Assalammualaikum Warahmatulahi Wabarokatuh.
First of all let us raise our thanks and praise to Allah Most Holy and Most Great under Whose mercy and blessings, today's gathering to open this Shrimp Industry Workshop here in BADC Jepara has been made possible. On behalf of the Organizing Committee I would like to extend a warm welcome to all the participants who at this time are present within the premises of BADC. On this occassion allow us to bring to you a brief report on the preparations in the organization of this Workshop. These are as follows:
Procedures for Loan Issuance to the Economically-disadvantaged by Mr. Wasi Kirana
On this occassion, on behalf of the Organizing Committee I would like to request the Honorable Director General of Fisheries who is represented by the Director of Fisheries Production to have the pleasure of giving his instructions and at the same time formally open this Shrimp Industry Workshop.
Ladies and gentlemen, in closing, on behalf of the Organizing Committee I would like to express my thanks to all who took pleasure in attending this Workshop. It is hoped that your attendance will result in the production of the expected results.
Wassalam Mualaikum Warahmatullohi.
Organizing Committee
Chairman,
Budiono Martosudarmo, MSc.
The Honorable Director General of Fisheries who on this occassion is represented by the Director of Fisheries Production, distinguished Echelon II officers of the Ministry of Agriculture, distinguished Chief Technical Adviser of FAO-UNDP INS/85/009 Shrimp Culture Development and project staff, ladies and gentlemen.
First of all I would like to welcome you to the campus of the BADC in particular and to Jepara in general. I hope that your attendance will give each of you happy memories of your visit here.
As all of you know, Jepara is known as the birthplace of Indonesia's Heroine, Madame Kartini. During the historic struggle for Indonesian independece, it was she who raised the dignity and pride of Indonesian women. Jepara is also known as the centre for the woodcarving industry the products of which are sold not only in the domestic market but more importantly is already being exported to some countries. This is why Jepara is no longer as isolated as it used to be from the rest of Indonesia.
In this gathering Jepara through the BADC, has likewise stepped forward into prominence in the area of shrimp culture development. This Centre in 1978 was already successful in applying the eyestalk ablation technique to induce ovarian maturation in penaeid shrimps. It was this success which became the starting point and influenced the development and advancement of shrimp production enterprise in Indonesia.
Ladies and gentlemen, in this Centre, many experts have been developed who now play important roles in giving new ideas and in solving various problems which have arisen in shrimp culture operations in Indonesia. In this location, hundreds of extension workers and hundreds of technicians have been trained in shrimp culture, and are already scattered throughout the entire archipelago. These extension workers and technicians now serve as the spearhead in the execution and in the success of shrimp industry development in this country.
Considering the important role that this Centre has played, and will continue to play, in the development of the shrimp industry, I believe it is just fitting that it has been selected as the venue for this Workshop. I hope that the pleasant atmosphere of this campus shall help stimulate the distinguished experts in enthusiastically discussing new ideas and in coming up with solutions to various problems in the shrimp industry as well as set the pace for the development of the shrimp industry in Indonesia.
With that I would like to reiterate my warm welcome to all the distinguished participants and wish that your discussions will be fruitful and the results of this Workshop shall lead towards the progress of this country.
That is all and thank you.
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre Jepara
Head,
Dr. Ir. Made L. Nurdjana
Assalamu'alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Distinguished participants,
First of all let us raise our thanks and praise to the Lord God under Whose mercy and blessings, we are gathered today here at the auditorium of the BADC Jepara for the Shrimp Industry Workshop. Secondly I would like to extend my thanks to the Organizing Committee for giving me the privilege of providing directions to, and at the same time, opening this Workshop.
I feel proud in the development attained by the shrimp industry at this time. As you all know, at the start of PELITA IV shrimp culture operations were conducted only by small farmers using very simple technology. But towards the end of PELITA IV, the development of shrimp culture has been very elating since shrimp culture is now being done not only by the small farmers but also by the private sector both small and large-scale with the application of advanced technology (intensive). Along with such development is the growth of the support industries such as shrimp hatcheries, feedmill, equipment and coldstorage which at this time is already capable of absorbing a large workforce.
With the development of shrimp culture industry, shrimp production and export leaped to a very high level. In the 1983–1988 period, tambak shrimp production increased by as much as 24.5% per year, that is from 27,600 to 82,573 tons. Shrimp export during the same period increased by 16.9% by volume and 22.1% by value, that is from 26,160 to 56,522 tons with the value increasing from US$ 194.4 million to US$ 499.8 million. Thereafter, from January to May 1989, shrimp export has already reached 29,020 tons with a value of US$ 234.5 million or an increase of 411.9% by volume and 32.6% by value. The rapid development of shrimp culture industry is due to the fact that shrimp growing is very profitable and its prospects are very good when compared with other activities.
Around the middle of this year (1989), a drop in shrimp price occured. However, this situation did not continue for a long time because the problem was not totally due to oversupply. Based on the previously stated data, the average export price of shrimp for May 1989 was lower when compared to that of May 1988. However the drop was very small at only 6%.
