HOST-PARASITE LIST

CLASS ACTINOPTERYGII

ORDER OSTEOGLOSSIFORMES

SUBORDER OSTEOGLOSSOIDEI

FAMILY PANTODONTIDAE

Pantodon buchholzi				freshwater butterflyfish
		Peters		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Myxozoa
			Myxidium sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Digenea
			Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Nematoda
			Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Africa, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

ORDER ELOPIFORMES

FAMILY MEGALOPIDAE

Megalops cyprinoides				IndoPacific tarpon
		(Broussonet)		buan-buan
	Status: native
	Environment: marine, brackish water, fresh water
		Digenea
			Transversotrema patialense (Luzon)
	Remarks: A catadromous species; adults are only found at sea, while young inhabit river mouths,inner bays and mangrove forests (Froese and Pauly 1996).

ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES

SUBORDER ANGUILLOIDEI

FAMILY ANGUILLIDAE

Anguilla bicolor pacifica Schmidt				(-)
	Status: native			(-)
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
		Microspora
			Pleistophora anguillarum (-)
	Remarks: This catadromous species was noted by Froese and Pauly (1996) as having an Indo-Pacific distribution, but not reported from the Philippines. However, Herre (1953) listed it as occurring in the country.

Anguilla celebensis Kaup				Celebes longfin eel
	Status: native			(-)
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
		Microspora
			Pleistophora anguillarum (-)
	Remarks: The Celebes longfin eel is catadromous.

Anguilla marmorata				giant mottled eel
		Quoy and Gaimard		igat, palos
		Syn.: Anguilla mauritiana Bennett
	Status: native
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
		Digenea
			Galactosomum anguillarum ¹⁰⁸metacercaria? (Leyte)
		Cestoda
			Bothriocephalus travassosi (Leyte)
	Remarks: The giant mottled eel is catadromous.

Anguilla sp.				eel
	Status: unknown			igat
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius sp. (Luzon)

“eel”or“igat”
Status: unknown
Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
	Nematoda
		Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
	Branchiura
		Argulus sp. (-)

SUBORDER CONGEROIDEI

FAMILY MURAENESOCIDAE

Muraenesox cinereus				daggertooth pike conger
	(Forsskäl)			pindanga
	Status: native
	Environment: marine, brackish water, occasionally fresh water
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
			Anisakis sp. larva (Visayan islands)
			Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon)
	Remarks: This marine species is reported also to occur in estuaries and sometimes fresh water.

ORDER CLUPEIFORMES

FAMILY CLUPEIDAE

Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum)				spotted sardinella
		Syn.: Sardinella sirm (Walbaum)		tambang bato, tonsoy
	Status: native
	Environment: marine
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)

Anodontostoma chacunda				chacunda gizzard shad
		(Hamilton)		kabasi
	Status: native
	Environment: marine, brackish water
		Digenea
			Gyliauchen papillatus (Palawan)
			Transversotrema patialense (Luzon)

Herklotsichthys dispilonotus				blacksaddle herring
		(Bleeker)		tambang-bato
		Syn.: Harengula dispilonotus Bleeker
	Status: native
	Environment: marine
		Digenea
			Aphanurus stossichi (Palawan)

Sardinella albella				white sardinella
		(Valenciennes)		bagasbas, halobaybay¹⁰⁹
		Syn.: Sardinella perforata (Cantor)
	Status: native
	Environment: marine
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
			Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon)

Sardinella longiceps				Indian oil sardine
		Valenciennes		tamban¹¹⁰
	Status: exotic?
	Environment: marine
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
	Remarks: The above record may involve a host misidentification. Froese and Pauly (1996) note that the range of this species probably does not extend into Philippine waters and that records from the Philippines likely pertain to the Bali sardinella (S. lemuru Bleeker).

FAMILY ENGRAULIDAE

Stolephorus commerson				Commerson's anchovy
		(Lacépède)		dilis¹¹¹
	Status: native
	Environment: marine, brackish water
		Digenea
			Hexangium sigani (Palawan)

Stolephorus sp.				anchovy
	Status: native			dilis
	Environment: marine
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon) Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon)
			Anisakis sp. larva (Luzon)

