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Chapter 2: Technical and Economic Programmes

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Major Programme

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

Trust Fund

2.1

Agricultural Production and Support Systems

89,372

5,351

94,723

(3,561)

91,162

360,904

2.2

Food and Agriculture Policy and Development

87,047

4,229

91,276

(3,389)

87,887

43,165

2.3

Fisheries

39,231

2,605

41,836

(2,020)

39,816

29,111

2.4

Forestry

30,439

2,175

32,614

(1,883)

30,731

46,182

2.5

Contributions to Sustainable Development and Special Programme Thrusts

52,575

2,145

54,720

(2,867)

51,853

57,964

Total

298,664

16,505

315,169

(13,720)

301,449

537,326

Cost Increases

(322)

 

(792)

 

Total - recosted

314,847

 

300,657

 

237. As is evident from the preceding table, real growth resource levels would permit strengthening of all component major programmes - with "preferential" treatment being given to fisheries and forestry in line with the recommendations of the Committees on Fisheries and Forestry (COFI and COFO), subsequently endorsed by the 120th Council - and would go a long way towards meeting expectations expressed, for instance, at the 2001 sessions of the Technical Committees of the Council.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
Lower zero real growth (ZRG) provisions under the five major programmes imply reduced levels of activity and loss of outputs for the benefit of the membership, as further explained below. In particular, the envisaged strengthening of professional capacity, one of the features of the real growth proposal in the PWB, would fall short of fifteen additional posts, including eight in Regional and Sub-regional Offices, which aimed at redressing lack of sufficient expertise in key disciplines (e.g. statistics, aquaculture, rice-base systems).

Major Programme 2.1: Agricultural Production and Support Systems

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

Trust Fund

2.1.0

Intra-departmental Programme Entities for Agricultural Production and Support Systems

0

5,695

5,695

(1,172)

4,523

0

2.1.1

Natural Resources

16,008

220

16,228

(415)

15,813

26,799

2.1.2

Crops

25,072

(871)

24,201

(740)

23,461

278,036

2.1.3

Livestock

16,874

593

17,467

(721)

16,746

53,058

2.1.4

Agricultural Support Systems

15,182

(31)

15,151

(348)

14,803

3,011

2.1.5

Agricultural Applications of Isotopes and Biotechnology

5,689

(24)

5,665

(165)

5,500

0

2.1.9

Programme Management

10,547

(231)

10,316

0

10,316

0

Total

89,372

5,351

94,723

(3,561)

91,162

360,904

Cost Increases

887

 

664

 

Total - recosted

95,610

 

91,826

 

Distribution of Resources by Strategic Objectives

Major Programme 2.1

A1

A2

A3

B1

B2

C1

C2

D1

D2

E1

E2

E3

2.1.0

Intra-departmental Programme Entities for Agricultural Production and Support Systems

2.1.1

Natural Resources

2.1.2

Crops

2.1.3

Livestock

2.1.4

Agricultural Support Systems

2.1.5

Agricultural Applications of Isotopes and Biotechnology

Legend

 

Greater than zero,
less than US$ 1 million

US$ 1 million to 2
million

US$ 2 million to 4
million

More than US$ 4
million

Main Substantive Thrusts and Priorities

238. Major Programme 2.1 relates to the World Food Summit Plan of Action, principally by aiming at reliable production, processing and delivery of more food. Its normative and operational components promote technologies to sustainably intensify agricultural production; reduce the effects of agriculture-related environmental degradation and market failures on vulnerable, food insecure households; and address the biosecurity risks of exchanges of agricultural inputs and products to facilitate expanded international trade.

239. The major programme not only operates through the constituent entities and major outputs within each programme, but contributes in a significant manner to Priority Areas for Inter-disciplinary Action (PAIAs), in particular on biotechnology, biosecurity, biodiversity, food for the cities, sustainable rural livelihoods, and integrated productions systems. Integrated information systems and services are often facilitated by a dedicated entity within each programme.

240. The programme on natural resources gives prominence to work in integrated planning and management of land and water resources, technical assistance and information systems. Attention is also given to institutional aspects, including privatisation of irrigation services. The prime emphasis under land management shifts from technical aspects of soil inventories and conservation techniques to integrated management of soil nutrients and reducing soil degradation, especially in intensified agriculture.

241. The crops programme addresses integrated crop and grassland/pasture production systems, cropping systems biodiversity, rice-based systems, integrated pest management, desert locust control through the related component of the Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES), and the use of biotechnology. It supports the implementation of the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA), as well as seed policy and security. Increased support is provided to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

242. The livestock programme has been reassessed, placing the rapidly expanding and changing livestock sector in an international public goods context. Hence, priority is given to: transboundary animal disease (TAD) control and the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) through EMPRES; veterinary public health, food/feed safety and zoonoses; environmental management of insect-borne diseases, including the Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT); coordination of the first State of the World's Report on Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR); and integrated support to the diversification component of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS). Importance is also accorded to global livestock information, together with a livestock resources knowledge management facility to address increasingly intensive animal agriculture and livestock sector and policy analysis, including environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of animal agriculture.

243. The programme on agricultural support systems aims at establishing an enabling environment for farm and non-farm enterprise development and promoting entrepreneurship in agriculture, agribusiness and agricultural support services, including for finance, marketing, agricultural mechanisation, farm economics, processing and agro-industries. Priority attention is given to products and services for increasing small farmer incomes, meeting urban food needs, reinforcing commercial provision of agricultural services, developing agribusiness and post-production systems, and strengthening agricultural services data and information systems.

244. The programme on agricultural applications of isotopes and biotechnology, implemented by the Joint FAO/IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Division (AGE) in Vienna, has an increased focus on the use of biotechnology in crop improvement, plant protection and animal health, in close collaboration with the programmes on crops, natural resources and livestock.

Resources

245. A major presentational change, already reflected in the Medium Term Plan, is the introduction of five intra-departmental entities to address cross-cutting issues, including integrated production systems, conservation agriculture, genetic resources for food and agriculture and servicing of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), and the Committee on Agriculture (COAG).

246. While involving some expansion of activities in relatively new fields, most of the resources are simply shifted from other programmes. In addition, a sixth entity (210S5) has been added (this time involving "fresh" resources) in order to provide central support to the implementation of PAIAs. It is placed for administrative convenience under Major Programme 2.1, although it is intended to serve the cross-sectoral objectives of PAIAs which extend to the whole gamut of FAO's substantive work.

247. Other noteworthy alterations to the programme structure since the Programme of Work and Budget (PWB) 2000-2001, are the consolidation of constituent programme entities under Programme 2.1.1 (one less) and even more so under Programme 2.1.4 (four less), whereas under Programmes 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, due prominence was given to several important areas through dedicated entities, i.e. International Rice Commission (IRC)-related activities (212P5); the Environmental Management of Insect Borne Diseases (213A9); and Livestock Sector Analysis and Strategy Development (213B1). The programme structure and/or resources for Programmes 2.1.2 and 2.1.9 are also affected by the transfer of activities to the "intra-departmental" level (CGRFA and COAG).

