns.

SI-8

Easi-Extract Zearalenone, Application of immunoaffinity columns for sample clean-up prior to detection of zearalenone using HPLC analysis, Rhone Diagnostics, EE Zearalenone IFU (RP91v7). Doc 27-10-99.

SI-9

Rood HD et al. (1988). Gas chromatographic screening method for T-2 toxin, DAS, DON and related trichothecenes in feeds. Journal of AOAC 71, 493-498.

SI-10

AOAC (1995). Analysis method for Trichothecenes. DON, 3-Acetyl-DON, 15-Acetyl-DON, FUS X, NIV by TLC, Romer; 3 Toxin Test - Analysis Method for Aflatoxin B₁, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol, Romer, AOAC, 16th Ed.

US1

Compliance Policy Guides. CPG 555.400, CPG 570.200, CPG 570.375, CPG 570.500.

US2

Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 510.150.

US3

Unpublished letter from FDA to State Agricultural Directors, State Feed Control Officials, and Food, Feed and Grain Trade Organizations, September 16, 1993.

US4

FDA (2001). Guidance for Industry: Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds, November 9, 2001.

US5

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fumongu2.html.

US6

FDA Investigative Operations Manual, http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/iom/Contents/ch4_TOC.html.

US7

FDA Compliance Program, Mycotoxins in Domestic Foods (7307.001), Mycotoxins in Imported Foods (7307.002).

US8

AOAC International (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Edition, Chapter 49.

US9

Trucksess et al. (1996). Journal of AOAC International 79 (4): 883-887.

US10

Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 527.400.

US11

Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 683.100.

US12

FDA Compliance Program, Feed Contaminants (7371.003). http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/cp04004.html.

EE1

Regulation of the Government of the Republic (2000). Establishment of the list and permitted limits of permitted contaminants by food group No. 14 of 12 January 2000. Official Journal of Estonia Riigi Teataja (RT I, 2000, 6, 38).

EE2

Regulation of the Government (2000). The methods of sampling and analysis for determination of aflatoxins in foodstuffs No. 334 of 18 October 2000.

EE3

The list of undesirable substances and the maximum allowed quantities for the content thereof in feedingstuffs, containing undesirable substances of feed materials, which exceed the maximum allowed quantities for the manufacture of feedingstuffs. No. 54 of 17 June 2002.

EE4

The procedure for taking of control samples from feedingstuffs. No. 43 of 13 June 2002.

RU1

Sanitary Rules and Standards, Moscow (1997). Hygienic requirements for quality and safety of food raw materials and food products. SanPiN 2.3.2.560-96. Official publication.

PH1

Action Levels for Contaminants in Food; Food, Drug and Devices, and Cosmetics Act (R.A. 3720).

PH2

Inform client-example FAO sampling plan.

PH3

AOAC and Chromatographia.

PH4

Philippine Coconut Authority (PHILCOA), Diliman Quezon City, Phillippines. Implementing guidelines of board resolution No. 034-91, prohibiting exports of copra meal, copra cake and copra pellets containing aflatoxin level of more than twenty parts per billion (20 ppb). Administrative Order No. 03, series of 1991.

FI1

Regulation by Ministry of Trade and Industry for food products not included in EU food legislation.

FI2

Official import control in Finland by customs.

FI3

Proposal prEN 14123.

DGCCRF:

Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de l’Industrie

DGAL:

Direction Général de l’Alimention, Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche

FR1

Avis du Conseil Supérieur d’Hygiène Publique de France du 8/12/1998.

FR2

CEN-NF EN 13585.

FR3

CEN-PrEN 14352.

GR1

Ministerial decision 91587/3.11.1992.

HU1

17/1999. (VI.16.) EüM Order and its amendment: 9/20003. (III.13.) ESZCSM Order’s 3^rd Annex.

IN1

Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) 1954 & Rules 1955.

IN2

Official method of sampling ISI 1548 (1981). Published by Bureau of Indian Standards.

