CLASS CESTODA
SUBCLASS CESTOIDEA
SUPERORDER EUCESTODA
ORDER CARYOPHYLLIDEA
FAMILY LYTOCESTIDAE
Boviena serialis (Bovien, 1926) Fuhrmann, 1931 | (F) | |
Location: intestine | ||
Host Clarias batrachus | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Records: Velasquez 1978; Lopez 1986, 1988 | ||
Remarks: Lopez (1988) believed that this cestode was introduced along with importations of walking catfish. | ||
Lytocestus birmanicus Lynsdale, 1956 | (F) | |
Location: alimentary canal | ||
Host: Clarias batrachus | ||
Dist: Philippines | ||
Record: Velasquez 1978 | ||
Lytocestus sp. | (F) | |
Location: [intestine] | ||
Host unspecified fish | ||
Dist.: Philippines | ||
Record: Davy and Graham 1979 |
Unidentified Caryophyllidea
Caryophyllidea gen sp. | (F) | |
Location: not given | ||
Host: Clarias batrachus | ||
Dist: Philippines | ||
Record: Velasquez 1982c |
ORDER PROTEOCEPHALIDEA
FAMILY PROTEOCEPHALIDAE
Gangesia sp. | (F) | |
Location: intestine | ||
Host: Clarias macrocephalus | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Hanviriyapant 1977 |
Proteocephalus sp. | (F) | |||
Includes: | Proteocephalid larvae of Lopez 1979, 1986 | |||
Location: intestine | ||||
Hosts: | Glossogobius giuris (2,3,4) | |||
unspecified fish (1) | ||||
Dist: Luzon | ||||
Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 2. Lopez 197962, 3. 1986, 4.198863 | ||||
Remarks: Reports of Proteocephalus from the buccal cavity, esophagus and stomach are considered to be the result of post-mortem migration. |
ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA
FAMILY BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 | (F) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Aristichthys nobilis (1,3,4,5) | ||
Ctenopharyngodon idella (1,2,3) | |||
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (1,3) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1978, 2. 1982c; 3. Natividad 1987 (-); 4. Lumanlan et al. 1990, 5.199264 | |||
Remarks: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, the Asian fish tapeworm, is a well known pathogen of cyprinid fishes which was probably introduced into the Philippines with the importation of Chinese carps for aquaculture (see Lumanlan et al. 1992). Velasquez (1978) reported that this cestode caused epizootics in carp fingerlings reared at the SEAFDEC Binañgonan Experimental Station. | |||
Bothriocephalus travassosi Tubangui, 1938 | (M?) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Host Anguilla marmorata | |||
Dist: Leyte | |||
Record: Tubangui 1938 |
Bothriocephalus sp. | (F) | ||
Includes: | Bothriocephalidae gen sp. of Velasquez, 1976a | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Host Glossogobius giuris | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Records: Velasquez 1976a (-), 1978 (-), 1982c (-); Lopez 1979, 1986,198865 | |||
Remarks: Reports of Bothriocephalus from the esophagus and stomach are considered to be the result of post-mortem migration. |
FAMILY DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE
Ligula sp. plerocercoid | (F) | |
Location: [body cavity] | ||
Host: Nematabramis verecundus | ||
Dist: Mindanao | ||
Records: Velasquez 1986a (-), 1988 | ||
Remarks: Velasquez (1986a, 1988) considered Ligula sp. to be the most pathogenic cestode found in Philippine fishes. |
ORDER TETRAPHYLLIDEA
Tetraphyllidea of Uncertain Taxonomic Position
Scolex pleuronectis O. F. Müller, 1788 plerocercoid | (M) | |
Syn.: Scolex polymorphus Rudolphi, 1819 | ||
Location: intestine | ||
Host: Chanos chanos | ||
Dist.: Mindanao | ||
Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 1992 | ||
Remarks: This genus is a collective grouping for tetraphyllidean plerocercoids whose generic affinities are unknown. |
ORDER TRYPANORHYNCHA
FAMILY OTOBOTHRIIDAE
Otobothrium penetrans Linton, 1907 plerocercoid | (M) | ||
Location: musculature | |||
Hosts: | Hyporhamphus dussumieri (1,2) | ||
Platybelone sp. (1,2) | |||
Tylosurus acus acus (1,2) | |||
T. crocodilus crocodilus (1,2) | |||
Dist.: Visayan islands | |||
Records: 1. Palm et al. 1993; 2. Petersen et al. 1993 | |||
Remarks: In the above studies, host specimens were purchased from fishermen and markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte. Although the exact origin of individual host species was not determined, all fish were noted to be from the Visayan Sea. |
Unidentified Cestoda
Cestoda gen sp. | (F,M) | |||
Includes: | Unidentified tapeworms | |||
Location: intestine | ||||
Hosts: | Channa striata (3,4) | |||
Clarias batrachus (1,3,4) | ||||
Epinephelus malabaricus (6) | ||||
Glossogobius giuris (2) | ||||
Trichogaster pectoralis (3,4,5) | ||||
Dist.: Luzon | ||||
Remarks: Records of tapeworms from the buccal cavity, esophagus and stomach are considered to result from post-mortem migration. |
PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES
CLASS NEMATODA SUBCLASS ADENOPHOREA
ORDER ENOPLIDA
SUPERFAMILY TRICHUROIDEA
FAMILY CAPILLARIIDAE
Aonchotheca philippinensis | (B) | |||
(Chitwood, Velasquez and Salazar, 1968) Moravec, 1982 larva | ||||
Syn.: | Capillaria philippinensis Chitwood, Velasquez and Salazar, 1968 | |||
Location: mucosa of digestive tract, liver | ||||
Hosts: | Ambassis miops (1,2,4,5) | |||
Chonophorus melanocephalus (5) | ||||