248. As a result of these structural changes, the aggregate resource change figures at programme level must be interpreted with caution. In fact, despite the substantial resource change shown at the whole major programme level, i.e. around US$ 4.5 million, or over 5 percent (net of entity 210S5 which, as stressed above, does not apply strictly to Major Programme 2.1) the net change for Programme 2.1.1 appears limited (just 1 percent), and even negative for Programmes 2.1.2, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5. In fact, discounting the transfers, the underlying increases in resources are US$ 672,000 for 2.1.0, US$ 415,000 for 2.1.1, US$ 740,000 for 2.1.2, US$ 721,000 for 2.1.3, US$ 348,000 for 2.1.4, and US$ 165,000 for 2.1.5. The same caution should be exercised in interpreting the - at times very substantial - resource changes indicated at entity level in the more detailed programme level tables below.

249. The selective application of incremental resources would permit, for instance: strengthening of water-related information systems (211P7); additional expert groups to support the implementation of the IPPC (212P1), and recommendations on pesticide residues (212P2); formally consolidating the provisional strengthening of work on the PIC procedure and on desert locusts in the central region effected after the PWB 2000-2001 was approved [in terms of new posts, this translates into two senior posts in the Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) to cover implementation of the Rotterdam Convention and EMPRES, and one post of Secretary to the Central Desert Locust Commission in the Regional Office for the Near East (RNE)]; faster implementation of verification of freedom from rinderpest (213A7) and design of animal genetic improvements schemes (213A5); as well as greater attention to biotechnology applications under the pertinent entities. As for other major programmes, part of these additional resources is dedicated to the improvement of language coverage in publications and meetings.

250. It is also planned to augment professional capacities in other selected areas in line with identified major substantive thrusts, e.g. three junior posts in the Agricultural Support Systems Division (AGS) to complement expertise in agribusiness and rural finance development, and information system management; strengthening of the Regional and Sub-regional outposted teams, in particular through: an agricultural officer in the Regional Office for Europe (REU) (where no such expertise existed hitherto), transfer of a meat officer to the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (RLC) and of an animal health and production officer from RLC to the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP), a new post of animal production officer in the Sub-regional Office for Southern and East Africa (SAFR), and additional land and water posts in RAP and RLC.

Intra-departmental Entities

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.0.A1

Sustainable Intensification of Integrated Production Systems

0

918

918

(399)

519

2.1.0.A2

Promotion of Conservation Agriculture

0

989

989

(50)

939

2.1.0.P1

Secretariat of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

0

1,753

1,753

(133)

1,620

2.1.0.S1

Committee on Agriculture (COAG)

0

445

445

0

445

2.1.0.S2

Technical Services for Partnership Development and Information Enhancement

0

693

693

(90)

603

2.1.0.S5

Central Support to PAIAs

0

897

897

(500)

397

Total

0

5,695

5,695

(1,172)

4,523

Cost Increases

54

 

12

Total - recosted

5,749

 

4,535

251. As mentioned above, five intra-departmental entities - two technical projects (TPs), one continuing programme activity (CP), and two technical services agreements (TSs) are to address emerging cross-cutting issues and to bring more prominence and coherence to hitherto dispersed activities. The sixth one is to support the implementation of PAIAs.

210A1 - Sustainable Intensification of Integrated Production Systems

252. Objectives: to disseminate promising integrated production techniques and best management practices for several major agro-ecological zones, and ensure coordinated approaches to the intensification of production systems.

253. Approach: the TP underpins the PAIA on Integrated Production Systems by supporting regional pilot projects, and providing the coordinating mechanism which will be operated through virtual meetings, a dedicated section of FAO's website and a discussion list. This will enable the assembling of information and knowledge from divisional technical projects and regional projects across disciplines. Regional pilot projects will commence with the establishment of regional working groups, and the production of initial case studies and reports. Activities during the biennium include: field assessment of current systems and farming methods; meetings with institutions and stakeholders; and preparation of project proposals and action plans.

254. The pilot projects currently defined cover:

  1. Integrated crop management practices for sustainable intensification of rice-wheat systems in Asia (RAP);
  2. Integrated production systems in West Africa (oncho-freed ecosystems) (RAF);
  3. Integrated production systems in arid and semi-arid areas (IGAD13 and SADC14 areas) (SAFR);
  4. Integrated production systems in arid and semi-arid areas of the Near East (RNE); and
  5. Watershed management and participatory natural resource management (RLC).
210A2 - Promotion of Conservation Agriculture

255. Objective: to achieve increased sustainable agricultural production through better land, crop and animal husbandry based on principles and practices of conservation agriculture.

256. Approach: the TP brings together efforts to address conservation agriculture and will also be particularly relevant to the PAIA on Integrated Production Systems (SARD/SPFS). It will provide support to the wider adoption of conservation agriculture (integrated technologies including zero tillage, maintenance of soil cover, improved water infiltration and retention, crop rotations with particular reference to cover crops, and livestock integration) through two regional networks, three regional meetings, a multilingual global database and several publications.

210P1 - Secretariat of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

257. Objective: to facilitate and support the work of the Commission and attendant intergovernmental agreements.

258. Approach: the CP includes one regular session of the Commission and support to its Intergovernmental Technical Working Groups (ITWGs) on Animal and Plant Genetic Resources - the major specialised fora for the development of agreed policy and regulatory frameworks for animal and plant genetic resources and other sectors. It will also provide support to the entry into force of the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and ensure coordination with other relevant international processes. In a broader context, the CP also includes one meeting of the Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and Agriculture and will issue the third and fourth in a series of technical papers on ethics.

210S1 - Committee on Agriculture (COAG)

259. This entity involves servicing of COAG, the Technical Committee of the Council which report on Major Programmes 2.1, Agricultural Production and Support Systems, 2.2, Food and Agriculture Policy and Development, and 2.5, Contributions to Sustainable Development and Special Programme Thrusts, including the preparation of issue papers.

210S2 - Technical Services for Partnership Development and Information Enhancement

260. This entity covers several activities of interest to the Agriculture Department (AG), i.e. work on Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) of Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED); coordinated contributions to global perspective studies (with the Economic and Social Department - ES); the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and other partnership agreements and advocacy publications; and maintenance of AG website.