From the drop in shrimp price, we can obtain some lessons for the further development of the shrimp industry in Indonesia. Surveys indicate that not all of the shrimp culture activities were affected heavily by the drop in shrimp prices. The effect was relatively small on shrimp culture operations using low-level and semi-in-tensive technology because their production costs are relatively much lower than that of intensive culture operation. For intensive culture ponds, I believe the production costs can still be lowered by applying appropriate technology and management.
Because of this, in order to confront the possible occurence of another shrimp price decline, it is necessary to work towards continued profitability of shrimp culture operations. Such efforts can include, among others, the redirection of shrimp culture operations towards lower-level or semi-intensive technology where production costs are relatively lower. In addition it is necessary to lower production costs to its minimum level through more efficient operations, especially in the use of feed along with scheduling the stocking according to the fluctuation of shrimp prices in the world market.
Another lesson that we can gather is that shrimp hatcheries can sell their shrimp fry at a much lower price than they used to be before the shrimp price drop occured. This matter will certainly greatly help the farmers and the pond operators in lowering their production costs. At present we are still hoping that other production inputs such as feeds can be purchased at a lower price. In addition there is a need to solicit the help of feedmillers in reducing shrimp feed costs. The government is at present also working towards making the country capable of producing all its shrimp feed need so that the price of shrimp feed can be reduced. Efforts towards this objective includes simplifying the procedures involved in establishing a feedmill along with appropriate policies in fishery product export. Such policy includes limiting the fisheries export only to processed or canned products so that the by-products of processing can be converted into fish meal to fill the needs of the feedmills.
Distinguished participants, I would like to use this occasion to inform you that based on the policy of the Minister of Agriculture, the increased production of shrimps through the Tambak Intensifikasi (INTAM) programme which heretofore was implemented through the BIMAS system, starting fiscal year 1990/1991, will be coordinately directly by the Directorate General of Fisheries itself. The consequence of such as change is that the provision of credit to the tambak farmers which from the beginning was through the KIK/KMKP scheme, will henceforth need to be supported by financial assistance from a third party or the private sector so that the tambak farmers can carry out their operation. Large-scale operations can provide financial assistance and inputs in the form of joint ventures, which are mutually advantageous, using a basic pattern from office which provides guidance. Such joint ventures is financially doubly advantageous to the large company, since they will already profit from the supply of inputs such as fry, pesticide, feed and equipment and again profit from their share of the shrimp harvest.
With the growth of the shrimp industry it is hoped that the above-mentioned system will flourish. The government is taking steps towards the realization of the said system with the financial assistance of ADB to develop 10 units of nucleus-estate shrimp farms in North Sumatra, Riau, South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and West Nusa Tenggara. In this project, the government shall not construct commercial facilities but will only establish primary irrigation canals and train tambak farmers. Meanwhile the commercial facilities such as hatchery, feedmill and cold storage will totally be provided by the nucleus company through credit provided by the said assistance.
As I have already previously stated, the development of the shrimp tambak already has a positive impact on the growth and development of the support industries. Along with shrimp culture operations, the said support industries will still develop in the future. The success of shrimp tambak operations cannot be dissociated from the support of the allied industries in the form of production inputs which should be consistently available especially fry and feeds. With the development of the shrimp hatchery industry, both large-scale and backyard-scale, the shrimp fry requirement at present is being filled at a relatively low price. Meanwhile, in terms of feed requirement, up to this time, there is still a dependence on imported feed especially from Taiwan. Although the local feed industry is already developed, the market share of local feeds is still low. This situation is due to the fact that the quality of local product is not yet stable and there is still a belief on the part of producers that imported feed is better than local feed.
In order to ensure the stability of shrimp production, it is necessary to safeguard feed supply. It should be remembered that the feed exporting country also exports shrimps to the primary country for Indonesian shrimp export. Such safeguards among others include breaking away from dependence on imported feeds. Towards this end the implementation of the local feed production capability mentioned previously needs to be accompanied by an effort to convince shrimp producers on the quality of the locally produced feeds.
Through this Workshop which is attended by various parties involved in shrimp industry, it is hoped that solutions can be found to remove the constraints, so that the development of the shrimp industry will contribute a greater share in the development of the fisheries subsector in particular and to the nation in general and will be ready to take off in the coming PELITA.
Lastly with the hope of blessings from the Lord God I declare this Shrimp Industry Workshop open.
Thank you for your kind attention.
Jepara, 26 September 1989
Director General of Fisheries,
R. Soeprapto
Ever since Indonesia first embarked on developing its shrimp culture industry the United Nations Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization had always had a deep interest in the said development. This Centre, the Balai Budidaya Air Payau is in itself an evidence of such interest. The FAO is proud to have participated in its development starting from when it was still known as Shrimp Culture Research Centre in the early 1970's and now to the development of its regional sub-centres in East Java, South Sulawesi and Banda Aceh. The co-sponsorship of this Workshop is merely part of the commitment of the UNDP and FAO towards the development of agriculture and fisheries in general and shrimp culture industry in particular.
