PARASITE-HOST LIST (Cont.)

CLASS CESTODA

SUBCLASS CESTOIDEA

SUPERORDER EUCESTODA

ORDER CARYOPHYLLIDEA

FAMILY LYTOCESTIDAE

Unidentified Caryophyllidea

ORDER PROTEOCEPHALIDEA

FAMILY PROTEOCEPHALIDAE

ORDER PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA

FAMILY BOTHRIOCEPHALIDAE

FAMILY DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE

ORDER TETRAPHYLLIDEA

Tetraphyllidea of Uncertain Taxonomic Position

ORDER TRYPANORHYNCHA

FAMILY OTOBOTHRIIDAE

Unidentified Cestoda

PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES

CLASS NEMATODA SUBCLASS ADENOPHOREA

ORDER ENOPLIDA

SUPERFAMILY TRICHUROIDEA

FAMILY CAPILLARIIDAE

SUBCLASS SECERNENTEA

ORDER ASCARIDIDA

SUPERFAMELY ASCARIDOIDEA

FAMILY ANISAKIDAE

(Hypeselotris bipartita, Ambassis miops and Chonophorus melanocephalus) collected from natural waters.

Unidentified Anisakidae

SUPERFAMILY SEURATOIDEA

FAMILY CUCULLANIDAE

Unidentified Ascaridida

ORDER SPIRURIDA

SUPERFAMILY CAMALLANOIDEA

FAMILY CAMALLANIDAE

Unidentified Camallanidae

SUPERFAMELY DRACUNCULOIDEA

FAMILY PHILOMETRIDAE

SUPERFAMILY GNATHOSTOMATOIDEA

FAMILY GNATHOSTOMATIDAE

SUPERFAMILY HABRONEMATOIDEA

FAMILY CYSTIDICOLIDAE

Unidentified Nematoda

PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA

CLASS PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA

ORDER ECHINORHYNCHIDA

FAMILY CAVISOMIDAE

FAMILY DIPLOSENTIDAE

FAMILY ECHINORHYNCHIDAE

CLASS EOACANTHOCEPHALA

ORDER GYRACANTHOCEPHALA

FAMILY QUADRIGYRIDAE

ORDER NEOECHINORHYNCHIDA

FAMILY NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE

Unidentified Acanthocephala

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

CLASS HIRUDINEA

ORDER GNATHOBDELLIDA

FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

CLASS PELECYPODA

SUBCLASS PALAEAHETERODENTA

ORDER UNIONIDA

FAMILY UNIONIDAE

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

CLASS CRUSTACEA

SUBCLASS BRANCHIURA

ORDER ARGULOIDEA

FAMILY ARGULIDAE

Unidentified Branchiura

SUBCLASS COPEPODA

ORDER CYCLOPOIDA

FAMILY LERNAEIDAE

ORDER POECILOSTOMATOIDA

FAMILY BOMOLOCHIDAE

FAMILY ERGASILIDAE

FAMILY PHYLICHTHYIDAE

ORDER SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA

FAMILY CALIGIDAE

Unidentified Caligidae

FAMILY HATSCHEKIIDAE

FAMILY LERNANTHROPIDAE

FAMILY PENNELLIDAE

Unidentified Copepoda

SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA

ORDER ISOPODA

SUBORDER FLABELLIFERA

FAMILY CYMOTHOIDAE

FAMILY GNATHIIDAE

Unidentified Isopods

⁶² Material reported as “proteocephalid larvae” by Lopez (1979, 1986) was subsequently listed as Proteocephalis [sic] larva by Lopez (1988).

⁶³ The report of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract

⁶⁴ The record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves bighead carp imported from Thailand for aquaculture which were examined in Quezon City. In a preliminary abstract in which the host was not given, this material was mentioned only as belonging to the genus Bothriocephalus (Lumanlan et al 1990).

⁶⁵ The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract

⁶⁶ The report of Lopez (1979) was given as “cysticercoid larvae.”

⁶⁷ Leong and Wong (1990) reported unidentified metacestodes in juvenile grouper imported to Malaysia from the Philippines.

⁶⁸ The records of Cabrera et al. (1969) are based on the finding of eggs only.

⁶⁹ Cross et al. (1972) reported finding Apogon sp. naturally infected with a larval capillariid which was in all probability Anochotheca philippinensis. These authors were also able to infect Apogon sp., Eleotris melanosoma and Ambassis commersoni experimentally. Their identification of Apogon sp. was later corrected to Hypeselotris bipartita (Cross et al. 1978), while A. commersoni was later corrected to A. miops (Cross and Bhaibulaya 1983).

⁷⁰ The records of Cross and Bhaibulaya (1983) are based on experimental infections.

⁷¹ Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1991) established experimental infections in six species of fish obtained from lagoons in northern Luzon. They also isolated Capillaria-like larvae in three of these species

⁷² The records of Jueco et al. (1971) from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) and bigeye scad (Selar crumenopthalmus) were for fish purchased from Manila markets; other records given by these authors are based on the unpublished records of Dr. C.C. Velasquez and do not include collection localities.

⁷³ Petersen et al (1993) examined fish purchased from fishermen and local markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte; however, the exact origin of individual host species was not given.

⁷⁴ Lopez (1979) initially (p. 86) listed ascarid larva from the stomach and intestine of Glossogobius giuris, but then (p. 98) gave the location as the buccal cavity and intestine. The same material was listed as being from the intestine by Lopez (1988).