ORDER GONORYNCHIFORMES

FAMILY CHANIDAE

Chanos chanos (Forsskäl)				milkfish
	Status: native			bangos¹¹²
	Environment: marine, brackish water
		Ciliophora
			Ambiphyra sp. (-)
			Apiosoma sp. (Luzon)
			Riboscyphidia sp (Luzon, Mindanao, Panay)
			Trichodina sp.(Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Panay)
			? Trichodinella sp. (Luzon)
			Tripartiella sp. (Luzon)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia branchialis (Luzon)
			Cryptobia sp . (Luzon)
			Dinoflagellida gen. sp. (Panay)
		Myxozoa
			Ceratomyxa sp. (Luzon)
			Leptotheca sp. (Luzon)
		Digenea
			Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria (Luzon, Panay)
			Digenea gen. sp. (Mindanao)
			Genolinea awa (Mindanao)
			Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon)
			Heterophyopsis expectans metacercaria (Luzon)
			Isorchis parvus (Luzon)
			Posthodiplostomum grayi metacercaria (-)
			Procerovum calderoni metacercaria (Luzon &/or Mindanao)
			Transversotrema patialense (Luzon)
		Monogenea
			Monogenea gen. sp. (Panay)
		Cestoda
			Scolex pleuronectis plerocercoid (Mindanao)
		Nematoda
			Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon, Palawan)
		Acanthocephala
			Acanthocephalus sp. (Luzon, Mindoro)
			Cavisoma magnus (Mindanao)
		Copepoda
			Caligus epidemicus (Luzon, Mindanao, Panay)
			C. patulus (Panay)
			Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon)
		Isopoda
			Alitropus typicus (Panay)
			Gnathiidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
			Isopoda gen. sp. (Luzon, Panay)
	Remarks: A marine species entering rivers and lakes (Herre 1953), milkfish are also cultured in freshwater pens on Luzon Island.

ORDER CYPRINIFORMES

FAMILY CYPRINIDAE

Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson)				bighead carp
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Apiosoma sp. (Luzon)
			Chilodonella sp . (Luzon)
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon)
			Trichodina heterodentata (Luzon)
			T. nigra (Luzon)
			T. nobillis (Luzon)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon)
			Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon)
			Tripartiella tilapiae (Luzon)
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon)
			Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon)
		Myxozoa
			Myxidium sp. (Luzon)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
		Cestoda
			Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Luzon)
		Nematoda
			Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon)
		Branchiura
			Argulus japonicus (Luzon)
		Copepoda
			Copepoda gen. sp. (-)
	Remarks: Native to China and eastern Siberia, this species was imported from Taiwan in 1968 for aquaculture. It is maintained only through artificial reproduction (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)				goldfish
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Apicomplexa
			Goussia carpelli (Luzon - aquarium)
	Ciliophora
			Apiosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina reticulata (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon - aquarium)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Myxozoa
			Myxobolus pavlovskii (Luzon - aquarium)
			Myxobolus sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Digenea
			Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Copepoda
			Lernaea cyprinacea (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to central Asia and China, goldfish were introduced for culture for the aquarium fish trade . Herre (1953) noted that this species has become established in the Trinidad River, near Bagio, Luzon Island, as a result of stocking by a Japanese gardener.

Carassius carassius (Linnaeus)				crucian carp
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: freshwater
		Ciliophora
			Chilodonella sp. (Luzon)
			Epistylis sp. (Luzon)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon)
		Digenea
			Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
			Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon)
	Remarks: Crucian carp were introduced into the natural waters of the Philippines in 1964 via importation from Japan (Froese and Pauly 1996).,

Carassius sp.				(-)
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
			Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon)
		Branchiura
			Argulus indicus (-)

Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)				mrigala
		Syn.: Cirrhina mrigala Valenciennes		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp . (Luzon)
	Remarks: Native to South Asia, mrigal were introduced from India in 1967 for culture and are maintained only by artificial reproduction (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Ctenopharyngodon idella				grass carp
		(Valenciennes)		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Trichodina acuta (Luzon)
			T. heterodentata (Luzon)
			T. kupermani (Luzon)
			T. nigra (Luzon)
			T. nobillis (Luzon)
			Trichodinella epizootica (Luzon)
			Tripartiella tilapiae (Luzon)
		Myxozoa
			Chloromyxum ellipticum (Luzon)
			Myxidium sp. (Luzon)
			Myxobolus artus (Luzon)
		Cestoda
			Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Luzon)
	Remarks: Native to China and eastern Siberia, grass carp were imported from China in 1964 for aquaculture and are maintained only by artificial breeding (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Cyprinus carpio carpio Linnaeus				common carp
		Syn.: Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus		karpa¹¹³
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon)
			Trichodina acuta (Luzon)
			T. heterodentata (Luzon)
			T. mutabilis (Luzon)
			T. nigra (Luzon)
			T. nobillis (Luzon)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon)
			Trichodinella carpi (Luzon)
			T. epizootica (Luzon)
			Trichodinella sp. (Luzon)
		Myxozoa
			Myxobolus artus (Luzon)
			M.koi (Luzon)
			M. pavlovskii (Luzon)
			Thelohanellus nikolskii (Luzon)
		Digenea
			Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
			Gyrodactylus sp. (Luzon)
			Monogenea gen. sp. (-)
		Branchiura
			Argulus sp. (Luzon)
		Copepoda
			Lernaea sp. (Luzon)
	Remarks: Common carp, first introduced into the Philippines in 1910 and 1915 from China and Hongkong, are now widely distributed in natural waters (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Cyprinus sp				Japanese ornamental carp,
	Status: exotic			fancy carp
	Habitat: fresh water			(-)
		Ciliophora
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Mastigophora
			Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium)