This workshop was conceived in order to assess where Indonesia is now in terms of shrimp industry development, where it should be headed and how the benefits of the industry can be spread to more people especially the smallholders. During the last three days we have discussed all aspects of the shrimp industry from research and technology development to technology dissemination and extension. It is hoped that after all these discussions everybody now has a better idea as to where the shrimp industry is now and where it is going. Obviously in order to go somewhere we have to know where we are starting from.
On behalf of UNDP and FAO let me thank all of the participants for taking some time from their busy schedule to be here in Jepara.
Jepara, 28 September 1989
Shrimp Culture Development Project,
FAO-UNDP INS/85/009
Wilfredo G. Yap
1. INTRODUCTION
During the past few years, shrimps played a very important role in generating income from non-oil exports. As a proof, Indonesia has already displaced Taiwan as the top shrimp exporter to the Japanese market. The increase of Indonesian shrimp export can be attributed to the development of shrimp culture operations which came about due to mastery of the technology, good financial prospects and government incentives together with a suitable natural environment.
In shrimp culture operation, shrimp fry forms the first link in the culture chain. With the rapid development of shrimp culture, the supply of fry from natural sources can no longer fill the fry requirement, so that this stimulated the growth of shrimp hatcheries. This can be seen in the emergence of shrimp hatcheries in the coastal areas of northern Java, Aceh, North Sumatra, South Sulawesi and other places, which now totals more than 100 units, each with various capacities.
In addition, the growth of the shrimp culture industry also stimulated the development of the feed supply enterprises either from imports or from local producers. This is understandable considering that feed is the biggest component in the production costs, amounting to about 60% of total, so that the use of feed should be attended to with the greatest priority. Likewise, the development of cold storage plants as postharvest facilities in the shrimp culture chain is also in cadence with the growth of the shrimp culture industry. In order to create a shrimp culture industry that is efficient and integrated, it is necessary to conduct discussions among different government agencies, the private sector and the research and academic sectors regarding problems connected with shrimp production.
2. OBJECTIVE
This Workshop which has as its theme “Through Shrimp Culture Industry Development Let Us Be Ready for the Take-Off Era”, provided a means to discuss problems of the shrimp culture industry in Indonesia covering culture technology, post harvest, marketing, research and development, extension and financing.
This Workshop also is aimed at determining the general conditions of shrimp culture in Indonesia, identification of factors obstructing the development of the industry, finding ways of overcoming the existing problems, and to plan the direction of shrimp industry development in order to press further for a greater role for the smallholders. In addition, one target of this Workshop was to look at the prospects of the shrimp industry in the short to medium term and come up with recommendations which can serve as basis for formulating policies on the part of government as well as other sectors involved in shrimp production.
3. ORGANIZATION
This Workshop was held from 25 to 28 September 1989 at the Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Centre Jepara in cooperation with UNDP-FAO INS/85/009 Shrimp Culture Development Project. It was attended by 75 participants representing government and private agencies and individuals which included the Directorate General of Fisheries, BIMAS, AARD, AAETE, TIR, universities, farmers, entrepreneurs, bank, as well as the UNDP/FAO Project. The list of participants is attached.
As per Workshop programme, the Workshop was opened by the Director General of Fisheries (represented by the Director for Fisheries Production). The Opening Ceremony was attended by officials from the local government of Jepara as well as from the Central Java regional office of the Ministry of Agriculture.
A total of 11 review papers were presented during 4 plenary sessions. In each plenary session 2 to 3 papers were presented followed by an open forum. The transcript of the open forum forms the first section of this Proceedings.
The participants were then organized into three working groups as follows:
| - Group I | : | Research and Development |
| Group Leader: Mr. Ali Purnomo MSc. | ||
| - Group II | : | Smallholder Development |
| Group Leader: Dr. Sunarya | ||
| - Group III | : | Industry Needs |
| Group Leader: Ir. Syarif Osman Maksoem |
The outputs of the three working groups were then presented and discussed in the last plenary session which was chaired by Dr. Fuad Cholik and served as the basis for formulating the Workshop Output. The Workshop Output Formulation Team consisted of the following:
| Chairman: | Dr. Fuad Cholik |
| Members: | Ir. Syarif Osman Maksoem |
| Ir. Abdul Munif Kadir | |
| Mr. Ali Purnomo, MSc. | |
| Dr. Made L. Nurdjana | |
| Dr. Sunarya | |
| Dr. I Putu Kompiang | |
| Rapporteurs: | Dr. Djoko Setiyanto |
| Ir. Coco Kokarkin |
The Workshop output was then presented for approval by the workshop participants during the closing session and was presented formally to the Director General of Fisheries. Report was accepted by the Director of Fisheries Resource Management representing the Director General. The Workshop was closed by the Chief Technical Adviser of the Shrimp Culture Development Project, INS/85/009.
| Session Chairman: | Ir. Sukotjo Adisukresno |
| Speakers: | Ir. Untung Wahyono |
| Dr. Ir. Made L. Nurdjana | |
| Mr. Ali Purnomo, MSc. |
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
1. Fuad Cholik
In this Workshop, with the present price situation, we probably have to shift to low and medium level technology. Regarding semi-intensive and intensive technology, it is necessary for us to come to an agreement as to what really is semi-intensive (or intensive) so that our recommendation to the policy makers will be more concrete and can be better utilized.