IN3

Method for aflatoxin analysis - ISI 9071 Part I (1979). Published by Bureau of Indian Standards.

IN4

Licence under the solvent extraction oil, deoiled meal and edible flour (control) order 1967.

IN5

Indian Standards Institution IS: 1714 (1960) and IS: 4115 (1967).

ID1

Hishashi Kamimura. Report in Indonesia.

ID2

(1985). Modification. Journal AOAC, Vol. 68, No. 3.

ID3

AOAC 1995 (by HPLC).

IR1

National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research de la República Islámica de Irán (ISIRI) [2002]. Maximum tolerated levels of mycotoxins in food and feeds. No. 5925.

IR2

National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research de la República Islámica de Irán (ISIRI) [2002]. Code of practice for sampling of pistachio and pistachio kernel for aflatoxin analysis. No. 5197.

IR3

National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research de la República Islámica de Irán (ISIRI) [2002]. Code for practice for sampling of agricultural products for aflatoxin analysis. No. 2581.

IR4

National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research de la República Islámica de Irán (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂) in foodstuffs - Immunoaffinity column clean-up with thin-layer chromatography method. No. 6696.

IR5

National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research de la República Islámica de Irán (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂) in foodstuffs - Immunoaffinity column clean-up with high performance liquid chromatography. In Press.

IR6

ISO [1997]. Sampling of milk and milk powder for aflatoxin analysis. No. 707.

IR7

ISO [1998]. Milk and milk powder - Determination of aflatoxin M₁ content - clean-up by immunoaffinity column and determination by high performance liquid chromatography. No. 14501.

IL1

AOAC Official Method Chapter 49 994.08, pages 24 - 24A.

IL2

VICAM Instruction Manual [publication foreseen].

IL3

ISO/CD 14501: 1995.

IL4

Journal of Chromatography (1993). A 654: 247-254.

IL5

VICAM. Zeara latest Instruction Manual.

IT1

Ministry of Health (1999). Circular of the Ministry of Health no. 10, 9 June 1999, indicating limits for food matrix not included in Regulation, according to indication of the National Health Institute (ISS).

IT2

Ministry of Health (2000). The Decree of the Ministry of Health 23.12.2000, transposing Directive 98/53/EC, indicates methods of analysis for food products.

JP1

An analytical method for aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ in spices using a multifunctional column clean-up; Hiroshi Akiyama, Yukihiro Goda, Toshitsugu Tanaka and Masatake Toyoda, Journal of chromatography A 932 (2001) 153 - 157.

JO1

Minister of Finance and Customs Instructions (5/35/8251) 11.03.1981; letter of Minister of Health (48/37/2049)-03.03.1981.

KE1

Foods, Drugs and Chemical Substances Regulations, Kenya Gazette, 01.07.1978.

KE2

Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC.

KW1

Aflatoxin M₁ concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 - 997.

LV1

Regulations of Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia. “About contamination of food”. No. 292.

LV2

AOAC 994.08.

LV3

Analytical instruction. R-biopharm ELISA test kit.

LV4

AOAC 995.10.

LT1

Hygiene norm HN 54-2001.

LT2

The Director of the State Food and Veterinary Services and the Minister of Health (2002). Order No. 286/300, 24 June 2002.

LT3

The Minister of Health Order No. 679, 24 December, 2002, laying down sampling and methods of analysis. Prepared according Commission Directives 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 and 2001/22/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.

LT4

The order of the State Food and Veterinary Service No. B1-356, April 7, 2003. Sampling for monitoring of substances and residues in food of animal origin. Prepared according Commission Directives 96/23/EC.

LT5

RIDASCREEN. Aflatoxin B₁. Art. No. R 1201.

LT6

EUR 19027 EN (1999). Standard operation procedure for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrixes by immunoaffinity clean-up and thin layer chromatography.

LT7

Determination of Aflatoxin B₁ by HPLC.
SOP 5.4.Ch.16: prepared according to J.Stroka, E.Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045. Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.