Epalzeorhynchos bicolor		redtail sharkminnow
	(Smith)	(-)
	Syn.: Labeo bicolor Smith

Status: exotic			fancy carp
Environment: fresh water
	Digenea
		Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria (Luzon - aquarium)
Remarks: Native to Thailand, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

Epalzeorhynchos frenatum				rainbow
		(Fowler)		sharkminnow
		Syn.: Labeo frenatus Fowler		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Chilodonella sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Digenea
			Digenea gen. sp. metacercaria (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Thailand and adjacent countries, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix				silver carp
		(Valenciennes)		(-)
		Syn.: Labeofrenatus Fowler		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Myxozoa
			Myxobolus ellipsoides (Luzon)
			M. pavlovskii (Luzon)
		Cestada
			Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Luzon)
		Copepoda
			Lernaea sp. (Luzon)
		Remarks: Native to China and eastern Siberia, silver carp were introduced in 1964 and 1968 from China and Taiwan for aquaculture. Populations are maintained only by artificial reproduction (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Mylopharyngodon piceus				black carp
		(Richardson)		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon)
			Ichthyobodo sp. (Luzon)
		Myxozoa
			Myxobolus sp. (Luzon)
	Remarks: Native to East Asia, black carp were recently introduced for aquaculture purposes.

Nematabramis verecundas Herré				(-)
	Status: native			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Cestoda
			Ligula sp. plerocercoid (Mindanao)
	Remarks: Native to East Asia, black carp were recently introduced for aquaculture purposes.

Puntius binotatus (Valenciennes)				spotted barb
	Status: native			pait
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Didymozoidae gen. sp. (Palawan)¹¹⁴
			Haplorchis pumilio metacercaria (Mindanao)
			H. taichui metacercaria (Luzon &/or Mindanao)
		Nematoda
			Oceanicucullanus pacifica (Palawan)

Puntius manalak (Herre)				giant barb¹¹⁵
	Status: native			manalak
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Procerovum sp. metacercaria (Mindanao)
	Remarks: The giant barb is endemic to Lake Lanao, Mindanao (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Puntius tetrazona (Bleeker)				Sumatra barb
		Syn.: Capoeta tetrazona Bleeker		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Remarks: A Southeast Asian species occurring from Myanmar to Borneo, the Sumatra barb does not occur in the natural waters of the Philippines.

Rasbora kalochroma (Bleeker)				clown rasbora
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Apiosoma sp . (Luzon - aquarium)
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, this aquarium fish does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

Spratellicypris palata (Herre)				narrow barb¹¹⁶
		Syn.: Puntius palata (Herre)		manobud, palata¹¹⁷
	Status:native
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Haplorchis taichui metacercaria (Mindanao)
		Remarks: The narrow barb is endemic to Lake Lanao, Dansalan, Mindanao Island (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Tanichthys albonubes Lin				white cloud
	Status: native			mountain, minnow
	Environment: fresh water			(-)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp . (Luzon -aquarium)
		Ciliophora
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon -aquarium) (Luzon -aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to southern China, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

FAMILY COBITIDAE

Acanthophthalmus semicinctus				half banded loach
		Fraser-Bunner¹¹⁸		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Mastigophora
			Trypanosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, this tropical aquarium fish does not occur in Philippine natural waters.
	Some authorities consider Acanthophthalmus semicinctus a synonym of A. kuhlii (Valenciennes) (Eschmeyer et al. 1996).