210S5 - Central Support to PAIAs

261. As mentioned under Resources above, it is necessary to provide for catalytic funds (to be placed under this new entity, and to be centrally-administered) to support effective implementation of the PAIAs in the 2002-2003 biennium. Subject to specific criteria, these resources will be put at the disposal of the chairpersons of coordination mechanisms to cover the cost of truly cross-sectoral activities, particularly where it would be impractical to expect cost-sharing by too many concerned units.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
At ZRG resource levels, two entities in particular would be severely curtailed: 210A1, Sustainable Intensification of Integrated Production Systems, especially through the elimination of critical inputs from decentralized offices to work on various regional agro-ecosystems (intensified rice-wheat systems in Asia and Pacific, arid and semi-arid production in Near East and East Africa, watershed management in Latin America, oncho-freed areas of West Africa, etc.), and 210S5, Central Support to PAIAs, whose provision would be cut by more than half, hampering the adequate development of cross-sectoral programmes under these PAIAs. Other reductions would affect some of the proposals to further improve language coverage (e.g. planned publications on ethics in food and agriculture, or meetings and publications relating to conservation agriculture) and the planned expansion of FAO's website in connection with biotechnology.

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

115

0

115

Global

3,902

Regular Programme

5,695

AGA

44

0

44

Inter Regional

184

   

AGD

2,872

0

2,872

Africa

827

Programme of Work

5,695

AGE

181

0

181

Asia and Pacific

315

Trust Fund Activities

 

AGL

66

0

66

Near East

162

Trust Funds

0

AGP

245

0

245

Europe

92

Trust Fund Activities

0

AGS

617

0

617

Latin America

213

   

ESD

64

0

64

   
   

PBEC

897

0

897

   
   

RO

456

0

456

   
   

SDD

56

0

56

   
   

SO

82

0

82

   

Programme 2.1.0 Total

5,695

 

5,695

0

5,695

 

5,695

Programme 2.1.1: Natural Resources

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.1.A1

Agricultural Water Use Efficiency and Conservation

2,845

(240)

2,605

(16)

2,589

2.1.1.A2

Land and Soil Productivity

2,423

(104)

2,319

(16)

2,303

2.1.1.A3

Integrated Land, Water and Plant Nutrient Management

1,406

1,124

2,530

(91)

2,439

2.1.1.A4

Waterlogging and Salinity Control, Environmental Effects of Irrigation and Reclamation of Problem Soils

802

(802)

0

0

0

2.1.1.P7

Land and Water Information Systems, Databases and Statistics

1,393

484

1,877

(212)

1,665

2.1.1.P8

Knowledge Management and Partnerships

1,432

(174)

1,258

0

1,258

2.1.1.S1

Direct Support to Member Nations and to the Field Programme

5,166

(57)

5,109

(80)

5,029

2.1.1.S2

International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID)

541

(11)

530

0

530

Total

16,008

220

16,228

(415)

15,813

Cost Increases

192

 

181

Total - recosted

16,420

 

15,994

262. This programme is concerned with the sustainable use, management and conservation of land and water resources and soil nutrients. The three technical projects (TPs) and two continuing programme activities (CPs) are complemented by two technical services agreements (TSs) in support of field projects and the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID). More emphasis has been placed on collaboration across disciplines as well as securing inputs from other divisions within FAO and from partner organizations and conventions. Work on the collection, analysis and dissemination of best practices will increasingly rely on electronic media for the exchange of experiences.

211A1 - Agricultural Water Use Efficiency and Conservation

263. Objective: to promote efficient use and conservation of water in agriculture through improved irrigation and water harvesting technologies, efficient water management and related water resources policy and institutional reforms.

264. Approach: the TP will provide for: guidelines and training materials; organisation of regional seminars; and support to networks on improved on-farm water control, irrigation scheduling, water harvesting, irrigation scheme modernisation and water resource valuation and demand management for irrigated agriculture. Studies will be pursued on impact of water saving, crop water productivity, irrigation system performance, and on policy and institutional reform for irrigation management, including groundwater user associations and river basin management. Pilot projects will be initiated on the provision of irrigation services through private entrepreneurs.

211A2 - Land and Soil Productivity

265. Objective: to improve soil productivity and sustainable land use through: integrated plant nutrient management and soil fertility enhancement; soil management and conservation technologies; and policies and strategies for land use options, land management and fertiliser use.

266. Approach: the TP will seek to meet demands for methodologies of assessment and monitoring of soil fertility and plant nutrients. Networks will be expanded on soil productivity improvement to promote participatory diagnosis. Technical documents will be prepared on management, conservation and rehabilitation of degraded and problem soils, including participatory methods (farmers field schools). Some updating will be carried out on the FAO land evaluation framework. Information systems will be further developed to assist with planning of land resources use. The TP will also support the Rio+10 processes and international conventions.

211A3 - Integrated Land, Water and Plant Nutrient Management

267. Objective: to promote an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to land and water management, taking account of major land-water interactions.

268. Approach: the entity will address areas of rainfed cropping through better soil moisture conservation techniques and soil fertility management in zones of irregular rainfall. Mechanisms for ensuring adequate balances in costs and benefits will be identified in river basins/watersheds, taking account of the interests and views of various stakeholders in medium-sized watersheds. Wetland development in SADC countries is a targeted priority, as well as waterlogging and salinity control, disaster preparedness and mitigation.

269. Other planned outputs are: guidelines on moisture conservation in rainfed areas, strategies and training modules for the assessment, development and conservation of wetlands, impact studies on wetland and lowland development. Case studies and workshops will be carried out on land and water linkages in rural watersheds, and guidelines will be prepared for the maintenance of drainage systems and performance assessment. Technology transfer will be supported for reclamation of salt-affected soils. Case studies on health impact of water development will be carried out in close collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Meetings, training and networks will cover land and water assessment, planning and management to mitigate natural disasters, including guidelines on adjustment to climate variability.

211P7 - Land and Water Information Systems, Databases and Statistics

270. Objective: to provide a recognised point of reference and a continuous forum for exchange of experiences, norms, data and information on the state of land and water for food and agriculture in the world.

271. Approach: a major contribution to the above objective is an Internet-based Land and Water Information System, including an interactive site for the Rural Water Statistical System (AQUASTAT) together with inputs to the World Water Development Report. A digital map of world irrigation is being prepared in collaboration with external partners. Software tools are to be developed to model current and future impact of water scarcity on food production. Analytical documents will be formulated using global agro-ecological zone applications on land degradation risks, climatic change scenarios and country assessments of land potentials and constraints.

211P8 - Knowledge Management and Partnerships

272. Objective: to provide a service and reference centre on important aspects of land, water and plant nutrient resources management to guide effective planning and sound management of land and water resources and application of fertilisers.

273. Approach: the service and reference centre will provide access by international, regional and national institutions and agencies, to reliable synthesised information, and guidance on all aspects of land, water and plant nutrition management, including resources availability, best practices in soil conservation and management, water management and development of irrigation technology as well as plant nutrition management.