Eleotris melanosoma (1,2,4,5) | ||||
Hypseleotris bipartita (2,3,4,5) | ||||
Poecilia reticulata (3,4,5) | ||||
Sicyopterus sp. (4,5) | ||||
Dist: Luzon | ||||
Remarks: Human intestinal capillariasis caused by Aonchotheca philippinensis is an important zoonotic disease endemic in coastal areas of northern Luzon, with cases also having been reported from Bohol, Leyte and northeastern Mindanao, (see Cross and Bhaibulaya 1983, Cross 1990, 1992; Eduardo 1991, Cross and Basaca-Sevilla 1989, 1991). Small brackishwater fishes serve as intermediate hosts, while migratory piscivorous birds are considered the natural definitive hosts. Human infections, related to the local custom of eating raw fish, may result in fatalities if untreated. Moravec (1982) transferred this species to Aonchotheca Lopez-Neyra, 1947. More recently, Anderson (1992), in a lapsus calami, placed it in the genus Calodium (R.C. Anderson, University of Guelph, pers. comm.). |
SUBCLASS SECERNENTEA
ORDER ASCARIDIDA
SUPERFAMELY ASCARIDOIDEA
FAMILY ANISAKIDAE
Anisakis sp. larva | (M) | ||
Location: body cavity, mesenteries, musculature, viscera | |||
Hosts: | Acanthopagrus berda (2) | ||
Caesio lunaris (4) | |||
Carangoides armatus (2) | |||
Caranx sp. (4) | |||
Decapterus macrosoma (2,3,4) | |||
Decapterus sp. (4) | |||
Euthynnus affinis (2,4) | |||
Lutjanus vitta (2,4) | |||
Mene maculata (2,4) | |||
Muraenesox cinereus (5) | |||
Platax orbicularis (1) | |||
Sardinella albella (4) | |||
Scomberomorus commerson (4) | |||
Selar crumenophthalmus (3,4) | |||
Selaroides leptolepsis (1,4) | |||
Sphyraena langsar (4) | |||
Stolephorus sp. (2,4) | |||
Terapon puta (2) | |||
Dist: Luzon, Visayan islands | |||
Remarks: Anisakiasis represents a potential human health threat in the Philippines due to the widespread habit of eating raw or lightly marinated fish. Although Anisakis is common in local marine fish, to date, no human infections have been reported. Also see Velasquez (1972), who reported Anisakis-type larvae from 12 species of marine fish (see listings under Anisakidae gen sp.). |
(Hypeselotris bipartita, Ambassis miops and Chonophorus melanocephalus) collected from natural waters.
Contracaecum sp. larva | (F) | |
Location: wall of pyloric caeca and intestine | ||
Host: Clarias macrocephalus | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Hanviriyapant 1977 | ||
Remarks: Also see Velasquez (1972), who reported Contracaecum-type larvae from 38 species of marine fish (see listings under Anisakidae gen sp.). | ||
Raphidascaris sp. larva | (M) | |
Location: not given | ||
Host: Epinephelus malabaricus | ||
Dist.: Philippines | ||
Record: Leong and Wong 1990 | ||
Remarks: This report is based on a finding in juvenile grouper imported to Malaysia from the Philippines. Also see Velasquez (1972), who reported Raphidascaris-type larvae from seven species of marine fish (see listings under Anisakidae gen sp). | ||
Terranova sp. larva | (M) | |
Location: viscera | ||
Host: unspecified fish | ||
Dist.: Palawan | ||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 | ||
Remarks: Schmidt and Kuntz (1969) reported that larval Terranova were present in nearly every fish examined but did not specify the species infected. As the taxonomy of the Anisakinae has undergone considerable change since the above report, the generic assignment of these larvae requires verification. |
Unidentified Anisakidae
Anisakidae gen. sp. larva | (M) | |||
Includes: | Anisalrinae gen. sp. of Velasquez, 1972 Location: musculature, viscera | |||
Hosts: | Acanthopagrus berda | |||
Acanthurus sp. | ||||
Alectis sp. | ||||
Amblygaster sirm | ||||
Apogon ellioti | ||||
Caesio lunaris | ||||
Carangoides armatus | ||||
Caranx sp. | ||||
Decapterus sp. | ||||
Eleutheronema tetradactylum | ||||
Epinephelus sp. | ||||
Euthynnus affinis | ||||
Gerres filamentosus | ||||
Lactarius lactarius | ||||
Leiognathus equulus | ||||
Leiognathus sp. | ||||
Lutjanus malabaricus | ||||
L. vitta | ||||
Megalaspis cordyla | ||||
Mene maculata | ||||
Muraenesox cinereus | ||||
Nemipterus sp. | ||||
Otolithes ruber | ||||
Oxyurichthys microlepis | ||||
Pennahia anea | ||||
Pinjalo pinjalo | ||||
Poecilia latipinna | ||||
Priacanthus tayenus | ||||
Psettodes erumei | ||||
Rastrelliger brachysoma | ||||
R. kanagurta | ||||
Sardinella albella | ||||
S. longiceps | ||||
Saurida tumbil | ||||
Scatophagus argus | ||||
Scomberomorus commerson | ||||
Selar crumenophthalmus | ||||
Selaroides leptolepsis | ||||
Sphyraena langsar | ||||
Stolephorus sp. | ||||
Synaptura sorsogonensis | ||||
Terapon jarbua | ||||
Trichiurus lepturus | ||||
“boloan” | ||||
“igat” | ||||
Dist: Luzon, Mindoro, Panay | ||||
Record: Velasquez 1972 | ||||
Remarks: Velasquez (1972), in her survey of anisakine larvae in marine fishes sold at markets in Manila and vicinity, classified the larvae found into the following types: “Anisakis-type”, “Contracaecum-type”, “Porrocaecum-type”, “Amplicaecum-type”, “Multicaecum-type”, “Raphidascaris-type” and “ascarid” larvae. |
SUPERFAMILY SEURATOIDEA
FAMILY CUCULLANIDAE
Cucullanus lutjani Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Gymnocranius griseus | ||
Lutjanus gibbus | |||
Dist.: Palawan | |||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 | |||