LT8

Determination of Aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ by HPLC.
SOP 5.4.Ch.27: prepared according to J. Stroka, E. Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045. Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.

LT9

Immuno sorbent assay of total Aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ in grain and feedingstuffs. SOP 5.4.Ch.20: prepared according to R 4701 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin total.

LT10

Immuno sorbent assay of Ochratoxin A in grain and feeding stuff.
SOP 5.4.Ch.22: prepared according to R 1301 RIDASCREEN Ochratoxin A.

LT11

Immuno sorbent assay of Aflatoxin M₁ in milk and cheese.
SOP 5.4.Ch.21: prepared according to R 1101 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin M₁.

LT 12

Immuno sorbent assay of DON (deoxynivalenol) in grains and feedingstuff.
SDP 5.4.Ch.24: prepared according to R 5906 RIDASCREEN DON.

LT13

Immuno sorbent assay of Zearalenone in grain and feedingstuff.
SOP 5.4.Ch.23: prepared according to R 1401 RIDASCREEN Zearalenone.

MK1

Article 57, Federal Register no. 2, 1980, Slusbeni list Socijalisticka Federation Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980.

MK2

Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/Federal register no. 60/1978 Slusbeni.

MW1

Letter of Malawi Bureau of Standards BS/1/1 of 24.06.1976.

MT1

Draft legislation available on Malta Standards Authority website. http://www.msa.org.mt

MT2

European Community Directive 98/53/EC.

MA1

Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Dévéloppement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts. Project de circulaire sur les contaminants. Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes. Circulaire de discussion au niveau de la Commission Interministérielle Permanente pour le Contrôle et la Répression des Fraudes. Rabat [received May 2002]

MU1

Food regulations made under the Food Act 1998; Ninth schedule, regulation 62 (2) ©: maximum permissible quantity of mycological contaminants in food.

ME1

Mercosul/GMC/Res No 56/94.

ME2

FAO (1993). Food and Nutrition Paper 55.

ME3

(1979). International Standard ISO 950.

ME4

Cereals - Sampling (as grain).

ME5

Walting AE (1980). JAOAC 63: 103-106.

ME6

FIL-IDF (1985). International IDF Standard 50B. Milk and Milk Products (and/or current).

ME7

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 968.22 and/or current.

ME8

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.44 and 971.22 (standards).

ME9

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.45 and/or current.

ME10

AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 980.21 and/or current.

MX1

Official Norm of cereals. Flour, seeds for human consumption. National control and imports. Norm NOM-147-SSA 1996. Official diary of Mexican Government, December 10th (1999).

MX2

Eppley method for peanuts and oilseeds.

MX3

Modified CB method for aflatoxin in corn and tortilla.

MX4

Aflatest. Official method.

MD1

Medico-biological regulations and sanitary norms of quality for food raw materials and food, approved by USSR Ministry of Health, ur. 5061-89 from 01.08.1989, revised by Russian Federation in 1996 and approved on 06.08.2000 by the Ministry of Health de la República de Moldova.

MZ1

Codex Alimentarius limits.

NP1

Food Act 1966.

NP2

Romer mini-column method.

NP3

CB method of AOAC.

NP4

Feed Act 1976.

NG1

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Decrees: SON (Standards Organisation of Nigeria) Industrial Standard.

NG2

AOAC methods

OM1

Omanian Standard 46/1984 “Annex B: Prescribed Limit for harmful substances in compound animal feeds” Official Gazette 7/2/14054 of 01.11.1984.

OM2

Omanian Standard 48 “Methods of Sampling Animal Feeds”.

NL1

Productschap Diervoeder. Maximale normstelling DON. Besluit Productschap Diervoeder, PDV 2098, PDV, Den Haag, The Netherlands.

PL1

Ministry of Health (2001). Regulation of 27 December 2001, Dz.U. No. 9, 72.

PL2

European Commission (1996). National Veterinary Residue Control Plan according to Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in life animals and animal products (organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development).