274. The CP will also support international partnerships and initiatives including the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC) Sub-committee on Water, and the Global Dialogue on Water, Food and Environment. Exchange of knowledge and joint activities will take place with UN system partners and other Intergovernmental and Non-governmental Organizations (IGOs and NGOs).

211S1 - Direct Support to Member Nations and to the Field Programme

275. This entity will support the formulation and implementation of projects including the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) and emergency and relief operations from the perspective of land and water issues, as well as national action plans to combat desertification, the Soil Fertility Initiative (SFI) for Africa, and regional food security plans.

211S2 - International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID)

276. As a joint initiative of several partner institutions, and with substantial extra-budgetary support, IPTRID will continue to enhance the standard of applied research and technology transfer of irrigation and drainage in developing countries through facilitation, mobilisation of expertise, analytical reports, thematic networks, formulation of policies and projects and information dissemination activities. It will also complete a study on benchmarking of irrigation systems.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
While this programme would be only moderately affected by lower ZRG allocations, it would not be possible, for instance, to pursue the establishment of a new P-2 post of Land and Water Management Officer in the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (particularly relevant to entities 211S1, Direct Support to Member Nations and to the Field Programme, and 211P7, Land and Water Information Systems, Databases and Statistics, as well as several others). Work on guidelines on adjustment to climate variability (technical project 211A3, Integrated Land, Water and Plant Nutrient Management) and on several databases and water balance models under entity 211P7, Land and Water Information Systems, Databases and Statistics, would need to be abandoned or postponed.

Extra-budgetary Resources

277. Work on soil and nutrient management under entity 211A2, Land and Soil Productivity, will benefit from a major agro-biodiversity project, including a knowledge base, case studies and training modules. The Global Environment Facility is expected to support studies and analysis of the contribution on carbon sequestration to land management, and desertification assessment in Latin America.

278. Internet-based land and water information systems contributing to the World Water Development Report, including an interactive site for AQUASTAT, will also receive extra-budgetary support under entity 211P7, Land and Water Information Systems, Databases and Statistics. In partnership with the Global Dialogue on Water, Food and Environment, main outputs under entity 211P8, Knowledge Management and Partnerships, will be strengthened with external assistance: national- and basin-level cross-sectoral roundtables and dialogues to build bridges between agricultural and environmental communities on water resources issues; and Global Dialogue's knowledge base, comprising network facilities and irrigation mapping and monitoring through remote sensing.

279. The International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID) under 211S2 will use extra-budgetary resources to support formulation of four national "research and development" programmes and projects; two research management workshops; implementation of a drainage programme in 11 countries in Asia; an Internet-based information dissemination system (WCA-infoNET); 12 country partnerships; and a newsletter.

280. Linked to normative activities, basin-level field activities are expected to receive extra-budgetary support in various regions (integrated water management of the Carpathian sub-basin of the Danube, environmental protection and sustainable management of the Okavango River, and reversal of land and water degradation trends in the Lake Chad basin ecosystem).

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

502

0

502

Global

2,497

Regular Programme

15,820

AGL

10,464

655

11,119

Inter Regional

717

Secondments to Trust Funds

298

FAOR

14

10,653

10,667

Africa

5,467

Secondments to STS

79

RO

3,375

15,491

18,866

Asia and Pacific

3,536

Secondments to SPPD

20

SO

1,873

0

1,873

Near East

26,182

Other External Secondments

11

       

Europe

1,057

Programme of Work

16,228

       

Latin America

3,570

Trust Fund Activities

             

Trust Funds

26,799

           

Trust Fund Activities

26,799

           

Programme 2.1.1 Total

43,027

 

16,228

26,799

43,027

 

43,026

Programme 2.1.2: Crops

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.2.A1

Alternative Crops and Cultivars for New Opportunities

4,025

(2,748)

1,277

11

1,288

2.1.2.A2

Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture

558

(558)

0

0

0

2.1.2.A3

Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Crop and Grassland Production Systems

1,438

2,236

3,674

(75)

3,599

2.1.2.A4

EMPRES - Plant Pests Component

1,665

199

1,864

(100)

1,764

2.1.2.A5

"Mainstreaming IPM" by Enhancing Essential Ecological Processes

1,965

62

2,027

0

2,027

2.1.2.A6

Conservation, Management and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

1,797

(1,797)

0

0

0

2.1.2.A7

Strengthening Sustainable Seed Production and Seed Security Systems in Member Countries

1,930

12

1,942

(25)

1,917

2.1.2.A8

Facilitating Plant Production and Protection Decision Making

1,100

(205)

895

1

896

2.1.2.P1

Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

2,735

223

2,958

(225)

2,733

2.1.2.P2

Pesticide Management

2,029

588

2,617

(110)

2,507

2.1.2.P3

Migratory Pest Management

1,750

92

1,842

0

1,842

2.1.2.P4

Support to the FAO Global System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)

2,524

284

2,808

(175)

2,633

2.1.2.P5

Support to Strategy Formulation and Promotion of Specific Action for Rice Development in Member Countries of the International Rice Commission (IRC)

0

625

625

(28)

597

2.1.2.S1

Advice to Countries and Support to Field Programme

1,556

116

1,672

(14)

1,658

Total

25,072

(871)

24,201

(740)

23,461

Cost Increases

278

 

239

Total - recosted

24,479

 

23,700

281. The programme deals with the enhancement and sustainability of crop production, prevention and reduction of losses due to pests, conservation and use of plant genetic resources and sustainable seed production. The programme of work has been formulated into six technical projects (TPs) and five continuing programme activities (CPs), with one technical services agreement (TS) for direct support to member countries on crop production. Several normative activities are closely linked to technical field work or capacity building within the above entities.

282. Work in crop production will give increased emphasis to crop diversification, including use of under-utilised crops. The impact will be enhanced through links to post-harvest processing and marketing. Improved pastures and grassland management will address related biodiversity in cooperation with the Netherlands Partnership Programme. Inter-country cooperation will be facilitated through the International Rice Commission (IRC), global and regional networks, such as the Global Cassava Strategy, and biotechnology networks, including a new network for Africa. Besides support to the GPA for PGRFA, the World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources (WIEWS) will form the basis for preparation of an updated State of the World's Report on PGRFA.

283. Work in plant protection will assign prominence to the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), in particular its work on international phytosanitary standard setting, information exchange and technical assistance. Standard setting will address pest risk analysis for plant pest concerns that may be presented by living modified organisms and other products of modern biotechnology, as well as environmental risks associated with plant pests, in cooperation with Codex and other partners. High priority, as requested by the 30th FAO Conference, will also be given the Implementation of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, for which UNEP and FAO provide the Secretariat. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) will be pursued through the IPM Facility, a multi-disciplinary cooperative venture of multilateral and bilateral agencies and donors. FAO will continue to service regional and inter-regional fora on desert locust control, while EMPRES will strengthen national and regional programmes on early warning and early control on the desert locust, and stimulate and coordinate relevant research on this pest.