Oceanicucullanus pacifica Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 | (F) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Puntius binotatus | |||
Dist: Palawan | |||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 | |||
Remarks: Schmidt and Kuntz (1969) characterized the genus Oceanicucullanus as containing parasites of marine fishes. However, the host fish from which their new genus and species was described, purchased at a public market, was actually a freshwater cyprinid (see Mohsin and Ambak 1983). Arya (1991) reduced Oceanicucullanus to a subgenus of Indocucullanus; however, Moravec and Scholz (1991) retained it as an independent genus. |
Unidentified Ascaridida
Ascaridida gen sp. larva | (F) | ||
Location: buccal cavity, intestine, stomach | |||
Hosts: | Clarias macrocephalus (1) | ||
Glossogobius giuris (2,3) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Hanviriyapant 1977; 2. Lopez 197974, 3. 198875 |
ORDER SPIRURIDA
SUPERFAMILY CAMALLANOIDEA
FAMILY CAMALLANIDAE
Camallanus (Zeylanema) anabantis Pearse, 1933 | (F) | ||
Syn.: Zeylanema anabantis (Pearse, 1933) | |||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Anabas testudineus | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Velasquez 1966, 1980a | |||
Remarks: Moravec and Scholz (1991) considered Zeylanema a subgenus of Camallanus. |
Camallanus (Camallanus) carangis Olsen, 1954 | (M) | |
Location: [intestine] | ||
Host: Caranx sp. | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Velasquez 1966 |
Camallanus (Camallanus) marinus Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Atule mate | ||
Cymbacephalus nematophthalmus | |||
Gazza minuta | |||
Trichiurus lepturus | |||
Dist: Palawan | |||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 | |||
Camallanus (Camallanus) paracarangis Velasquez, 1980 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Arius sp. | ||
Caranx sp. | |||
Gazza minuta | |||
Leiognathus sp. | |||
Terapon puta | |||
Dist: Luzon, Mindoro | |||
Record: Velasquez 1980a |
Camallanus sp. | (F,M) | |||
Includes: | Zeylanema philippinensis Velasquez, 1966 nomen nudum | |||
Location: intestine | ||||
Hosts: | Apogon ellioti (1) | |||
Channa striata (3,4,5) | ||||
unspecified fish (2) | ||||
Dist: Luzon | ||||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1966 (-); 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Hopkins and Cruz 198276; 4. Quines and Paycana 1982b, 5. 1983 | ||||
Remarks: Velasquez (1966, Table 1) included the name Zeylanema philippinensis among a listing of new species of helminths described by her from Philippine fishes; however, as the species was never described nor illustrated, the name must be regarded as a nomen nudum. The records from snakehead probably involve Neocamallanus ophicephali. |
Neocamallanus ophicephali (Pearse, 1933) Moravec and Sey, 1988 | (F) | ||
Syn.: | Camallanus ophicephali Pearse, 1933 | ||
Location: stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine | |||
Hosts: | Channa striata (1,2,5,6,7,8) | ||
Clarias macrocephalus (3) | |||
unspecified fish (4) | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1966, 2. 1980a; 3. Haviriyapant 1977; 4. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 5. Calhoun 1981; 6. Boromthanarat 1982; 7. Lopez 1986, 8. 1988 | |||
Remarks: The life cycle of Neocamallanus ophicephali in the Philippines has been studied by Calhoun (1981), who found that a single intermediate host, a copepod, was necessary for its completion. Haviriyapant (1977) considered Clarias macrocephalus a possible paratenic host for this nematode, as she did not find mature specimens. Boromthanarat (1982) regarded the pyloric caeca and anterior intestine to be the typical location for this nematode. Various authors have considered the genus Neocamallanus Ali, 1957 a synonym of Camallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915. We follow Moravec and Sey (1988) in considering it valid. These authors list as junior synonyms many species described from freshwater fishes (particularly Channidae) of South and Southeast Asia. |
Procamallanus (Procamallanus) clarius Ali, 1957 | (F) | |
Location: stomach, intestine | ||
Host: Clarias batrachus | ||
Dist.: Luzon | ||
Records: Velasquez 1986a (-), 1988 (-); Lopez 1986, 1988; Natividad 1987 (-); Quines and Fernandez 1986 | ||
Remarks: Lopez (1988) suggested that Procamallanus clarius was introduced along with the importation of walking catfish. |
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) guttatusi Andrade-Salas, Pineda-Lopez and Garcia-Magaña, 1994 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Spirocamallanus philippinensis Machida and Taki, 1985 | ||
nec Spirocamallanus philippinensis Velasquez, 1980 | |||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Siganus guttatus | |||
Dist: Panay | |||
Record: Machida and Taki 1985 | |||
Remarks: As the name used by Machida and Taki (1985) was preoccupied, Andrade-Salas et al. (1994) renamed their species Procamallanus guttatusi. We follow Moravec and Sey (1988) in considering Spirocamallanus Olsen, 1952 a subgenus of Procamallanus Baylis, 1923. Machida and Taki (1985) noted that morbidity and death in captive rabbitfish were associated with heavy infection by this nematode. | |||