PL3

Polish Standard (2001). Foodstuffs - Determination of aflatoxin B₁ and the sum of aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ in cereals, shell-fruits and derived products - High performance liquid chromatographic method with post column derivatization and immunoaffinity column clean-up. PN-EN-12955.

PL4

Postupolski J, Jankowska B, Urbanek-Karlowska B (1996). Ocena metody oznaczania aflatoksyn w orzechach arachidowych przy uzyciu chromatografii powinowactwa immunologicznego z detekcja. Roczn. PZH, 47, 3: 277-283.

PL5

Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs - Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products - Part 1: High performance liquid chromatographic method with silica gel clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-1.

PL6

Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs - Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products - Part 2: High performance liquid chromatographic method with bicarbonate clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-2.

PL7

Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice - Determination of patulin content - Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-1.

PL8

Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice - Determination of patulin content - Part 2: Method using thin-layer chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-2.

PL9

Polish Standard (2002). Milk and milk powder - Determination of aflatoxin M₁ content - Clean up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. RPr. PN-ISO-14501.

PL10

Czerwiecki L (1998). Oznaczanie wybranych mikotoksyn w zywnosci. Cz. I. Dobór optymalnych warunków oznaczania aflatoksyny M₁ w mleku metoda wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej. Roczn. PZH, 49, 1: 1-11.

PL11

Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs - Aflatoxins admissible content and determination. PN-R-64757.

PL12

Polish Standard (2001). Animal feedingstuffs - Determination of aflatoxin B₁ content of mixed feedingstuffs - Method using high performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO-14718.

PL13

Kozak A, Wisniewska-Dmytrow H, Zmudzki J (1995). Oznaczanie zawartosci aflatoksyny B₁ w paszach metoda immunoenzymatyczna - Ocena testu Ridascreen® Aflatoxin B₁. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. XXVIII, 4: 383-387.

PL14

Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs - Aflatoxins admissible content and determination. PN-R-64757.

FSA via PHA and LAEHTSO:

Food Standards Agency via the Port Health Authorities and the Local Authority Environmental Health and Trading Standards Officers.

CZ1

Czech Republic Law Collection (2002). Chemical requirements on health unexceptionality of food and food raw materials. Decree No. 53/2002 Coll.

CZ2

Czech Republic Law Collection (2001). Decree No. 339/2001 Coll.

CZ3

Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1986). Determination of very low concentrations of aflatoxins. Cs. Hyg. 31, 5.

CZ4

AOAC Official Methods of Analysis.

CZ5

Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1989). Determination of ochratoxin A in children and infant children food. Cs. Hyg. 3, 1.

CZ6

Atelier du Travail International sur l’Ochratoxine A (UNESCO, FAO, IUPAC, ICSU) [1995] de protocoles pour l’analyse de l’ochratoxine A. Tunisie, Sousse, Faculté de Médecine, 14-17.11: 1-28.

CZ7

Manual of the OCHRAPREP® immunoaffinity columns, Rhone-diagnostics technologies Ltd.

CZ8

Manual of the ROMER MycoSepTM DON-Column, Coring System Diagnostics GmbH.

CZ9

Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1987). Determination of very low concentrations of aflatoxins - Monitoring of aflatoxins in milk for infant children. Cs. Hyg. 32, 6.

CZ10

Ministry of Agriculture (2000). Decree No. 451/2000 Coll.

MAFF:

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests; National Sanitary Veterinary Agency; Hygiene Institute of Public Veterinary Health

RO1

Health Ministry (1998). Order no. 975/1998, article 100. Official Journal 268/11-06-1999: 47 pp.

RO2

Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (1995). Order no. 186/22-9-2000. Official Journal of Romania no. 179/1995, part 1: 28 pp.

RO3

AOAC Official method 970.44. Standard preparation for mycotoxins through TLC.

RO4

AOAC Official method 977.16. Sampling and preparation of samples for determination of mycotoxins through TLC.

RO5

AOAC Official method 978.15. Aflatoxin B₁ in eggs through TLC.