212A1 - Alternative Crops and Cultivars for New Opportunities

284. Objective: to assist countries with crop diversification options in specific ecozones, in relation to food security and income generation targets and market opportunities.

285. Approach: strategies to reduce the economic, nutritional and environmental risks associated with monoculture will be formulated, including the introduction of novel varieties and related production systems, e.g. for fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, flavourings, natural colorants, medicinal plants and neutraceuticals. Priority is to be given to integration of fragmented knowledge on lesser-known plants, the assessment and promotion of high-value crops and integrated greenhouse crop production and protection. Countries will be assisted with testing of high-value cultivars in specific ecologies, in particular temperate fruit species for tropical highlands, drought resistant species for low-rainfall areas and sub-tropical fruit and nut species. National and regional initiatives will be supported for date palm production, with particular emphasis on African drylands.

212A3 - Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Crop and Grassland Production Systems

286. Objective: to assist with strategies and integrated production technologies capable of reducing food insecurity, generating income and contributing to the sustainable use of natural resources and biodiversity.

287. Approach: promotion of improved and diversified cropping systems based on good agricultural practices and the establishment of participatory and decentralised breeding programmes will seek to increase sustainable crop production and improve income opportunities and food security in selected agro-ecological zones. Information and technical know-how will be channelled to farmers through networks and technical assistance projects, enhancing income derived from small-scale horticultural production in rural areas. Establishment of community-level seed multiplication enterprises will be supported through participatory approaches in training of farmers groups to produce, process and market good quality seeds of local and new adapted varieties.

212A4 - EMPRES - Plant Pests Component

288. Objective: to promote concerted efforts by donors and affected countries to prevent major desert locust upsurges through early warning, early reaction and relevant research.

289. Approach: the EMPRES programme will continue activities in the region around the Red Sea, which is the major outbreak area of the desert locust, to be extended to West Africa, depending on the availability of extra-budgetary resources. EMPRES will focus on the upgrading of early warning communication systems in, and among locust-affected countries. Methodologies and training for locust control operations, including locust surveys, will aim to enhance the ability to react to critical desert locust situations, while safeguarding human health and the environment.

212A5 - "Mainstreaming IPM" by Enhancing Essential Ecological Processes

290. Objective: to expand the number of national programmes, especially in countries covered by the SPFS, that sustainably identify, analyse and enhance essential agro-ecological processes based on local decision making, and to facilitate related policy and institutional changes.

291. Approach: the TP will work on improving weed management through the application of practical weed population ecology (through farmers field school groups) in a range of representative agro-ecosystems. Plant protection and regulatory personnel will be provided with relevant information on the testing and use of herbicide resistant crops. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) methods for major weeds will be tested, and studies on population dynamics and patho-systems and on the development of IPM will be carried out. Successful community IPM methodologies will be documented and opportunities emerging from the demand for uncontaminated agricultural produce will be identified, with information exchange facilitated through a network of national IPM programmes.

212A7 - Strengthening Sustainable Seed Production and Seed Security Systems in Member Countries

292. Objective: to promote country commitment and facilitate farmer participation in the strengthening of farmers' seed production and supply systems, particularly within the framework of the SPFS, and with due attention to seed security.

293. Approach: the TP will establish a mechanism for the development and rehabilitation of crop germplasm in the aftermath of disaster, through scientific and technical working groups of five regional seed networks and seed consultative fora. Technical guidelines will be made available on harmonisation of seed rules and regulations; development of a seed information management system; and initiation of effective disaster preparedness and rapid-response seed security networks. Technical support will be provided to countries through guidelines and methodologies to develop community-based seed enterprise. In addition to the existing SADC Seed Security Network, efficient rapid-response disaster-mitigating seed security consultative networks will be set up (subject to extra-budgetary resources) in other regions to facilitate restoration of sustainable seed supply systems.

212A8 - Facilitating Plant Production and Protection Decision Making

294. Objective: to meet the substantial demand for technical information on seed and planting material, crop production, and plant protection.

295. Approach: the TP will coordinate the plant and plant pest aspects of the EcoPort Internet-based information exchange and knowledge system. Crop production and plant protection records and categories will be completed with basic information and keyword search profiles on major global crop species, pests and biological control agents. Further collaborative sources and data providers will be selected and contacts established. EcoPort records will also be tested as a tool for knowledge transfer and training in field projects in collaboration with IPM farmers field school activities (subject to extra-budgetary resources).

212P1 - Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

296. Objective: to secure common action to prevent the spread and introduction of plant pests and promote measures for their control through effective implementation of the Convention, including the improvement of national capacities.

297. Approach: the Interim Committee on Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM) will meet twice. Its main functions are to: adopt new international phytosanitary measures; provide guidance on the information exchange system; and further develop a technical assistance programme to enable developing countries to participate effectively in setting and implementation of standards. The Interim Standard Setting Committee will meet four times to prepare standards for the ICPM. It is expected that six new international standards for phytosanitary measures will be adopted. The Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) will meet once, and work on standard setting in that region will commence. Support will be provided to the Caribbean to foster sub-regional cooperation. The CP will organise two coordinating meetings of regional plant protection organizations. The information exchange mechanism relevant to the implementation of the Convention will become fully operational within the framework of the PAIA on biosecurity. Technical assistance will be provided in relation to the implementation of international and national phytosanitary regimes.

212P2 - Pesticide Management

298. Objective: to promote sound pesticide management practices and reduction of risk to human health and the environment associated with their use.

299. Approach: in line with new strategies in risk reduction, the revised International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides will be published, along with up to two pesticide management guidelines. Together with WHO, approximately 15 new pesticide product specifications will be developed. New recommendations on maximum residue limits (MRLs) will be made to the Codex Alimentarius Committee on Pesticide Residues by the FAO/WHO joint meeting on pesticide residues. FAO will continue to provide, together with UNEP, the Interim Secretariat for the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. This Secretariat will organise (subject to extra-budgetary resources) two meetings of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee and Interim Chemical Review Committee. It will also produce decision guidance documents for substances included in PIC procedures, and establish an information system. Also, subject to extra-budgetary resources, an inventory of obsolete pesticide stocks in Latin America and parts of Asia, and training and awareness raising workshops on obsolete stocks will be carried out. Technical assistance will be provided on all aspects of pesticide regulation and management, including the replacement of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant.

212P3 - Migratory Pest Management

300. Objective: to facilitate information exchange and collaboration among affected countries on migratory pests, coupled with sensitisation of the international donor community and assistance to countries affected by migratory pests.