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) philippinensis (Velasquez, 1980) a comb. | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Spirocamallanus philippinensis Velasquez, 1980 | ||
Location: stomach, intestine | |||
Hosts: | Acanthopagrus berda | ||
Pennahia anea | |||
Sillago sihama | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Velasquez 1980a | |||
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) spiralis Baylis, 1923 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Spirocamallanus spiralis (Baylis, 1923) | ||
Location: [stomach, intestine] | |||
Hosts: | Acanthopagrus berda | ||
Acanthurus sp. | |||
Nemipterus sp. | |||
Platycephalus indicus | |||
Tylosurus sp. | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Velasquez 1966 | |||
Procamallanus sp. | (F,M) | ||
Location: stomach | |||
Hosts: | Clarias macrocephalus (1) | ||
Siganus canaliculatus (3) | |||
S. spinus (3) | |||
unspecified fish (2) | |||
Dist: Luzon, Palawan | |||
Records: 1. Anon 1975 (Luzon); 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 (Palawan) |
Unidentified Camallanidae
Camallanidae gen. sp. | (F) | |
Location: intestine | ||
Host: unspecified fish | ||
Dist: Mindanao | ||
Record: Velasquez 1986b77 |
SUPERFAMELY DRACUNCULOIDEA
FAMILY PHILOMETRIDAE
Philometra lateolabracis Yamaguti, 1935 | (M) | ||
Location: body cavity | |||
Hosts: | Cephalopholis sonnerati | ||
Pseudorhombus javanicus | |||
Dist: Palawan | |||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 | |||
Philometra robusta Moravec, Möller and Heeger, 1992 | (M) | ||
Location: body cavity | |||
Host: Arothron mappa | |||
Dist: Tawi-Tawi | |||
Record: Moravec et al. 1992 | |||
Remarks: As noted by Moravec et al. (1992), this extremely large nematode (females may be up to 45 cm in length) probably impairs the swimming ability of its host making it more susceptible to predation Tawi-Tawi Island is in the Sulu Archipelago. | |||
Philometra sp. | (F,M) | ||
Location: musculature, palate | |||
Hosts: | Clarias batrachus (1,2) | ||
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (3) | |||
Dist: Luzon, Visayan islands | |||
Records: 1. Lopez 1986 (Luzon), 2. 1988 (Luzon); 3. Petersen et al. 1993 (Visayan islands)78 |
SUPERFAMILY GNATHOSTOMATOIDEA
FAMILY GNATHOSTOMATIDAE
Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 larva | (F) | ||
Location: musculature, visceral linings | |||
Hosts: | Anabas testudineus (3,5) | ||
Channa striata (1) | |||
Clarias batrachus (3) | |||
Glossogobius giuris (1,2) | |||
Terapon plumbeus (1) | |||
unspecified fish (4,6) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Remarks: Gnathostoma spinigerum is of zoonotic importance in the Philippines (see Eduardo 1991). Life cycle studies conducted in the Philippines by Africa et al. (1936, 1937) and Rufuerzo and Garcia (1938) have confirmed that copepods act as first intermediate hosts, fish as second intermediate hosts, and mammals such as cats and dogs, as final hosts. When larvae from fish are ingested by humans, they may undergo migrations to the skin, visceral linings, mucous membranes, eye or brain, producing “creeping eruptions” (Velasquez 1974). |
SUPERFAMILY HABRONEMATOIDEA
FAMILY CYSTIDICOLIDAE
Ascarophis beryx Kataitseva, 1979 | (M) | |
Location: stomach | ||
Host: Beryx splendens | ||
Dist: Philippines | ||
Record: Kataitseva 1979b | ||
Remarks: As the name used by Kataitseva (1979b) for her new species of Ascarophis from Beryx splendens from the Philippine Sea was given only in the Cyrillic alphabet, we have transliterated it into the Latin alphabet. | ||
Ascarophis erythrichthys Kataitseva, 1981 | (M) | |
Location: stomach, body cavity | ||
Host: Dipterygonotus balteatus | ||
Dist: Philippines | ||
Record: Kataitseva 1981 | ||
Remarks: As the name used by Kataitseva (1981) for her new species of Ascarophis from Erythrichthys leucogrammicus (syn. of Dipterygonotus balteatus) from the Philippine Sea was given only in the Cyrillic alphabet, we have transliterated it into the Latin alphabet. |
Metabronema magnum (Taylor, 1925) Yorke and Maplestone, 1926 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Metabronema caranxi Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1938 | ||
Location: abdominal cavity | |||
Host: Gnathanodon speciosus | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Record: Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1938 | |||
Remarks: The synonymy follows Rasheed (1966). | |||
Metabronema polymixia Kataitseva, 1979 | (M) | ||
Location: stomach | |||
Host: Polymixia japonica | |||
Dist: Philippines | |||
Record: Kataitseva 1979a | |||
Remarks: As the name used by Kataitseva (1979a) for her new species of Metabronema from Polymixia japonica from the Philippine Sea was given only in the Cyrillic alphabet, we have transliterated it into the Latin alphabet The generic assignment of M. polymixia requires re-assessment; possibly it is an Ascarophis. | |||
Spinitectus palawanensis Schmidt and Kuntz, 1969 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Euthynnus affinis | |||
Dist: Palawan | |||
Record: Schmidt and Kuntz 1969 |
Unidentified Nematoda
Nematoda gen sp. adult and larva | (F,B,M) | ||
Location: | gills, intestine, intestinal wall, musculature, stomach | ||
Hosts: | Ambassis miops 10) | ||