RO6

AOAC Official method 982.96 for aflatoxin M₁ determination from liver.

RO7

ELISA test method provided with the kit test.

RO8

AOAC Official method 980.21. M₁ aflatoxins in milk and cheese by TLC.

RO9

SR ISO 6651-93. Determination of aflatoxin B₁ content from feeds.

SE1

Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal.

SE2

EC-directive 76/372/01.03.1976. Official Journal EC L102/9, 1976.

YU1

Regulations on amounts of pesticides, metals and other toxic substances, anabolics and other toxic substances, in foodstuff (1992).

YU2

Guide on sampling method for analysis and superanalysis of samples of food and general use items (60/78 - 1980).

YU3

AOAC methods.

YU4

Regulations of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic and harmful ingredients in feedstuff (1990).

YU5

Regulation on sampling method and physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of feed (15/87 - 1987).

SG1

Regulation 34 of the Singapore Food Regulations.

SG2

AOAC International, 17th Edition, 990.33.

SG3

JAOAC (1992), Vol. 3: 481.

SG4

Food & Agricultural Immunology (1990). Vol. 2: 189-195.

SG5

JAOAC (1978). Vol. 61, 6: 1359-1362.

SG6

J. Chromatography A (1999). 859: 23-28.

SG7

JAOAC International (1997). 80: 825-828.

SG8

VICAM, ZearalaTest HPLC Document.

SG9

J. Chromatography A (1987). Vol. 407: 393-398.

LK1

Food (Labelling & Miscellaneous) Regulations 1993.

ZA1

Regulations R.313 of 16 February 1990, published under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act (Act 54 of 1972).

SE1

SLVFS 1993:36.

SE2

SLVFS 2002:16, annexes 1 & 2.

SE3

SLVFS 2000:43.

SE4

SLVFS 1993:17, annex 15.

CH1

Verordnung über Fremd- und Inhaltsstoffe in Lebensmitteln. SR817.021.23, see http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_021_23.html

CH2

Verordnung über Probenerhebung von Lebensmitteln und Gebrauchsgegenständen. SR817.94, see http://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_94.html

CH3

Schweizerisches Lebenmittelbuch. Ausgabe 2002, Deutsche Version, Kapitel 54.

CH4

CEN-methods.

CH5

Verordnung des EVD vom 10. Juni 1999 über die Produktion und das Inverkehrbringen von Futternmitteln, Zusatzstoffen für die Tierernährung, Silierungszusätzen und Diätfuttermitteln (Futtermittelbuch-Verordnung, FMBV). SR916.307.1, Artikel 15 und Artikel 17 (Anhang 10, Teil 1, Aflatoxin B₁) (available at www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c916_307_1.html).

TH1

Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 98 B.E. 2529. Re: Standard of food containing contaminants.

TH2

Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 193 B.E. 2543 and its amendment Notification No. 239 B.E. 2544. Re: Prescribing the methods of production, tools and utensils, used in the production and storage of food.

TW1

Standard for the tolerance of aflatoxin in foods. DOH Food No. 8189322 Announced, 1/4/1993.

TW2

Sanitation Standard for Infant Foods. DOH Food No. 8189322. Announced, 1/4/1993.

TW3

Chinese National Standard, General No. 12925, Classified No. N6233, Method of Test for Grains-Sampling.

TW4

AOAC official method 991.31.

TW5

Lin SS, Lin FM, Fu YM, Shih YC (2002). Survey of Aflatoxins of Peanut Products in Taiwan. Ann. Rept. NLFD Taiwan, R.O.C. 20: 257-262.

TW6

Chinese National Standard, General No. 4090, Classified No. N6097, Method of Test for Aflatoxins in Foods.

TW7

Lin SS, Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC. Analysis of ochratoxin A of cereals by Reversed Phase HPLC with fluorescence detector (unpublished).

TW8

AOAC official method 995.10.

TW9

Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC (2000). Determination of Mycotoxin Patulin in Apple Juice. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 8 (2): 85-96.