2. I Putu Kompiang
Virus is already known to infect shrimps in Indonesia. One of its source is feed from Taiwan which utilizes shrimp head meal as one of its ingredients. This means, in importing feed from Taiwan we are also importing virus, because the virus is probably not killed in the feed manufacturing process. When the shrimp starts to become weak, the virus will attack (response 1e and 3a)
3. Ma'sum
The growth of shrimps during the first month up to early part of the second month can be supported by natural food, to reduce the production costs, supplemental feed is given only on the second month. Couldn't we transfer the stock to a new pond on the third month so that we need to give feeds again only during the last or fourth month, and in so doing, further reduce the production costs? (response 3b)
4. Noor Hamid
Is it true that the quality of Indonesian shrimps is so poor that it makes it difficult to export? If so, then it is really necessary to make the quality more consistent. (response 5c)
5. T. Asikin
For milkfish culture, it is now very difficult to find milkfish fry. What is the reason for this? (response 6a)
6. Joko Setiyanto
Artemia is still being imported, can this be replaced by brackishwater Daphnia? (response 2b)
7. Sutanto Hardjolukito
What is the best way of managing the pond soil? Is it necessary to till the pond bottom and apply lime? (response 1f)
RESPONSES
1. Untung Wahyono
As to whether the pond bottom needs to be turned over after each harvest, this is not absolutely required but depends very much on the soil condition. Regarding sanitation (of the pond), in intensive shrimp culture it is better if the pond soil is not turned over if the lower layer of soil is already hard enough after drying. For soft or sandy pond bottom, turning over of the soil is required. If the pond compartments are large, a tractor can be used. The waste material can be pushed towards the dike and used to become part of the dike.
2. Made L. Nurdjana
The reduction of production level in a hatchery which is already old (has been operating for a long time) is related to diseases. The implements used in a backyard hatchery are easily disinfected (with chlorine) before each use. Seawater is drawn directly and delivered to the tanks without passing through too many pipes. After harvest the implements can be directly washed and dried so that it is no longer in contact with seawater and the bacteria which can live only in water can no longer be found.
3. Ali Poernomo
4. Purwito Martosubroto
Under this discussion, it is hoped that we can come up with materials for formulating an environmental impact analysis for the Ministry of Agriculture, particularly in fisheries.
5. T. Asikin
Not all of the Indonesian shrimps are poor in quality. As proof of this, there are companies in Indonesia exporting directly to the United States, since their product fulfills the USFDA standard.
6. Sukotjo Adisukresno
Milkfish fry is seasonal and the present season is not good so that many shrimp farmers cannot shift to milkfish culture because there is no milkfish fry available.
| Moderator | : Drs T. Asikin |
| Speakers | : Dr. Sunarya |
| Dr. Sutanto Hardjolukito |
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
1. I Putu Kompiang
At present there is competition on the use of raw materials between shrimp feed manufacture and manufacture of other animal feeds which still depend on imported materials and are levied import duties. What is your findings regarding feedmill operations using local raw materials and using imported materials with the given situation? (response 2a)
2. Hasan Basri
Dr. Sutanto has stated that shrimp price is low because the demand is lower than the supply. Meanwhile according to information from the fisheries section, the world supply of shrimps is still lower than the demand. Please clarify. (response 2c)
3. Fuad Cholik
Has the formulation of feed with a quality slightly lower than what is usually used in intensive tambak by using raw materials with lower protein levels but with the vitamins and other components not reduced, already been thought of? (response 2c)
4. Made L. Nurdjana
Is there any way of improving the handling of shrimps by the cold storage personnel in the tambak? (response 3b)
5. Ma'sum
The problem of uncertain shrimp prices, is this due to oversupply, shrimp quality or the existence of a syndicate? (response 3b)
6. Anang Hermanta
One step in reducing the shrimp feed cost is to eliminate import duties on the raw material. (response 2c)
RESPONSES
1. Sunarya
Proper harvest implements include harvesting gear, shrimp containers, clean washing area with clean water for washing. The shrimps should not be submerged or stored in water for a long time because this affects shrimp quality. Ideally, immediately after the shrimps are harvested, they should be washed, weighed and brought to the cold storage.
2. Sutanto Hardjolukito
The differing opinion regarding government policies need to be discussed.