Aristichthys nobilis (11) | |||
Channa striata (2,4,5) | |||
Chanos chanos (8,9) | |||
Chonophorus melanocephalus (10) | |||
Clarias batrachus (4,5) | |||
C.macrocephalus (6) | |||
Hypseleotris bipartita (10) | |||
Monopterus albus (11) | |||
Mugil sp.(11) | |||
Muraenesox cinereus (1) | |||
Pantodon buchholzi (11) | |||
Siganus guttatus (7) | |||
Sphaerichthys osphromenoides (11) | |||
Terapon jarbua (1) | |||
Trichogaster pectoralis (7) | |||
unspecified fish (3) | |||
Dist: Luzon, Palawan, Panay | |||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1972 (Luzon); 2. Anon. 1975 (Luzon); 3. Cross et al. 1978 (Luzon)81; 4. Guerrero and Paycana 1981b (Luzon); 5. Guerrero 1982 (Luzon); 6. Kabata 1985 (-); 7. Llobrera 1987 (Luzon, Panay); 8. Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 9. 1992 (Luzon, Palawan); 10. Cross and Basaca-Sevilla 1991 (Luzon); 11. Lumanlan et al. 1992 (Luzon)82 |
PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA
CLASS PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA
ORDER ECHINORHYNCHIDA
FAMILY CAVISOMIDAE
Cavisoma magnus (Southwell, 1927) Van Cleave, 1931 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Chanos chanos | |||
Dist: Mindanao | |||
Records: Regidor and Arthur 1990 (-), 1992; Arthur et al. 1995 | |||
Remarks: Arthur et al. (1995) redescribed C. magnus from Philippine sabalo. They considered the reports of unidentified acanthocephalans from adult milkfish by Velasquez (1976a, 1976b, 1977a, 1979), which were later referred to Acanthocephalus sp. by Velasquez (1984, 1986a, 1988), as likely pertaining to this species. | |||
Filisoma rizalinum Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1946 | (M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Scatophagus argus (1) | ||
unspecified fish (2) | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1946; 2. Velasquez 1988 |
FAMILY DIPLOSENTIDAE
Diplosentis amphacanthi Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1937 | (M) | |
Location: intestine | ||
Host: Siganus canaliculatus | ||
Dist: Mindanao | ||
Record: Tubangui and Masiluñgan 1937 |
FAMILY ECHINORHYNCHIDAE
Acanthocephalus sp. | (F,M) | |||
Includes: | Acanthocephala of Velasquez, 1976, 1977, 1979 | |||
Location: intestine | ||||
Hosts: | Chanos chanos (1,2,3,4,5,6,7) | |||
Clarias macrocephalus (8) | ||||
Dist: Luzon, Mindoro | ||||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1976a (-), 2. 1976b (-), 3. 1977a (-), 4. 1979 (Luzon, Mindoro), 5. 1984 (Luzon, Mindoro), 6. 1986a (Luzon, Mindoro), 7. 1988 (Luzon, Mindoro); 8. Hanviriyapant 1977 (Luzon) | ||||
Remarks: Material from adult milkfish reported only as unidentified acanthocephalans by Velasquez (1976a, 1976b, 1977a, 1979) was subsequently assigned to Acanthocephalus sp. (Velasquez 1984, 1986a, 1988). Arthur et al. (1995) believed that these reports probably involve Cavisoma magnus. |
CLASS EOACANTHOCEPHALA
ORDER GYRACANTHOCEPHALA
FAMILY QUADRIGYRIDAE
Acanthogyrus sp. | (?) | ||
Syn: Acanthosentis sp. | |||
Location: not given | |||
Host: unspecified fish | |||
Dist.: Philippines | |||
Record: Davy and Graham 1979 | |||
Remarks: Davy and Graham (1979) in their Appendix 1, listed the genus Acanthosentis as occurring in the Philippines. This report requires substantiation. | |||
Pallisentis cleatus (Van Cleave, 1928) Harada,1935 | (F) | ||
Syn: Neosentis cleatus Van Cleave, 1928 | |||
Location: intestine | |||
Host: Monopterus albus | |||
Dist: Luzon (tank-held) | |||
Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 | |||
Remarks: This report involves swamp eel, examined in Quezon City, which were imported from China for re-export to Taiwan. This acanthocephalan has not been shown to occur in natural waters of the Philippines. |
ORDER NEOECHINORHYNCHIDA
FAMILY NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE
Neoechinorhynchus octonucleatus Tubangui, 1933 | (F) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Terapon plumbeus (1) | ||
unspecified fish (2) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Tubangui 1933a83; 2. Velasquez 1988 |
Unidentified Acanthocephala
Acanthocephalà gen. sp. | (F,M) | ||
Location: intestine | |||
Hosts: | Leiocassis siamensis (2) | ||
Scatophagus argus (1) | |||
Dist: Luzon (aquarium) | |||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1976b (-); 2. Lumanlan et al. 199284 |
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
CLASS HIRUDINEA
ORDER GNATHOBDELLIDA
FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE
Piscicola sp. | (F) | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Channa striata (2,3) | ||
grouper (4,5) | |||
unspecified fish (1) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 2. Velasquez 1986a (-), 3. 1988 (-); 4. ADB/NACA 1991 (-); 5. Bondad-Reantaso 1992 |
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
CLASS PELECYPODA
SUBCLASS PALAEAHETERODENTA
ORDER UNIONIDA
FAMILY UNIONIDAE
Cristaria plicata (Leach, 1814) von Ihering, 1892 glochidia | (F) | |||
Includes: | Unionidae gen sp. glochidia of Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur, 1990 | |||
Location: gills, skin | ||||
Hosts: | Clarias batrachus (1,2) | |||
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (3) | ||||