301. Approach: the CP will support information exchange and provide forecasts through monthly bulletins, special alerts and databases. It provides the Secretariat to the Desert Locust Control Committee and three sub-regional Commissions, as regional and sub-regional fora for discussion and decisions on common action on migratory pest control. Technical support will be provided to countries, and guidelines and methodologies on migratory pest management will be produced. National survey and forecasting will be improved through the training of national subject specialist officers.

212P4 - Support to the FAO Global System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA)

302. Objectives: to provide advice on PGRFA at all levels and across disciplines; to optimise decision making for their efficient management and sustainable use; and to promote exchange of information and knowledge in line with the rolling Global Plan of Action (GPA).

303. Approach: major activities are the preparation of thematic papers to contribute to the second State of the World's Report on PGRFA; the initiation of a mechanism to facilitate the implementation of the GPA; pilot testing of national mechanisms (clearing house) for monitoring the implementation of the GPA and their integration into WIEWS and the Seed Information System (SIS), and support to PGRFA networks. The CP provides for the second session of the ITWG on PGRFA.

212P5 - Support to Strategy Formulation of Specific Action for Rice Development in Member Countries of the International Rice Commission (IRC)

304. Objective: to support the IRC and related cooperative action aimed at increasing the productivity and efficiency of rice production systems for the benefit of income-poor farmers and consumers, while maintaining a healthy environment for future generations.

305. Approach: the 20th IRC session and the IRC Steering Committee meetings will carry out a concerted review and orientation of national rice development programmes aimed at increasing the productivity of rice smallholders and conservation of natural resources. Support will be provided to inter-regional cooperative networks on rice to promote exchange of experience on approaches and strategies for sustainable rice production. In collaboration with International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) and other institutions, studies will be conducted on the impact of hybrid rice, New Rice for Africa (NERICA), and integrated crop management techniques on the productivity and sustainability of rice production by smallholders. Assistance will be provided to countries in the formulation of national programmes and capacity building to promote the development and use of improved technologies and approaches for sustainable increased rice production. Access to rice information will be enhanced through two issues of the IRC Newsletters, the FAO Rice Information Volume, and the IRC website.

212S1 -Advice to Countries and Support to Field Programme

306. This entity will provide direct advice on plant production issues in active support to the field programme including pertinent SPFS components and emergencies.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
In relative terms, lower resource allocations would impact basically on four entities dealing, however, with priority activities of keen interest to the membership. They would entail lower support to cooperation on desert locust management in West Africa under 212A4, EMPRES - Plant Pests Component; reduced expert group meetings relating to the IPPC implementation under 212P1, Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention; less work on recommendations for residues and quality standards of pesticides under 212P2, Pesticide Management, and on the refinement of reporting formats and indicators for monitoring the implementation of the GPA on PGRFA under 212P4. Support to a biotechnology network in Africa would also be undermined under technical project 212A3, Strategies and Technologies for Sustainable Crop and Grassland Production Systems.

Extra-budgetary Resources

307. Under entities 212A3, 212P4 and 212P5, the agro-biodiversity project mentioned under Programme 2.1.1, will strengthen national capacities in the areas of assessment, management and monitoring of agricultural biodiversity. Traditional farmers' needs for, and difficulties in, obtaining genetic resources from elsewhere will be documented, and access and benefit-sharing arrangements will be promoted on a multilateral basis. Other extra-budgetary resources will be used to create awareness of traditional knowledge among policy makers, development agencies and their partners on existing sustainable pastoral, agricultural and fishing systems in the Lake Tchad and Caucaso areas.

308. EMPRES will continue to rely on donors' assistance to coordinate and improve early warning systems, early control capacity and desert locust management. Under entity 212P3, countries will cooperate to prevent and control desert locust outbreaks through the Desert Locust Control Committee and three sub-regional Commissions, all supported by trust funds provided by the locust-affected countries.

309. The IPM programme under entity 212A5 will build on extra-budgetary support for pilot activities demonstrating the farmers field school methodology, policy studies, networks and planning of national IPM implementation. Limited extra-budgetary funding is also expected for the development of international standards for phytosanitary measures under entity 212P1. The provision of the UNEP/FAO Secretariat to the Rotterdam Convention, and activities to enable countries to implement the Convention under entity 212P2, will receive contributions from UNEP. However, a large part of the annual budget of the Secretariat is provided through voluntary contributions to a trust fund administered by UNEP.

310. Work to facilitate pesticide disposal and the introduction of preventative measures on obsolete pesticide stocks under 212P2 will continue to attract extra-budgetary support, involving an inventory of obsolete pesticide stocks in Latin America and parts of Asia; training and awareness raising workshops on obsolete stocks; and technical assistance on all aspects of pesticide regulation and management, including the replacement of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant.

311. Regional seed security networks will be established through extra-budgetary support, in relation to entity 212A7, to: strengthen on-farm seed and planting material production and management; develop information exchange systems; initiate seed security and early warning systems; provide capacity building; and promote seed trade and germplasm exchange.

312. It may be observed that the very high share of extra-budgetary resources "accruing" to this programme in a technical sense, is due the impact of the Iraq emergency operation, which is mainly focused on rehabilitation of the crop production sector.

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

765

0

765

Global

8,911

Regular Programme

23,949

AGP

18,056

10,380

28,436

Inter Regional

5,059

Secondments to STS

16

FAOR

20

9,104

9,124

Africa

51,769

Secondments to SPPD

24

RO

3,898

45,605

49,503

Asia and Pacific

13,600

Secondments to Trust Funds

210

SO

1,462

0

1,462

Near East

197,787

Other External Secondments

2

TCO

0

212,947

212,947

Europe

18,903

Programme of Work

24,201

       

Latin America

6,208

Trust Fund Activities

             

Trust Funds

278,036

           

Trust Fund Activities

278,036

           

Programme 2.1.2 Total

302,237

 

24,201

278,036

302,237

 

302,237

Programme 2.1.3: Livestock

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.3.A3

Contribution of Livestock to Poverty Alleviation

1,899

114

2,013

(35)

1,978

2.1.3.A5

Developing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

1,720

210

1,930

(209)

1,721

2.1.3.A6

Veterinary Public Health Management and Food and Feed Safety

1,406

(192)

1,214

(67)

1,147

2.1.3.A7

EMPRES - Livestock

2,334

492

2,826

(247)

2,579

2.1.3.A8

Technologies and Systems for Efficient Natural Resource Use in Livestock Production

3,888

(1,155)

2,733

(35)

2,698

2.1.3.A9

Environmental Management of Insect Borne Diseases

0

898

898

0

898

2.1.3.B1

Livestock Sector Analysis and Strategy Development

0

898

898

0

898

2.1.3.P1

Global Livestock Information System and Knowledge Framework

2,997

(1,087)

1,910

(12)

1,898

2.1.3.S1

Advice to Member Countries and Support to the Field Programme

2,630

415

3,045

(116)

2,929

Total

16,874

593

17,467

(721)

16,746

Cost Increases

207

 

182

Total - recosted

17,674

 

16,928

313. The programme is to analyse and facilitate the contributions of a fast changing livestock sector to food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable use of the natural resource base, while taking account of food safety issues. It places the rapidly expanding livestock sector in an international public goods context which requires strengthening of the programme's information, sector analysis and policy dimensions. Substantial extra-budgetary support is expected in the biennium.