TW10

Journal of AOAC Int. (1995). 78: 705-710.

TW11

Chung YJ, Fu YM. Assay of mycotoxin fumonisins in foods (unpublished).

TW12

Chinese National Standard, General No. 3440, Classified No. 6056, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-General Rules.

TW13

Journal of AOAC Int. (2001). 84: 437-443.

TW14

Fu YM (1996). Determination of aflatoxin M₁ in milk and milk powder using immunoaffinity column and fluorescence measurement. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 4 (2): 178-183.

TW15

Chinese National Standard, General No. 13631, Classified No. N6282, Method of Test for Milk and Milk Products-Test for Aflatoxins M₁ and M₂ in Fluid Milk.

TZ1

The Food (Control of Quality/Importation of Food) Regulations (1982).

TZ2

Sampling of Agricultural Products and their analysis for Aflatoxin Determination Manual (1989) FAO/UNEP/USSR Tanzanian Project FP/7101/86/03, Centre for International Projects, USSR State Committee for Environment Protection, Moscow.

TZ3

AOAC and ROMER Methods.

TN1

Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia. Standard NT 117.02 - 1985.

TN2

EEC published methods.

TR1

Turkish Food Codex Regulation. 1997. Official Gazette (16 November 1997) No. 23172: 1-198 and the amendments to this Codex Regulation: Official Gazette (23 September 2002) No. 24885: 29-40.

TR2

AOAC Official Method 999.07 (2000). Aflatoxins and total aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste and paprika powder. Immunoaffinity column-liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. First action 1999. J AOAC Int. 83: 320.

TR3

AOAC Official Method 2000.16. Aflatoxin B₁ in Baby Food. AOAC Official Methods of Analysis; Chapter 49: 37.

TR4

ISO 14501. Milk and milk powder. Determination of aflatoxin M₁ content; clean-up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. First edition 1998-11-15.

TR5

Entwisle C, et al. (2000). Liquid Chromatographic Method with Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup for Determination of Ochratoxin A in Barley. AOAC Official Method 2000.03. J. AOAC Int. 83: 1377.

TR6

Ochratest. Procedure for Currants and Raisins. Vicam Ochratest. HPLC Procedure.

TR7

ISO 8128-1 (1993). Apple juice, apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple juice. Determination of patulin content. Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography.

TR8

MAFF-UK. Survey of Aflatoxin M₁ in Retail Milk and Milk Products. CSL Food Science Laboratory. Norwich Research Park, Colney. Norwich NR4 7UQ. Report No. FD 94/98A.

TR9

Official Gazette (1991). (5 August 1991) No. 20982.

TR10

Stroka J, Von Holst C, Anklam E (2003). Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography Using Post-Column Bromination for Determination of Aflatoxin B₁ in Cattle Feed: Collaborative Study. AOAC Official Method 2000.02. J. AOAC Int 86: 1179-1186.

MHP:

Ministry of Health Protection

SDVM:

State Department of Veterinary Medicine

(Ministry of Agricultural Policy)

UA1

The order of the Ministry of Health of USSR No. 5061-89. Medical and biological requirements and sanitary norms of the quality of food raw materials and ready products.

UA2

The order of the Ministry of Agricultural Complex of Ukraine, State Department of Veterinary Medicine No. 16 from 03.11.1998. On approval of the mandatory minimal list of tests of the materials, products of animal and plant origin, raw materials for animal combined feed, vitamins etc. to be conducted by the state laboratories of veterinary medicine and as a result of which the veterinary document F2 is issued.

UA3

Ministry of Health - The issuing agency (2001). Temporary hygienic norms for the contents of chemical and biological contaminants in the biologically active additives. No. TH 4.4.8.073-2001.

UA4

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of aflatoxins in food products. No. 2273-80.

UA5

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of patulin in fruit and vegetable juices and puree. No. 2655-82.

UA6

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and grain products. No. 3940-84.