Dist: Luzon | ||||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1986a (-)85, 2. 1988 (-); 3. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1990 | ||||
Remarks: This species is believed to have been introduced with the importation of carp from China (Bondad-Reantaso 1989). Bondad-Reantaso (1992) referred the report of unidentified unionid glochidia by Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur (1990) to this species. |
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
CLASS CRUSTACEA
SUBCLASS BRANCHIURA
ORDER ARGULOIDEA
FAMILY ARGULIDAE
Argulus indicus Weber, 1892 | (F) | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Carassius sp. (3,4) | ||
Channa striata (1,2,3,4) | |||
Oreochromis mossambicus (1,2) | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Lopez 1986, 2. 1988; 3.Velasquez 1986a (-), 4.1988 (-) |
Argulus japonicus Thiele, 1900 | (F) | |
Location: skin | ||
Host: Aristichthys nobilis | ||
Distribution: Luzon | ||
Records: Lumanlan et al. 199086, 1992 Remarks: As this report involves bighead carp examined in Quezon City which were imported from Taiwan and Thailand for aquaculture, it is probable that this parasite has become established in the Philippines. |
Argulus sp. | (F) | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Channa striata (4,8) | ||
Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,3,5) | |||
Tilapia sp. (6) | |||
eel (6) | |||
mullet (6) | |||
unspecified fish (2,7) | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Anon 1975; 2. Davy and Graham 1979 (-); 3. Guerrero 1981 (-); 4. Quines and Paycana 1983; 5. Lio-Po et al. (1983); 6. Kabata 1985 (-); 7. Llobrera 1987; 8. Natividad 1988 | |||
Remarks: Guerrero (1981) and Lio-Po et al. (1983) noted that Argulus has caused heavy mortalities of Japanese ornamental carp, Lio-Po et al. (1983) reporting that about 20% of stocks were lost |
Unidentified Branchiura
Branchiura gen sp. | (B) | |
Location: fins | ||
Host: top minnow | ||
Dist.: Panay | ||
Record: Anon 1973b |
SUBCLASS COPEPODA
ORDER CYCLOPOIDA
FAMILY LERNAEIDAE
Lamproglena monodi Capart, 1944 | (F) | ||
Syn: Lamproglena sp. of Yambot, 1996 | |||
Location: gills | |||
Host: Oreochromis niloticus niloticus | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: Yambot 1996; Yambot and Lopez 1997 | |||
Remarks: This parasite appears to have entered the Philippines with the recent importation of Nile tilapia from Africa for broodstock improvement (see Yambot and Lopez 1997). |
Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 | (F) | |||
Syn: Lernaea sp. auctorum | ||||
Location: | head embedded in eye, nostril, musculature, with body protruding externally | |||
Hosts: | Anabas testudineus (6) | |||
Carassius auratus (7,8) | ||||
Channa striata (6) | ||||
Chanos chanos (1,2,3,5) | ||||
Glossogobius biocellatus (6) | ||||
G.giuris (6) | ||||
Terapon plumbeus (6) | ||||
unspecified fish (4) | ||||
Dist.: Luzon | ||||
Remarks: This important pathogen is believed to have been introduced along with importation of an unknown host (see Velasquez 1979). Velasquez (1986a, 1988) noted that Lernaea cyprinacea has caused great economic loss to freshwater milkfish culture on Luzon. |
Lernaea lophiara Harding, 1950 | (F) | ||
Location: | head embedded in musculature with body protruding externally | ||
Hosts: | Anabas testudineus | ||
Glossogobius giuris | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Vallejo 198891 |
Lernaea sp. | (F) | ||
Location: | head embedded in musculature with body protruding externally | ||
Hosts: | Channa striata (6) | ||
Cyprinus carpio carpio (1,2) | |||
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (2) | |||
Ophieleotris aporos (7) | |||
Terapon plumbeus (7) | |||
unspecified fish (3,4,5) | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Remarks: Records of Lernaea sp. from milkfish are referred to L. cyprinacea. |
ORDER POECILOSTOMATOIDA
FAMILY BOMOLOCHIDAE
Bomolochus bellones Burmeister, 1835 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Parabomolochus bellones (Burmeister, 1835) | ||
Location: | gill chamber | ||
Hosts: | Strongylura incisa | ||
S. urvillii | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Record: Cressey and Colette 197095 |
Nothobomolochus digitatus Cressey, in Cressey and Collette, 1970 | (M) | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Hosts: | Strongylura leiura | ||
S. strongylura | |||
Dist: Panay | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 197096 |
Nothobomolochus gibber (Shiino, 1957) Vervoort, 1962 | (M) | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Hosts: | Ablennes hians | ||
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 | |||
Remarks: Yamaguti (1963b) included this species in the genus Pseudartacolax. |
FAMILY ERGASILIDAE
Ergasilus coleus Cressey, in Cressey and Collette, 1970 | (F3) | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Hosts: | Strongylura strongylura | ||
S. urvillii | |||
Dist: Culion, Mindanao | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 197097 |
Ergasilus philippinensis Velasquez, 1951 | (F) | |
Location: gills | ||
Host Glossogobius giuris | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Velasquez 1951 | ||
Ergasilus rotundicorpus Jones and Hine, 1983 | (B) | |
Location: gills | ||
Host: Siganus guttatus | ||