314. The programme comprises seven technical projects (TPs), one continuing programme activity (CP) and one technical services agreement (TS). It builds up capabilities and partnerships in the areas of zoonoses and food and feed safety on the one hand (213A6) and environmental management of insect borne diseases on the other (213A9). It will more effectively address the technology, information and policy gaps created by the livestock revolution through entities focusing of technology and systems (213A8), information and knowledge management (213P1) and policy and strategy development (213B1), the latter two areas strongly enhanced by extra-budgetary resources. Entity 213A3 is configured for integrated support to the diversification component of the SPFS and is being strengthened in the areas of post-harvest product value-adding, and improved animal genetic resources utilisation (breed improvement) in low-input systems. Entity 213A5 provides for the coordination of the first State of the World's Report on Animal Genetic Resources and is to facilitate the constituent country reports to be assembled. EMPRES - Livestock (213A7) will need to address the increasing threat of transboundary animal diseases, impacting more and more on areas which were previously disease-free.

213A3 - Contribution of Livestock to Poverty Alleviation

315. Objective: to provide decision makers, including NGOs, bilateral agencies and producer associations, with the rational basis to exploit the potential of livestock to improve the livelihoods of the rural poor.

316. Approach: updated information, analyses and interpretation of technical options and trends, codes of conduct, best management practices, and impact assessments will be made widely available to decision makers incorporating aspects of breeding, feeding, animal health and management, and covering small-scale and emerging, low-input production systems including those found in fragile ecosystems. These activities will be closely associated with the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (213B1) and the SPFS. Work in 2002-03 will set the basis for preparation of adapted codes of conduct and best management practices in successive biennia.

213A5 - Developing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

317. Objective: to advance core strategic elements of improved management of farm animal genetic resources at various levels, with emphasis on the global resource and needs assessment.

318. Approach: the TP will establish and support technical focal points at country and regional levels, assist countries in the preparation of the State of the World's Report on Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR); prepare a strategic priority actions report on the basis of State of the World process; and provide for the third session of the Intergovernmental Technical Working Group (ITWG) on AnGR.

213A6 - Veterinary Public Health Management and Food and Feed Safety

319. Objective: to develop and promote efficient veterinary public health structures and functions through strengthening of relevant institutions.

320. Approach: four main outputs are planned: formulation of principles for sustainable veterinary public health systems and cost-effective control of selected zoonotic diseases; analysis of zoonoses status globally and formulation of regional strategies; risk assessment procedures for traditional and new public health challenges and guidelines for risk management and precautionary measures; and quality control mechanisms tested and validated for use in livestock production, product processing and distribution.

213A7 - EMPRES - Livestock

321. Objective: to promote the effective containment and control of the most serious epidemic livestock diseases, as well as newly emerging diseases, by progressive elimination on a regional and global basis through international cooperation involving early warning, early and rapid reaction, enabling research and coordination.

322. Approach: the livestock component of EMPRES will primarily address: functional early warning systems for the major epidemic diseases of livestock at national, regional and global levels; contingency planning and strategic analysis of animal disease emergencies to support early reaction systems; application of biotechnology to diagnosis, strategic epidemiological analysis and vaccine development for the major livestock epidemic diseases; and coordinated strategies for regional control of priority epidemic diseases. The TP also provides for leadership and coordination of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP).

213A8 - Technologies and Systems for Efficient Natural Resource Use in Livestock Production

323. Objective: to facilitate widespread adoption of decision-support frameworks for meeting the challenges of the livestock revolution, and novel technical and procedural approaches to livestock intensification and product processing.

324. Approach: policy and regulatory frameworks will be developed, and related technologies facilitated, to address environmental issues in intensive integrated farming systems and in the area-wide integration of crop and livestock production. A major technical publication is planned on sustainable intensive livestock production. The TP will support: national programmes and strategies for the delivery of integrated veterinary and livestock services, including production, testing, validation and distribution of strategies for feed management, for utilising animal genetic resources and for the control of endemic and production diseases; technology transfer and validation for the sustainable control of parasitic diseases; and networking for broad expert input and wide reporting and dissemination. Other planned outputs are: studies, publications and technical consultations on food and feed safety, livestock feeds and feeding, livestock products and processing, intensive pasture-based systems, and managing genetic resources in intensive livestock systems.

213A9 - Environmental Management of Insect Borne Diseases

325. Objective: to support insect borne diseases control through monitoring and clarifying the changes in disease transmission levels, development of strategies for intervention, and concerted regional action.

326. Approach: the TP will monitor changes in disease transmission levels, develop strategies for intervention and provide support to concerted regional action. It will also cover the identification, design, and formulation of disease intervention and management programmes, and provide scientific guidance through the Panel of Advisory Group Coordinators of the Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT) and a conducive policy environment in the PAAT Committee.

213B1 - Livestock Sector Analysis and Strategy Development

327. Objective: to facilitate livestock farming that is economically and ecologically efficient and safe, while enhancing social objectives (poverty alleviation and gender equity).

328. Approach: a major activity is the assessment of the impact of the livestock revolution on public goods, focusing on external costs and benefits, complemented by country case studies and methodology development for such assessments at different scales. This will lead to the development of strategies that address the livestock revolution - public goods interface, covering general principles and specific regional, national and sub-national approaches. These activities will be supported by extra-budgetary resources in the framework of the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative, which will establish an international policy dialogue and negotiation networks, with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders.

213P1 - Global Livestock Information System and Knowledge Framework

329. Objective: to collate, analyse, synthesise and disseminate information and develop tools for livestock policy analysis and methodologies for policy formulation.

330. Approach: a Global Livestock Knowledge Framework website will be established and operated through electronic conferences, publications and a peer-reviewed scientific journal (AGRIPPA), including reviews, scientific articles, poster papers and manuals. A Global Livestock Information System will operate through integration of a set of information systems (comprising spatially-referenced databases, knowledge bases, analytical and modelling tools, and information acquisition and dissemination mechanisms) providing baseline information on livestock sector resources, animal production, environment, animal and public health as well as socio-economic aspects of livestock production. The entity will ensure the livestock component of multi-disciplinary work on integrated production systems.