3. Sunarya
I agree with Dr. Made that temporary storage/shrimp washing can use tambak water.
| Moderator | : Ir. Syarif Osman Maksoem |
| Speakers | : Dr. Purwito Martosubroto |
| Ir. S. Muranto | |
| Dr. Fuad Cholik |
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
1. T. Asikin
At the Machrobrachium Culture Centre, Pangandaran, three commodities, namely tiger shrimps, Macrobrachium and crabs are being cultured using the same hatchery facilities. What can you say about this? (response 3c)
2. Munif Kadir
There are many types of extension. In order to pinpoint responsibility, which one should be held responsible in case of failures? (response 2a, 2c, 2d and 2e)
3. Sutanto Hardjolukito
Regarding coastal zone usage (drainage, water supply and related activities), there is also a problem with Forestry which involves land use conflict. Forestry made a programme for a tambak system involving the stocking of shrimps and fish in canals. (response 1e)
4. Harsono
In training contact farmers/fishermen, the training is not exactly as needed, or is not according to the syllabus, also there is a problem regarding materials. (response 2f)
5. Hasan Basri
The functions of extension and research should be made clear and should be raised in public forums. (response 2e)
RESPONSES
1. Purwito Martosubroto
Under the coastal zone development project (Cilacap), conflict has arisen between Forestry and the local government. The area fixed for agrarian use (which determines whether an area is a forest area or not) should be handled by the central government. In Fisheries there is a decree which requires aquaculture activities to have PIL, PEL and an Environmental Impact Analysis. The Environmental Impact Analysis safeguards conservation of the environment but may also interfere with or slow down investments.
2. Muranto
Fisheries has a lot of materials, however research materials have to be processed so that they can easily be accepted by the farmers.
3. Fuad Cholik
Regarding diversification like poultry/fishpond this can be developed on the principle of utilizing organic matter from the chicken for the tambak.
| Moderator | : Mr. W.G. Yap |
| Speakers | : Mr. Firial Maharudin |
| Mr. Wasi Kirana | |
| Ms. Fatima Ferdouse |
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS
1. T. Asikin
In terms of manpower, only about 30% of the workers in West Java come from within the province, the rest come from outside. It is recommended that 100% of the workers should come from West Java. (response 1b)
2. Made L. Nurdjana
Shrimp industry development clearly has an impact not only on shrimp producers but also on the infrastructure and support industries. What is the banks reaction to this? (response 2a)
3. Hasan Basri
Is financing available only to the farmers or also to entrepreneurs? (response 2d)
4. Sunarya
The BBPMHP is at present developing techniques to process fish meal which when made available to the community requires machineries/equipment, all of which require funding. How can financing be obtained and can the equipment/machineries themselves serve as collateral? Which bank can provide such financing? (response 2a and 2e)
5. Sutanto Hardjolukito
What is the estimated shrimp production cost in other exporting countries? (response 3g)
6. Purwito Martosubroto
The available data suggest that the import volume of the EEC is quite high, especially Denmark. What are the opportunities in the various EEC countries? (response 3c)
7. Fuad Cholik
What export commodity, in the short term, has a possibility of replacing tiger shrimp, and what species of shrimps has the highest demand for? (response 3f)
8. Firial Marahuddin
What is the opportunity for exporting to Australia and New Zealand? (response 3h)
RESPONSES
1. Firial Marahuddin
There are statistical data and these are reported quarterly.
2. Wasi Kirana
In order to obtain financing some of the requirements are license to operate, identity and letter of recommendation. Interest is 1% per month or 12% per year.
3. Fatima Ferdouse
Australia besides importing shrimps also exports shrimps. Because of this the Australian market is not very good. Meanwhile, in New Zealand the price of shrimp is very low and the consumption level is not very high.
1. INTRODUCTION
Shrimp culture operations in Indonesia during the last 10 years have developed rapidly side by side with the good investment climate and the large demand from consumers in other countries. The magnitude of the shrimp production in Indonesia can be seen from Indonesia's position as the largest supplier to Japan in 1988 displacing Taiwan.
A large part of the effort from the Indonesian fisheries community to increase shrimp production went into the development of infrastructures for aquaculture, which is now worth hundreds of billion of rupiah and involves the employment of thousands of people both directly and indirectly.
By mid-1988 the international shrimp market started to weaken due to the large supply. This condition had a wide impact on the shrimp culture industry in Indonesia which still has a low technological efficiency level. In order to protect government and private sector investments and in order to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian shrimp products in foreign countries, it is necessary to deepen the existing know-how in culture techniques both for the dominant and alternative species. One step which need to be taken cared of is research on various aspects of aquaculture which up to this time are still far from being satisfactory both in quantitative and qualitative sense, as well as in terms of coordination, funding, publication along with research facilities.
2. SHRIMP SPECIES THAT ARE/SHOULD BE DEVELOPED IN INDONESIA
Giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and crayfish (Cerax sp.)