Botia macracanthus (Bleeker)				clown loach
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			I Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
		Myxozoa
			Chloromyxum sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Sumatra and Borneo, this aquarium species does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

ORDER CHARACIFORMES

FAMILY CHARACIDAE

Moenkhausia collettii Steindachner				Collett's tetra
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Habitat: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Apiosoma sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Remarks: An aquarium fish native to South America, Collett's tetra does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

Paracheirodon simulans (Gery)				green neon tetra
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
			Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to northern South America, this aquarium fish does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

ORDER SILURIFORMES

FAMILY BAGRIDAE

Leiocassis siamensis				Asian bumblebee catfish
		Regan		(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Mastigophora
			Hexamita sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Myxozoa
			Chloromyxum sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Acanthocephala
			Ancylodiscoidinae gen. sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Laos, Thailand and Cambodia, this aquarium fish does not occur in Philippine natural waters.

FAMILY PANGASIDAE

Pangasius sutchi Fowler				sutchi catfish
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
			Trichodina sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
		Monogenea
			Silurodiscoides sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to the Mekong River area of Southeast Asia, the sutchi catfish was imported from Thailand in 1978 for aquaculture. It is maintained, by artificial reproduction and has not become established in natural waters (Froese and Pauly 1996).

FAMILY CLARIIDAE

Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus)				walking catfish
	Status: native			hito¹¹⁹
	Environment: fresh water
		Myxozoa
			Henneguya sp. (Luzon)
			Myxobolus sp. (Luzon)
		Digenea
			Clinostomoides brieni metacercaria (Luzon)
			Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon)
			Gauhatiana batrachii (Luzon)
			Haplorchis yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon)
			Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria (Luzon)
			Opegaster minima (Luzon)
			Orientocreadium batrachoides (Luzon)
			Phyllodistomum sp. (Luzon)
			Posthodiplostomum grayi metacercaria (-)
		Monogenea
			Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon)
			? Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
			Gyrodactylus s sp. (Luzon)
			Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon)
		Cestoda
			Boviena serialis (Luzon)
			Caryophyllidea gen. sp. (-)
			Cestoda gen. sp. (Luzon)
			Lytocestus birmanicus (-)
		Nematoda
			Gnathostoma spinigerum larva (Luzon - experimental?)
			Nematoda gen. sp. (Luzon)
			Philometra sp. (Luzon)
			Procamallanus (Procamallanus) clarius (Luzon)
		Mollusca
		Cristaria plicata (-)

Clarias macrocephalus				freshwater catfish
		(Günther)		(-)
	Status: native
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Clinostomidae gen. sp. (-)
			Clinostomoides brieni metacercaria (Luzon)
			Digenea gen. sp. (Luzon)
			Orientocreadium batrachoides metacercaria (Luzon - experimental)
			O. batrachoides (Luzon)
		Monogenea
			Ancyrocephalinae gen. sp. (Luzon)
			? Dactylogyrus sp. (-)
			Gyrodactylu s sp. (Luzon)
		Cestoda
			Gangesia sp. (Luzon)
		Nematoda
			Ascaridida gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
			Contracaecum sp. larva (Luzon)
			Nematoda gen. sp. (-)
			Neocamallanus ophicephali (Luzon)
			Procamallanus sp. (Luzon)
		Acanthocephala
			Acanthocephalus sp. (Luzon)

“catfish”
	Monogenea
		Dactylogyrus sp. (Luzon)
		Monogenea gen. sp. (Luzon)

FAMILY ARIIDAE

Arius manillensis				Manila catfish¹²⁰
		(Valenciennes)		Manila kanduli
	Status: native
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Haplorchis taichui metacercaria (Luzon)
			H. yokogawai metacercaria (Luzon)
			Neodiplostomum sp. metacercaria (Luzon)
			Opegaster minima (Luzon)
			Posthodiplostomum grayi metacercaria (-)
			Stictodora manilensis metacercaria (Luzon)
	Remarks: The Manila catfish is not listed by Froese and Pauly (1996). According to Herre (1953), it is known only from the area of Luzon Island around Manila.

Arius sp.				sea catfish
	Status: native			kanduli
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water, marine
		Nematoda
			Camallanus (Camallanus) paracarangis (Luzon &/or Mindoro)

Netuma thalassina (Rüppell)				giant catfish
		Syn.: Arius thalassinus (Rüppell)		kanduling-dagat
	Status: native
	Environment: fresh water
		Digenea
			Elongoparorchis pneumatis (Palawan)
			Monodhelmis torpedinis (Luzon)
			Remarks: The status of this species in the Philippines requires clarification. Although Herre (1953) noted it to be the commonest Philippine ariid catfish, Froese and Pauly (1996) reported that it does not occur in Philippine waters.

