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财务事项

本手册在若干章节中提出了关于保持适当养殖场记录必要性的一些建议。如果没有这些记录,你就不可能确定你的管理成功与否。此外,你也不可能预测未来资源的需要或收入情况,也无法估计管理和市场机遇变化会带来什么样的影响。

经济和企业管理的具体问题已超出本手册的讨论范围。然而,该主题与淡水虾养殖相关的信息可以参考Rhodes(2000年)的论著。另外,粮农组织还编写了一本关于简单经济学和养殖场簿记的手册(粮农组织,1992年a)。

致谢

 

作者谨对联合国粮食及农业组织渔业部建议并赞助编写本手册表示感谢。我本人还对为在最近编写的一本著作期间提供有关现代养殖技术信息的所有人表示感谢,他们所作的贡献已经在前面提及(New和Valenti,2000年)。此书的出版还为我编写目前的这本手册提供了帮助,我要感谢Blackwell Science科学出版社允许我复制该书的部分图示。

许多朋友和同事参加了本手册部分章节的审稿工作,即Claude Boyd
(第二章)、Eudes Correia(第四章)、Lou D’Abramo(表19)、Bill Daniels(第三章和第四章某些部分)、Jean Dhont和Chris Dinneweth(第四章第2节某些部分和附件4)、Deborah Ismael(第一章)、Ken Johnson(第四章第2节和第六章节第4节某些部分)、Ilan Karplus(附件8)、Hassanai Kongkeo(第六章)、Spencer Malecha(附件8)、James Muir(第二章)、Harold Phillips(第七章、第八章)、Patrick Sorgeloos(第四章第2节某些部分和附件4)、James Tidwell(第六章节第2节某些部分)、Wagner Valenti
(第四、五和六章)以及Sergio Zimmermann(第六章节第2节某些部分)。我还要感谢负责本出版物最终排版和制作阶段工作的Joanne Morgante以及负责美术工作的Emanuela D’Antoni。我还要特别感谢专门为此手册提供图片的许多同事,在相关图片下方标有他们的名字。我希望向那些为本手册提供具体看法、建议和其他贡献的粮农组织工作人员表示感谢,其中包括贾建三、Devin Bartley、Rohana Subasinghe、Erhard Ruckes、Ulf Wijkstrom、Jean Collins、Adele Crispoldi-Hotta、Mairi Page和Rine Sola。
最后,我希望感谢对我在沼虾工作方面有影响的三位朋友。第一位是Somsak Singholka,他是1979-1981年我在泰国工作期间的同事,我们合作编写了最初的粮农组织手册,并从此保持密切的朋友关系。第二位是Mario Pedini,我很感谢他在促进原始手册制作中的帮助,他严格谨慎的态度极大地改进了草稿质量。最后,我再次向已故的淡水虾养殖的先驱Takuji Fujimura表示谢意,是他向我和其他许多人传授了如此多的知识。在这本新版手册中我再次复制了罗氏沼虾仔虾阶段漂亮的富士照片。

 

参考文献

 

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Bartley, D.M., Subasinghe, R. & Coates, D. 1996. Draft framework for the responsible use of introduced species. EIFAC Publication EIFAC/XIX/96/Inf. 8. Rome, FAO.

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表格

1. 罗氏沼虾的体节及附肢功能

2. 适用于淡水虾孵化场的水的特性

3. 用于罗氏沼虾的人造半咸水(12 ppt)

4. 稀释海水和盐水来制作用于淡水虾幼体养殖的半咸水

5. 淡水虾育苗和养成设施的水质要求

6. 基于各种假设拟定的池塘用水需求范例

7. 温度、盐度和溶解氧饱和浓度之间的关系

8. 孵化场投饲时间表

9. 孵化场备选投饲时间表

10. 影响淡水虾的主要已知疾病及其外部症状

11. 淡水虾疾病的预防和治疗

12. 处于不同压力水头的混凝土管道排水能力

13. 装有水闸的池塘出水管道尺寸

14. 使用不同规格的排水管道进行池塘排水所需时间

15. 基本类型增氧机的氧转换效率

16. 养殖周期之间用来处理池塘底部的石灰需要量

17. 混养系统的平均放养密度及产量

18. 养成饲料的主要成分

19. 半精养淡水虾养成饲料的暂定说明

20. 处理和储存淡水虾的一般性建议

插文

 