Some aspects which should be considered are:
Marketing
For P. monodon, the status is determined to be as follows:
3. STEPS REQUIRED TO IMPROVE RESEARCH SECTOR
There is a need to speed up the writing/reporting of research results, improve the information distribution system as well as the entry of research information from foreign countries.
4. RECOMMENDATION
There is a need for improved coordination in research and development between government and private agencies.
Jepara, 27 September 1989
Working Group I
Chairman,
Alie Poernomo, M.Sc.
Table 1. Matrix of species and research needs on various aspects of aquaculture of shrimps and other crustaceans.
| Species | General Status | Spawner | Shrimp fry Inputs | Grow-out Technique | Pest and Inputs | Technique | Artificial | Natural | disease | Environment | Postharvest | Market |
| P. monodon | Established | New resource; Collection methods; Quality improvement | Established | Improve efficiency | Improve efficiency | Improve efficiency & utilization | Established; Cost effective feed; Effective local materials | Increase production | Prevention and control | Analysis of carrying capacity of field & water | Increase diversification | Market information |
| P. merguiensis P. indicus P. vannamei P. stylirostris M. ensis | Not yet established | Increase use of spawners from sea and tambak | Established | Improve efficiency | Design and construction | Not yet established | Not yet established | Increase production | Prevention and control | Analysis of carrying capacity of field & water | Increase diversification | Market information |
| Lobster | Not yet established | Increase use of spawners from sea and tambak | Not yet established | Not yet established | Not yet established | Not yet established | Not yet established | Increase production | Prevention and control | Analysis of carrying capacity of field & water | Increase diversification | Market information |
| Macrobrachium sp. | Not yet established | Increase use of spawners from natural & pond sources | Established | Not yet established | Design and construction | Improve efficiency | Cost effective | Increase production | Prevention and control | Analysis of carrying capacity of field & water | Increase diversification | Market information |
| Cerax sp. | Not yet established | Increase use of spawners from sea and tambak | Not yet established | Not yet established | Design and construction | Not yet established | Not yet established | Not yet established | Prevention and control | Analysis of carrying capacity of field & water | Increase diversification | Market information |
1. INTRODUCTION
Support for shrimp production is very much determined by the availability of shrimp fry and grow-out pond management. Tambak farmers and small-scale operators within the coastal areas are involved in managing shrimp ponds and supplying shrimp fry in the coastal areas. Because of this improved guidance to farmers and small-scale operators in order to increase their productivity can support the development of coastal villages.
Small-scale hatcheries, meaning hatcheries having a production capacity of not more than 10 million fry per year evidently can play a very large role in making shrimp fry available. This can be seen from the fact that the small-scale hatcheries are growing very well and the fry they produce are received very well also.
Farmers/small holders in the grow-out aspect, meaning those operating tambak of not more than 5 ha using low-level technology and generally are not incorporated (into business establishments) should have their role increased in national shrimp production. Their role has a greater possibility of being increased due to drop in shrimp prices, and because of the large tambak area held by them as a whole, so that tambak operation using low level technology and with a lower production cost will be capable of ensuring their existence.
The above mentioned facts regarding the small-scale hatchery and smallholder tambak operation are hoped to be able to support shrimp production. Towards such goal, solving the existing problems of such small-scale operations need to be given more attention.
2. PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF OVERCOMING THEM
The existing problems in increasing the role of farmers/smallholders in shrimp hatchery and grow-out operations can be classified into 3 aspects, these are the availability of technology package, extension and financing.
2.1 Technology Package
In general the technologies for small-scale shrimp hatchery and grow-out operations are already available from research and experimental results. The said technology packages upon being used in the field, often still need modification which are site specific. In order to hasten the application of such technology it appears that field tests are necessary. Preferably the field tests should be conducted under different conditions so as to obtain clearer and more concrete information. After field testing, such technology packages should be disseminated to the farmers/small holders through the extension programme.
2.2 Extension
The success of traditional shrimp culture and backyard hatchery operations require continuity in the existing extension programme. However, the quality of the polyvalent extension workers especially those who do not have any educational background in fisheries appears to be a problem. Because of this, the capability of such extension workers needs to be improved through training. In order to support continuity in the extension services, there should be greater use of the mass media such as TVRI, radio and others. In addition the role of the private sector in extension should be recognized. Greater benefits could be obtained from the role of the private sector by coordinating their activities in accordance with the government programmes to increase production.
The quality of extension service, appears to require improvement by systematizing the mechanism/method of extension by improving the quality of demonstration facilities, simulations, making published materials available and other means. By doing so, it is hoped that the existing technologies can really be applied by farmers and smallholders.
2.3 Financing
To support the operation of tambak farmers/smallholders, the BRI and other banks actually already have funds available for small, medium as well as large operations. Such funds are available through the KIK and KMKP credit programmes. However in providing the credit, the banks make an assessment of the feasibility of the operation.