FAMILY PLOTOSIDAE

Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg)				striped eel catfish
		Syn.: Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch)		kanduli¹²¹
	Status: native
	Environment: marine
		Myxozoa
			Coccomyxa hoffmani (-)
			Septemcapsula yasunagai (-)
		Monogenea
			Gyrodactylus plotosi (-)
	Remarks: The status of this species in the Philippines requires clarification. Although Herre (1953) noted it to be the commonest Philippine ariid catfish, Froese and Pauly (1996) reported that it does not occur in Philippine waters.

ORDER AULOPIFORMES

SUBORDER ALEPISAUROIDEI

FAMILY SYNODONTIDAE

Saurida tumbil (Bloch)				greater lizardfish
	Status: native			kalaso, uting bondo
	Environment: marine
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)

ORDER ATHERINIFORMES

FAMILY ATHERINIDAE

Atherina balabacensis Seale				silverside¹²²
		Syn.: Hepsetia balabacensis Seale		guno
	Status: native
	Environment: fresh water; brackish water, marine
		Digenea
			Centrocestus sp. metacercaria (Luzon)
			Heterophyopsis expectans metacercaria (Luzon)
			Procerovum calderoni metacercaria (Luzon)
			Stictodora guerreroi metacercaria (Luzon)
			S. manilensis metacercaria (Luzon)
	Remarks: This species is not listed by Froese and Pauly (1996); the host synonymy follows Eschmeyer et al. (1996).

ORDER CYPRINODONTIFORMES

FAMILY POECILIIDAE

Poecilia latipinna (Lesueur)				sailfin molly
		Syn.: Mollienesia latipinna Lesueur		bubuntis
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water, brackish water
		Digenea
			Procerovum calderoni metacercaria (Luzon, Mindanao?)
			P. varium metacercaria (Luzon)
			Transversotrema patialense (Luzon)
		Nematoda
			Anisakidae gen. sp. larva (Luzon)
	Remarks: According to Natividad (1987), Poecilia latipinna was introduced from Hawaii in 1914, while Froese and Pauly (1996) record it as having been introduced from Mexico (year unknown) for mosquito control. It is now self-sustaining in natural waters.
	The synonymy is provided by Eschmeyer et al. (1996).

Poecilia reticulata Peters				guppy
	Status: exotic			(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Mastigophora
			Cryptobia sp . (Luzon-aquarium)
		Nematoda
			Aonchotheca philippinensis larva (Luzon)
	Remarks: A South American species introduced from Hawaii in 1905 for mosquito control, the guppy is now found throughout the country (Froese and Pauly 1996).

Xiphophorus maculatus					southern platyfish
		(Günther)			(-)
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Luzon - aquarium)
		Mastigophora
				Hexamita sp. (Luzon - aquarium)
	Remarks: Native to Central America, this aquarium species is not known to occur in Philippine natural waters.

Xiphophorus sp.					swordtail
	Status: exotic					(-)
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
				(Luzon - aquarium)

	“top minnow”
	Status: exotic
	Environment: fresh water
		Ciliophora
			Trichodina sp. (Panay)
		Branchiura
			Branchiura gen. sp. (Panay)

¹⁰⁸ Species inquirenda.

¹⁰⁹ Additional Tagalog common names include “lapid” and “tambang lapid.”

¹¹⁰ Additional Tagalog common names include “tamban siya” and “turay.”

¹¹¹ Additional Tagalog common names include “bulinao,” “matalos” and “tuwankang.”

¹¹² Additional Tagalog common names include “banglis,” “bangris,” “garongin,” “hatirin,” “lumulukso,” “kawag-kawag” and “sabalo.”

¹¹³ The common name comes from the Visayan dialect

¹¹⁴ Possible host misidentification.

¹¹⁵ The English common name is provided by Herre and Umali (1948).

¹¹⁶ The English common name is provided by Herre and Umali (1948).

¹¹⁷The common names come from the Maranao, Salmal and Tao Sug dialects.

¹¹⁸ The spelling of the genus name follows Eschmeyer et al. (1996).

¹¹⁹ Additional Tagalog common names include “hitong batukan” and “pantat”

¹²⁰ The English common name is provided by Herre (19S3).

¹²¹ Additional Tagalog common names include “i-ito,” “patuna” and “sumbilang.”

¹²² The English common name is provided by Herre and Umali (1948).