Dist: Panay | ||
Record: Jones and Hine 1983 | ||
Ergasilus sp. | (F) | |
Location: [gills] | ||
Host: unspecified fish | ||
Dist.: Philippines | ||
Record: Davy and Graham 1979 |
FAMILY PHYLICHTHYIDAE
Colobomatus goodingi Cressey and Collette, 1970 | (M) | ||
Location: cephalic canals of head | |||
Hosts: | Tylosurus acus melanotus | ||
T. crocodilus crocodiles | |||
Dist.: Jolo, Luzon | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 197098 |
ORDER SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA
FAMILY CALIGIDAE
Caligus epidemicus Hewitt, 1971 | (B.M) | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Chanos chanos (3,4,5,6) | ||
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (1,2,7,8) | |||
Dist: Luzon, Mindanao, Panay | |||
Records: 1. Natividad et al. 1986a (Luzon)99, 2. 1986b (Luzon, Panay); 3. Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 4. Regidor and Arthur 1986 (Luzon, Panay), 5. 1990 (-), 6. 1992 (Luzon, Mindanao); 7. Bondad-Reantaso and Arthur 1989a (-), 8. 1990 (Panay) |
Caligus patulus Wilson, 1937 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Caligus sp. of Laviña, 1977, 1978, and of Velasquez, 1979 | ||
Location: skin | |||
Host: Chanos chanos | |||
Dist: Panay | |||
Records: Laviña 1977, 1978; Velasquez 1979, 1986a, 1988; Jones 1980 | |||
Remarks: Laviña (1977, 1978) reported this copepod to be a problem in milkfish broodstock kept in canvas tanks at the SEAFDEC research station at Mag-aba, Pandan. Jones (1980) identified Caligus sp. of Laviña (1977) as C. patulus, while material reported only as “Caligue” [sic] by Velasquez (1979) was later identified as this species in Velasquez (1984, 1986a, 1988). Reports of Caligus patulus from the gills of milkfish are considered to result from displacement during host collection. |
Caligus productus Dana, 1852 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Caligus mirabilis Leigh-Sharpe, 1934 | ||
Location: skin | |||
Host: Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus | |||
Dist.: Tapul | |||
Record: Leigh-Sharpe 1934 | |||
Remarks: The location for this record, given as Kapul Island by Leigh-Sharpe (1934), is probably Tapul Island, Sulu Archipelago. The synonomy follows Cressey (1991). |
Caligus robustus Bassett-Smith, 1898 | (M) | ||
Location: [skin] | |||
Hosts: | Alectis sp. | ||
Caranx sexfasciatus | |||
Dist.: Philippines | |||
Record: Cressey 1991100 |
Caligus tylosuri (Rangnekar, 1956) Pillai, 1961 | (M) | ||
Location: [skin] | |||
Hosts: | Tylosurus acus melanotus | ||
T. crocodilus crocodilus | |||
Dist.: Leyte, Luzon | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 |
Caligus sp. | (B) | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Mugil cephalus (1) | ||
Scatophagus argus (3,4) | |||
Siganus guttatus (2) | |||
Strongylura incisa (5) | |||
S. urvillii (5) | |||
Dist.: Panay, Verde | |||
Records: 1. Baticados and Quinitio 1984 (Panay); 2. Llobrera 1987 (Panay); 3. Cruz 1988 (Panay); 4. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 (Panay); 5. Cressey and Collette 1970 (Verde)101 | |||
Remarks of Caligus sp. from the gills are considered to result from displacement during host capture and transport. |
Caligodes laciniatus (Krøyer, 1863) Heller, 1865 | (M) | ||
Location: skin, generally attached beneath oral valve | |||
Hosts: | Strongylura leiura | ||
Tylosurus acus melanotus | |||
T. crocodilus crocodilus | |||
Dist: Philippines | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 |
Unidentified Caligidae
Caligidae gen sp. | (M) | |
Location: [skin] | ||
Host: Dischistodus fasciatus | ||
Dist.: Sanguisiapo | ||
Record: Leigh-Sharpe 1934 | ||
Remarks: Sanguisiapo Island is in the Sulu Archipelago. |
FAMILY HATSCHEKIIDAE
Hatschekia tennis (Heller, 1865) Wilson, 1922 | (M) | ||
Syn: | Clavella tennis Heller, 1865 | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Host: Monocentris sp. | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Record: Heller 1865102 |
FAMILY LERNANTHROPIDAE
Lernanthropus belones Krøyer, 1863 | (M) | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Hosts: | Strongylura incisa | ||
S. strongylura | |||
Dist.: Philippines | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 |
Lernanthropus musca Blainville, 1822 | (M) | |
Location: skin | ||
Host: Arothron manilensis | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Blainville 1822 |
Lernanthropus tylosuri Richiardi, 1880 | (M) | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Hosts: | Ablennes hians | ||
Strongylura leiura | |||
S. urvillii | |||
Tylosurus acus melanotus | |||
T. crocodilus crocodilus | |||
T. punctulatus | |||
Dist: Culion, Luzon | |||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970103 |
FAMILY PENNELLIDAE
Lernaeenicus sp. | (M) | |
Location: base of pectoral fin | ||
Host Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus | ||
Dist: Luzon | ||
Record: Cressey and Collette 1970 |
Pennella sagitta (Linnaeus, 1768) Oken, 1816 | (M) | ||
Syn: | Lerneopenna brachiata Blainville, 1822 | ||
Location: | head embedded in musculature with body protruding externally | ||
Host: Arothron manilensis | |||
Dist: Luzon | |||
Record: Blainville 1822 |
Unidentified Copepoda
Copepoda gen sp. | (F) | |
Location: gills | ||