Credit using the INTAM model has not been availed of by many tambak farmers due to some requirements which they cannot fulfill. As an example, in East Java, South Sulawesi and other areas, most of the tambak owned by farmers consist of pond compartments measuring more than 2 ha and generally only have one gate which serves both as inlet and outlet. Such type of tambak does not follow the INTAM model. In addition also, the farmers are more inclined to avail of credit which has easier requirements.
With such a situation which involves feasibility of the farmer's operation and guarantees on the part of the bank, perhaps one way is for large companies to act as guarantors in order to bridge the gap between the farmers and the banks. In addition, such arrangements will require a greater role on the part of the extension service in improving the skills of the farmers and in pushing appropriate technologies.
3. RECOMMENDATION
In order to support the operational success of various shrimp production ventures, it is recommended that the existing infrastructures be improved, such as waterways, roadways, ice supply, and temporary shrimp holding facilities along with other facilities and inputs required for improving shrimp product quality. For this, it is hoped that the role of both the central and local government can be increased towards a national pricing for shrimps which is affected by its marketability and quality. It is also hoped that the government can stimulate a good relationship between hatchery operators and tambak farmers/operators as well as between tambak farmers/operators and buyers (cold storage and brokers).
Jepara, 27 September 1989
Working Group II
Chairman,
Dr. Sunarya
Under the framework of shrimp culture industry development, this discussion group is recommending that the following steps be taken in the light of problems faced by shrimp hatchery and tambak operators in meeting their targets.
1. TECHNOLOGY
Various levels of shrimp culture technology are already known, however the research and development institutes still need to determine which technology is most efficient and profitable based upon site specific conditions and environmental considerations.
2. MANPOWER
There is a need to train technicians/extension workers who can transfer technology to the tambak farmers/operators as well as hatchery operators based upon the level of education and knowledge of the said farmers/operators.
3. FINANCING
4. INFRASTRUCTURE AND INPUTS
5. MARKETING
6. FINANCING
With the foregoing recommendation formulated, this discussion group hoped that its output shall serve as an input to the formulation of the overall Workshop Output which shall serve as material for determining policies leading towards shrimp industry development.
Jepara, 27 September 1989
Working Group III
Chairman,
Syarif Osman Maksoem
Following the direction of the Director General of Fisheries, the various position papers along with the additional information that emerged during the discussions are hereby summarized and compiled as follows:
1. INTRODUCTION
The shrimp culture industry in Indonesia has grown rapidly and has contributed to increased export earnings as well as income of the fisheries community and, directly or indirectly, generated employment and stimulated other industries.
Because shrimp has already become a world commodity, the world supply of shrimps increased rapidly and stiff competition among different producing countries led to the fall in the price of shrimps in the world market.
The shrimp culture industry has already absorbed billions of rupiah of fund and has benefited from the available natural resources.
2. STATUS OF SHRIMP CULTURE INDUSTRY
Indonesia possesses fisheries resources that is abundant and varied for shrimp culture and has not yet been exploited optimally.
Within the last ten-year period the shrimp culture industry grew at a rapid pace as can be seen by the following indicators:
The area of brackishwater ponds grew at an average rate of 5 percent per year.
Shrimp production increased at an average of 17.8% per year.
Support industries such as hatchery increased at a corresponding rate. At present there are 113 shrimp hatcheries registered throughout Indonesia excluding backyard hatcheries. In addition, other support industries such as feedmill, equipment, drugs and freezing plants have also grown correspondigly.
Along with the increase in tambak shrimp production, the export of Indonesian shrimps also increased at a rapid rate. In 1987 Indonesian shrimp export reached 44.270 metric tons valued at US$ 352.44 million.
The rise of the shrimp industry was made possible by the availability of aquaculture technology which ranges from simple to advanced and postharvest technology; supported by the availability of shrimp fry, feeds, medicines, and equipment. In addition, this was backstopped by the construction, extension, research and development activities on the part of the government.
The end product is still limited to frozen shrimp of the black tiger species and is marketed mainly to Japan.
Even if at this stage, the area of intensive tambak is already about 4,000 hectares, the shrimp culture industry activity in Indonesia is still dominated by small farmers.
Low awareness on the importance of shrimp quality has always been a constraint in the diversification of the export market.
Production efficiency, in order to lower production cost and therefore make the Indonesian shrimp competitive in the world market, still needs improvement.
3. PROBLEMS IN SHRIMP CULTURE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT
The shrimp culture industry still faces several problems, these are as follows:
The scarcity of good quality spawners is already being felt.
Design and layout of existing tambak often do not support continuous productivity and environmental conservation.
The tambak infrastructure still leaves much to be desired to the extent that it negatively affects production costs and product quality.
Feed and other supplies still depend, to a large extent, on expensive imports.
Shrimp quality is still not satisfactory. Deterioration of quality occurs from the pre-harvest up to the post-harvest stage.
The increasing incidence of pests and diseases both in grow-out ponds and hatcheries as a result of lack of control over the design, layout and culture process.