1. 祛除铁和锰

2. 幼体培育池的流水式系统要求

3. 养成用水的需求

4. 怀卵雌虾的需要量

5. 激活生物过滤器

6. 半咸水的处理

7. 幼体饲养水质的定期监测

8. 幼体放养备选战略

9. 有关保持良好幼体水质的建议

10. 再循环系统的养护时间表

11. 投喂丰年虫无节幼体取决于池体容量,而不是池中的幼体数量

12. 有关再循环系统卫生问题的附加建议

13. 有关潜在疾病问题的说明

14. 本手册使用的养殖密度定义

15. 淡水虾养成池的经营方式

16. 鱼藤酮和茶粕的施用

17. 测量土壤pH值

18. 不采用有机肥料的理由

19. 防止有根植物进入池塘

20. 规格的分级

21. 淡水虾与鲤鱼的混养

22. 淡水虾综合养殖范例

23. 淡水虾投饲率范例

24. 关于淡水虾(罗氏沼虾)生长率和生产率的范例

插图

1. 罗氏沼虾的外观

2. 大雄虾

3. 罗氏沼虾幼虾的雌雄鉴别

4. 雌虾与蓝螯雄虾

5. 雄性形态型

6. 淡水虾与对虾的对比

7. 区分淡水虾和对虾的另一种办法

8. 养成池进水口和虑网

9. 简单水泵

10. 昂贵的水泵

11. 怀卵雌虾

12. 孵化系统

13. 气压提升泵

14. 小型孵化场

15. 部分遮盖的幼体池

16. 孵化场的布局

17. 再循环系统流水示意

18. 池子周围的空间

19. 圆锥形幼体池

20. 池子分组排列

21. 公用过滤器

22. 单独的再循环系统

23. 过滤网套

24. 翻转式排水管道

25. 储水池

26. 环形主供气系统

27. 幼体池阀门

28. 鼓风机和应急动力供应

29. 水的配送

30. 物理过滤器

31. 生物过滤池

32. 各种类型生物过滤器

33. 白板

34. 池子清理

35. 减少损失

36. 观察幼体质量

37. 暂养池的基质

38. 高架式供气和供水系统

39. 基质

40. 带有竖排水管的池子

41. 运送后期幼体

42. 幼体池内的基质

43. 大型淡水虾养殖场

44. 池塘底部剖面

45. 改善池塘堤岸

46. 池塘堤岸坡角

47. 堤岸侵蚀

48. 池塘堤岸上的草

49. 池塘堤岸与综合农业

50. 增加进入池塘水的溶解氧含量

51. 简单沙砾过滤器

52. 池塘配水系统

53. 自流供水

54. 种草减少侵蚀

55. 控制进入池塘的水

56. 泄水装置结构

57. 撒网

58. 排水

59. 池塘排水的过滤

60. 长尾泵

61. 正在使用的长尾泵

62. 水车式增氧机

63. 长轴增氧机

64. 正在使用的长轴增氧机

65. 池塘沉淀物

66. 翻耕池底

67. 幼虾

68. 放养前的环境适应

69. 放养

70. 杂草入侵浅水区

71. 池塘基质近景

72. 垂直放置的基质

73. 水平放置的基质

74. 综合淡水虾养殖

75. 捕获野生后期幼体

76. 饲料分布

77. 观察饲料消耗

78. 检查透明度

79. 简单的沙砾过滤器

80. 防止地面敌害

81. 测量大型蓝螯雄虾

82. 总长度与重量的关系

83. 围网

84. 两副围网的使用

85. 多次使用围网

86. 虾的分拣

87. 保持上市规格的虾继续存活

88. 让虾保持最佳状态

89. 检查虾只健康状况

90. 内置式捕捞池

91. 利用内置式捕捞池进行收获

92. 捕大留小

93. 捕获最后的虾只

94. 鸟类掠食

95. 收获虾的冻杀

96. 加工过程中分拣

97. 引人注目的包装

98. 近期捕获的虾

99. 在养殖场门外宣传淡水虾

100. 在超市出售淡水虾
 


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