⁷⁵ The record of Lopez (1988) appears only in her abstract

⁷⁶ The record of Hopkins and Cruz (1982) involves a tentative parasite identification.

⁷⁷ Velasquez (1986b) noted that Puntius amarus, P. binotatus, P. disa, P. manalak and Spratellicypris palata were parasitized by heterophyiids, strigeids and camallanids, but in this short abstract, she did not indicate which parasite taxa occurred in individual host species.

⁷⁸ Petersen et al (1993) examined fish purchased from fishermen and local markets on the islands of Cebu, Mactan and Leyte but did not give the exact origin of individual host species.

⁷⁹ Larval gnathostomes reported by Africa et al. (1936, 1937) were presumed to be Gnathostoma spinigerum, and adults of this nematode were recovered from a cat experimentally fed these larvae (Africa et al. 1937).

⁸⁰ Refuerzo and Garcia (1938) found single infections in Clarias' batrachus and Anabas testudineus experimentally exposed to infected copepods. However, they were uncertain as to whether these larvae were the result of natural or experimental infection.

⁸¹ Cross et al. (1978) and Cross and Basaca-Sevilla (1991) reported Capillaria-like larvae from fishes examined on Luzon Island. It was not known if these larvae were C. philippinensis (syn. of Anochotheca philippinensis).

⁸² The records of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involve fishes imported for aquaculture and the aquarium fish trade which were examined in Quezon City.

⁸³ Tubangui (1933a) gave the host as “‘ayuñgan’ (?Therapon argenteus) ” and later (Tubangui 1947) listed it as this species.

⁸⁴ The record of Lumanlan et al. (1992) involves an aquarium fish imported from Singapore which was examined in Quezon City.

⁸⁵ The records of Velasquez (1986a, 1988) are for experimentally infected walking catfish

⁸⁶ Host species and specific identity for material listed only as Argulus in the meeting abstract of Lumanlan et al (1990) were given in their 1992 paper.

⁸⁷Specimens reported as Lernaea sp. by Velasquez (1979) were later (Velasquez 1984) referred to L. cyprinacea.

⁸⁸The record of Vallejo (1988) for Anabas testudineus involves an experimental infection.

⁸⁹The records of Lumanlan et al. (1990, 1992) involve goldfish imported from Hongkong which were examined in Quezon City.

⁹⁰Host species and specific identity for material listed only as Lernaea in the meeting abstract of Lumanlan et al. (1990) were given in their 1992 publication.

⁹¹The report of this copepod from Anabas testudineus involves an experimental infection,

⁹²Mines and Baluyot (1986, 1988) noted a few cases of Lernaea infecting the open wounds of fish suffering from epizootic ulcerative syndrome in Laguna Lake. The fish examined in their study included Arius manillensis, Clarias sp., Ophicephalus striatus (syn. of Channa striata), Puntius sp. and Trichogaster sp. However, the precise host(s) to which these reports pertain was not indicated.

⁹³Palisoc (1988) noted that Lernaea was among the parasites found on tilapia, milkfish, dalag and carp in Laguna Lake, but did not indicate on which hosts individual parasite taxa were found.

⁹⁴The report of Vallejo (1988) was given as “Lernaea sp. of lophiara Harding.”

⁹⁵ The exact origin of the hosts from which the Philippine specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) were taken was not given in their description of this species. However, in their host-parasite list, the material from Strongylura urvillii is noted to be from Manila.

⁹⁶The exact origin of the hosts from which the specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) were taken was not given. However, the material from Strongylura leiura is noted as being from Panay.

⁹⁷Although the exact collection locality for Strongylura urvillii was not specified in the description of this new species, Cressey and Collette (1970) indicate in their host-parasite list that this host was collected at Culion Island, off the northern tip of Palawan.

⁹⁸The exact collection locality (Jolo, Philippines) for the specimens from Tylosurus acus melanotus is given only in the host-parasite list of Cressey and Collette (1970). Jolo Island is part of the Sulu Archipelago.

⁹⁹Full identities for material reported only as belonging to the genus Caligus in the meeting abstracts of Natividad et al. (1986a) and Regidor et al. (1986) were provided by Natividad (1986b) and Regidor and Arthur (1986).

¹⁰⁰Cressey (1991) gave the hosts and localities as “…Philippines and Celebes: Caranx sexfasciatus, Alectis species…”

¹⁰¹In their text, Cressey and Collette (1970) did not specify precise collection localities; however, in their host-parasite listing, the specimen of “Caligus sp. D” from Strongylura urvillii was noted to have originated from Verde del Sur Island (probably Verde Island, located between Luzon and Mindoro islands).

¹⁰² Heller (1865) indicates that his material originated from Manila (Luzon Island) only in the table summarizing the geographic distribution of individual species (p. 262).

¹⁰³The exact origin of the hosts from which the Philippine specimens examined by Cressey and Collette (1970) were taken was not given in their description of this species. However, in their host-parasite list, the material from Strongylura urvillii is noted to be from Culion Island (located off northern Palawan), while that from Tylosurus punctulatus was from Culion and Luzon islands.

¹⁰⁴This report involves bighead carp imported from Taiwan for aquaculture which were examined in Quezon City.

¹⁰⁵ In their Appendix 1, Davy and Graham (1979) incorrectly gave the name of this species as “Rocinela typhus”.

¹⁰⁶Richardson (1910) noted that this species was collected from a macrurid fish.

¹⁰⁷Although Williams and Bunkley-Williams (1992) noted that this host may not occur in Philippine waters, Froese and Pauly (1996) list it as being native.