The dissemination of results of research and experiments to end users is still not satisfactory.
Collateral as one of the requirements for availing of bank loans is still difficult to fulfill by farmers and small entrepreneurs.
Availability and experience of technical manpower for shrimp culture is still not satisfactory so that services of expatriate is still required.
4. RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the present status and the problems faced by the shrimp culture industry as enumerated above, and in order to ensure the continuation of the industry, the participants of this Workshop hereby makes the following recommendations:
4.1 Industry Development
4.1.1 Natural Resources
Management is necessary in the utilization of coastal areas for aquaculture without conflicting with the interests of other sectors.
Aquaculture development should consider the carrying capacity of the area and the water resources.
4.1.2 Technology
Many levels of shrimp culture technology are already available and are already in application nevertheless research institutes should increase their activities towards determining technologies which are most efficient and profitable depending on the conditions of each specific site and considering environmental conservation, local regulations and zoning.
4.1.3 Manpower
It is necessary to train extension workers who can transfer the technology to tambak farmers and owners as well as hatchery operators in a manner which takes into account the level of knowledge and proficiency of the said farmers and entrepreneurs.
It is necessary to slowly reduce the number of expatriate workers and replace them with Indonesians who are already trained and are highly experienced.
4.1.4 Capital
On the part of the banking institutions which play an important role as conduit for funds, it is necessary for them to remember the frail financial standing of farmers.
It is necessary to increase the role of the village cooperatives (KUD) as a post for farmer enterprise covering, among others, capitalization and inputs.
There is a need to increase the role of financiers (non-bank) and nucleus type of companies in providing capital to farmers.
4.1.5 Infrastructure, Equipment and Inputs
The government should step up the development of infrastructure such as canals for tambak, roads, electricity and other facilities that support the shrimp industry.
In the use of equipment and inputs for production, preference should be given to domestic products whenever local companies are already successful in making the said products available.
The government should encourage the development of local equipment and inputs for shrimp culture and arrange for the supervision of the quality of the said merchandise in order for such merchandise to attain a quality that is equal to, if not better than, that of imported products.
4.1.6 Marketing
There is a need to expand the shrimp market within as well as outside the country.
There is a need to process shrimps, in other than frozen forms, such as by canning and by packing in fresh or live form.
There is a need to develop a market information system that will make scheduling of production easier for farmers so that a fair and profitable price for the harvest can be obtained.
4.2 Training and Extension
4.2.1 Resources for Extension
There is a need to enlist the help of the private sector in utilizing demonstration ponds in order to make such facilities productive and thus make them more effective for extension.
There is a need to increase the use of the mass media such as the TVRI (government television network) and RRI (government radio station network) in the dissemination of extension materials.
4.2.2 Extension Workers
There is a need to continually improve the knowledge and skills of extension workers through training, seminars and new materials.
There is a need for an atmosphere of openness among the extension workers, farmers and entrepreneurs so as to encourage cooperation and develop the shrimp industry further.
There is a need to increase the role of the private sector, particularly suppliers of inputs, in providing updated information on shrimp culture to farmers and hatchery operators.
4.2.3 Producers
There is a need to improve the knowledge and skills of producers in order to increase production.
There is a need to improve the knowledge and skills in harvesting and postharvest handling in order to maintain shrimp quality for export.
There is a need to improve the dissemination of accurate market information among producers.
4.2.4 Activities
There is a need to increase the role of experts in extension activities.
There is a need to improve the mobility of extension workers in order to increase their frequency of visits in remote areas.
4.3 Research and Development
4.3.1 Commodities
Within the framework of diversification in the Indonesian shrimp industry, other species that need to be developed other than the black tiger shrimp, are:
White shrimps, Penaeus merguiensis and P. indicus
South American shrimps, P. vanamei, P. styliros tris
Greasyback shrimp, Metapenaeus ensis
Lobster, Panulirus sp.
Giant freshwater prawn, M. rosenbergii
Crayfish, Cerax sp.
4.3.2 Research Aspects
Some aspects which appear to require further studies are:
Culture status
Spawners
Fry supply
Grow-out
Feeds
Pests and diseases
Environment
Post-harvest
Marketing
Socio-economics
4.3.2 Strengthening the Research Sector
The number of research workers has to be increased and their quality improved.
There should be cooperation between government and private researchers within the country as well as with those of other countries.
With the limited availability of research funds, there is a need to tap other sources, primarily the private sector.
In order to avoid overlap in research activities, there is a need for better coordination between the existing research and development institutions.
In order to improve the flow of information from researchers to end-users, there is a need to spur publication, and improve the system of distribution, of research results.
5. CLOSING STATEMENT
The results of this Shrimp Industry Workshop is hereby compiled with the hope that it can become an input in attaining a deeper comprehension towards the development of the shrimp culture industry in Indonesia.
Jepara, 28 September 1989
Workshop Output Formulation Team