Host Aristichthys nobilis | ||
Dist: Philippines | ||
Record: Lumanlan et al. 1992 104 |
SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA
ORDER ISOPODA
SUBORDER FLABELLIFERA
Alitropus typicus Edwards, 1840 | (F,B) | ||
Syn.: Rocinela typicus (Edwards, 1840) | |||
Location: [gill cavity, skin] | |||
Hosts: | Chanos chanos (1,2,3,4) | ||
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (6) | |||
unspecified fish (5) | |||
Dist.: Luzon, Panay | |||
Records: 1. Velasquez 1977a (Panay), 2. 1979 (Panay), 3. 1986a (Panay), 4. 1988 (Panay); 5. Davy and Graham 1979 (-)105; 6. Del Mundo et al. 1996 (Luzon) | |||
Remarks: Velasquez (1977a, 1986a, 1988) noted that mass infestation of milkfish by Alitropus typicus caused great mortalities in Iloilo fishponds in 1968. More recently, Del Mundo et al. (1996) reported that Nile tilapia cultured in net-cages at Talisay, Bantangas suffered mortalities of 40–80% due to this isopod, while only 5% of juvenile tilapia reared at Taal Lake survived infection Although Velasquez (1979, 1984), in a rather ambiguous fashion, initially mentioned the genus Ichthyoxenous, as well as Rocinella typicus, she subsequently (Velasquez 1986a, 1988) referred only to R. typicus as the cause of milkfish mortalities. |
FAMILY CYMOTHOIDAE
Anilocra dimidiata Bleeker, 1857 | (M) | |
Location: nuchal region | ||
Host: Scolopsis sp. | ||
Dist.: Bohol, Burias, Luzon | ||
Record: Richardson 1910 | ||
Remarks: Burias Island is located off southwestern Luzon Island. |
Cymothoa eremita (Brünnich, 1783) Fabricius, 1793 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Cymothoa stromatei Bleeker, 1857 | ||
Location: mouth, skin | |||
Hosts: | Xyrichtys sp. | ||
unspecified fish | |||
Dist.: Bubuan, Panay | |||
Record: Richardson 1910 | |||
Remarks: The synonomy follows Trilles (1991). The specimens from Bubuan Island were noted to have been taken from a barracuda-like fish. |
Elthusa propinqua (Richardson, 1904) Bruce, 1990 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Livoneca propinqua Richardson, 1904 | ||
Location: [gills] | |||
Host: unspecified fish | |||
Dist.: Sombrero | |||
Record: Richardson 1910 106 | |||
Remarks: The synonomy follows Bruce (1990).Sombrero Island is located off Maricaban, Batangas, Luzon Island. |
Renocila richardsonae Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 1992 | (M) | ||
Syn.: | Renocila ovata of Richardson, 1910 | ||
Location: skin | |||
Hosts: | Parupeneus macronema (2) | ||
snapper (1,2) | |||
Dist.: Bubuan, Jolo | |||
Records: 1. Richardson 1910 (Bubuan); 2. Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1992 (Bubuan, Jolo) | |||
Remarks: Bubuan and Jolo islands are in the Sulu Archipelago. Richardson (1910) reported this species as Renocila ovata from the tail of an unidentified snapper. Her specimen was among those used by Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1992) to describe R. richardsonae. They noted that the specimens from Jolo Island were probably from the long-barbel goatfish, Parupeneus macronema) 107 Original information accompanying this material gave the host as Pseudupeneus macronema (a synonym of Parupeneus macronema). The synonymy follows Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1992). |
FAMILY GNATHIIDAE
Gnathiidae gen. sp. larva | (F,B) | ||
Location: buccal cavity | |||
Hosts: | Chanos chanos (2,3,4,5) | ||
Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (1) | |||
Dist.: Luzon | |||
Records: 1. Natividad et al. 1986b; 2. Regidor et al. 1986 (-); 3. Regidor and Arthur 1986, 4. 1990 (-), 5.1992 | |||
Remarks: Although these isopods were listed as occurring on the skin and gills, their true location is probably the buccal cavity (F. Rafi, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, pers. comm.). |
Unidentified Isopods
Isopoda gen. sp. | (F,B) | ||
Location: buccal cavity, gills, skin | |||
Hosts: | Chanos chanos (1,2) | ||
Scatophagus argus (3) | |||
Dist.: Luzon, Panay | |||
Records: 1. Ronquillo and Caces-Borja 1968 (Luzon); 2. Anon 1973b (Panay); 3. Lio-Po and Barry 1988 (Panay) | |||
Remarks: Ronquillo and Caces-Borja (1968) ambiguously noted that other fishes such as Gerres, eels , slipmouths, mullets, tilapia, gobies and tarpons were also infected with isopods Kabata (1985) listed thse same hosts when discussing Alitropus typicus |
63 The report of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract
65 The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract
66 The report of Lopez (1979) was given as “cysticercoid larvae.”
68 The records of Cabrera et al. (1969) are based on the finding of eggs only.
70 The records of Cross and Bhaibulaya (1983) are based on experimental infections.
75 The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract
76 The record of Hopkins and Cruz (1982) involves a tentative parasite identification.
85 The records of Velasquez (1986a, 1988) are for experimentally infected walking catfish
88The record of Vallejo (1988) for Anabas testudineus involves an experimental infection.
91The report of this copepod from Anabas testudineus involves an experimental infection,
94The report of Vallejo (1988) was given as “Lernaea sp. of lophiara Harding.”
106Richardson (1910) noted that this species was collected from a macrurid fish.