UA7

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of T-2 toxin in food products and food raw materials. No. 3184-84.

UA8

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of contents of zearalenone in food products. No. 2964-84.

UA9

Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of aflatoxins in food raw materials and food products by means of high performance liquid chromatography. No. 4082-86.

EU1

Commission Directive 2003/13/EC of 10 February 2003 amending Directive 96/5/EC on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children. Official J. European Union L 41 (2003) 33-36.

EU2

Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 77 (2001) 1-13.

EU3

Commission Regulation (EC) No 2174/2003 of 12 December 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 as regards aflatoxins. Official J. European Union L 326 (2003) 12-15.

EU4

Commission Regulation (EC) No 472/2002 of 12 March 2002 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 18-20.

EU5

Commission Regulation (EC) No 1425/2003 of 11 August 2003 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 as regards patulin. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 1-3.

EU6

Draft Commission Recommendation on the reduction of the presence of deoxynivalenol in cereals and cereal products. SANCO/1925/00-rev-1 pp. 5.

EU7

Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 laying down the sampling methods and the methods for analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 201 (1998) 93-101.

EU8

Commission Directive 2002/27/EC of 13 March 2002 amending Directive 98/53/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 44-45.

EU9

Commission Directive 2002/26/EC of 13 March 2002 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of ochratoxin A in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 38-43.

EU10

Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 40-44.

EU11

Commission Recommendation of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 54-59.

EU12

Commission Directive 2003/100/EC of 31 October 2003 amending Annex I to Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Union L 285 (2003) 33-37.

EU13

Council Directive 1999/29/EC of 22 April 1999 on the undesirable substances and products in animal nutrition. Official J. European Commun. L 115 (1999) 32- 46.

EU14

EC-directive 76/371/01.03.1976. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 8.

EU15

Seventh Commission Directive of 1 March 1976 establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. EC-Directive 76/372/EEC. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 9-18.

EU16

Commission Directive 92/95 EEC of November 9, 1992 amending the Annex of the Seventh Directive (76/372/EEC) establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feeding stuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 327 (1992) 54-62.

UY1

Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A, 283, 302A, 336A.

UY2

Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A.

UY3

Decreto 533/001. Ministerio de Salud Pública (2001).

UY4

AOAC (2000). 970.45

UY5

AOAC (2000). 993.17.

UY6

Journal of AOAC International (1994). 77:1518.

UY7

AOAC (2000). 974.18.

UY8

AOAC (2000). 986.17.

UY9

AOAC (2000). 985.18.

UY10

Resoluciones 26 dic. 2001, 7 February 2002, 28. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (2002).

UY11

Decreto 737/986. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (1986).

UY12

Fajardo JE, Dexter JE, Roscoe MM, Nowicki TW (1995). Retention of Ergot Alkaloids in Wheat during Processing. Cereal Chem 72 (3): 291-298.

VZ1

AOAC [Title, source, page]

VZ2

AOAC [Title, source, page]

VN1

Ministry of Health (1998). List of hygiene standard of foodstuffs issued with the Decision No. 867/1998/QDD-BYT dated 4/4/1998: 55.

VN2

Ministry of Health. Viet Nam Standards, Normal Rule.

VN3

AOAC

VN4

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Normal Rule

YE1

AOAC Official Methods (2000). Detection of Natural Toxins. Chapter 49.

1995

2003

combinación aflatoxina/matriz

mediana
(µg/kg)

intervalo
(µg/kg)

países

mediana
(µg/kg)

intervalo
(µg/kg)

países

afla B₁en los alimentos

4

0 - 30

33

5

1 - 20

61

afla B₁+B₂+G₁+G₂ en los alimentos

8

0 - 50

48

10

0 - 35

76

afla M₁ en la leche

0,05

0 - 1

17

0,05

0,05 - 15

60

afla B₁ en las raciones

5

5 - 50

25

5

5 - 50

39

afla B₁+B₂+G₁+G₂ en las raciones

20

0 - 1 000

17

20

0 - 50

21