213S1 - Advice to Member Countries and Support to the Field Programme

331. This entity covers advice to the membership and backstopping of the field programme, including emergencies, in relation to a wide range of livestock production and health issues.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
The effect of lower ZRG provisions would be principally of a three-pronged nature: the abandonment of the proposed new P-3 post of Animal Production Officer in SAFR (affecting more particularly entity 213S1, Advice to Member Countries and Support to the Field Programme); much reduced work of synthesis and consolidation of country reports in relation to the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Resources and on local action plans for genetic utilisation and improvement (particularly in Africa) under technical project 213A5, Developing the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources; and the delays in implementation of a pathway for verification of freedom from rinderpest (project 213A7, EMPRES - Livestock).

Extra-budgetary Resources

332. Entity 213A5 will continue to rely on extra-budgetary support to a substantial degree for preparing the State of the World's Report on Animal Genetic Resources, as does overall coordination activities of the Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative under entity 213A8, and the models and decision-support tools which directly relate to this initiative.

333. The externally funded Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative will aim to accelerate progress in the achievement of all outputs of entity 213B1, Livestock Sector Analysis and Strategy Development, and for the knowledge bases and information dissemination tools under entity 213P1.

334. Under 213A7, EMPRES - Livestock, will count on donor support for work on GREP, and more generally on strengthening the early warning and early reaction capabilities. Similar support will be sought for strengthening work in support of veterinary public health under entity 213A6.

335. As for crops, the impact of the Iraq emergency operation is also quite strong on the livestock programme.

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

548

0

548

Global

7,380

Regular Programme

17,187

AGA

13,247

11,084

24,331

Inter Regional

8,184

Secondments to Trust Funds

210

FAOR

21

493

514

Africa

9,685

Secondments to STS

53

RO

2,700

3,914

6,614

Asia and Pacific

3,108

Secondments to SPPD

12

SO

951

0

951

Near East

38,989

Other External Secondments

5

TCO

0

37,567

37,567

Europe

910

Programme of Work

17,467

       

Latin America

2,269

Trust Fund Activities

             

Trust Funds

53,058

           

Trust Fund Activities

53,058

           

Programme 2.1.3 Total

70,525

 

17,467

53,058

70,525

 

70,525

Programme 2.1.4: Agricultural Support Systems

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.4.A1

Enhancing Small Farmer Livelihoods

1,508

904

2,412

0

2,412

2.1.4.A2

Meeting Urban Food Needs

1,395

372

1,767

(203)

1,564

2.1.4.A3

Sustainable Commercial Provision of Input Supply, Mechanisation, Investment Support and Marketing Services

1,385

447

1,832

0

1,832

2.1.4.A4

Agribusiness Development

978

1,453

2,431

(120)

2,311

2.1.4.A5

Agricultural Services - Data and Information Systems

1,074

815

1,889

(25)

1,864

2.1.4.A6

Farm Economics and Decision Support

844

(844)

0

0

0

2.1.4.A7

Agricultural Engineering, Ergonomics and the Environment

435

(435)

0

0

0

2.1.4.A8

Agricultural Marketing and Rural Finance Support Products and Outreach

1,416

(1,416)

0

0

0

2.1.4.P1

Small-scale Agro-industries and Post-harvest Systems Analysis

1,109

(1,109)

0

0

0

2.1.4.S1

Field Programme Support and Advisory Services to Countries

5,038

(218)

4,820

0

4,820

Total

15,182

(31)

15,151

(348)

14,803

Cost Increases

137

 

126

Total - recosted

15,288

 

14,929

336. The focus of the programme will be essentially on:

  1. promotion of market-oriented farm production and support to small farmers in increasing productivity and incomes, including strengthening the role of the private sector to provide agricultural inputs to rural areas, and development of efficient marketing chains for diverse agricultural products to meet the needs of both rural areas and the cities;
  2. enhancement of farm-level economic analysis and planning and decision making by farmers and organizations providing support to farmers;
  3. assessment and dissemination of improved processing, preservation, storage and produce handling technologies for food and agricultural products;
  4. promotion of viable rural banking, savings and agricultural credit schemes; and
  5. progress in the use of farm machinery and equipment through the introduction of appropriate standards and codes of conduct.

337. In addition, the component programme entities are designed to foster full involvement of women and an enabling environment for the growth of rural enterprise. There has been further consolidation of technical projects in order to enhance inter-disciplinarity and facilitate linkages with other programmes, as well as with the pertinent PAIAs, particularly Food for the Cities, Integrated Production Systems including conservation agriculture, and Biotechnology.

214A1 - Enhancing Small Farmer Livelihoods

338. Objective: to improve small farmer livelihoods, and in particular small farmer incomes and competitiveness.

339. Approach: the TP aims to improve small farmer livelihoods by providing guidance on enabling policies, programmes, and advisory services; appraising and promoting opportunities for increasing farm income; and developing training materials to enhance managerial and entrepreneurial capacity. As a basis for policy guidance, two specific issues will be addressed through cross-regional studies, i.e. farm-level adjustments following trade liberalisation, and gender impacts of small farm commercialisation. To identify opportunities for increasing farm income, economic appraisals will be undertaken on diversification opportunities in Africa, Latin America, and Asia and the Pacific. Information and promotional materials will be produced on the most promising options identified, as well as on contract farming, term lending for farming investments, and farmer resource sharing and partnership arrangements. Training aides and guides will be developed on farmer financial management skills, analysis and dissemination of market information, and farm economics for field agents. To strengthen farmer advisory and support services, technical support and training guidance will be provided on farm business planning and enterprise development, marketing extension and market information, and farmer financial management skills.

214A2 - Meeting Urban Food Needs

340. Objective: to provide the basis for government and municipal authorities to identify changes needed in order to improve the efficiency of food supply and distribution operations to, and within, urban areas.

341. Approach: the requirements of city and local authorities will be addressed through information material, training aids and workshops to improve food supply and distribution systems. Opportunities for improved food supply and distribution will be pursued in terms of selected small-scale agro-industries suitable for meeting urban food needs, and a technical document produced on profitable and sustainable farm resource management and investment for peri-urban farming. The SPFS will be supported through technical capacity building, methodologies for high-quality and safe agriculture produce, and awareness of the opportunities and constraints of urban and peri-urban agriculture.

214A3 - Sustainable Commercial Provision of Input Supply, Mechanisation, Investment Support and Marketing Services

342. Objective: to support improved performance of the agricultural sector, through increased efficiency of input-output systems and the private and government services pertaining thereto.

343. Approach: the TP will formulate strategies and provide training for enhanced input supply and financing modalities for small farmers, and support economic and policy studies on farmers' access to services and impacts on farm resource use and productivity. It will sensitise government ministries and central banks to needs, and methodologies for policy formulation and delivery for rural banking services. It will prepare guidelines for domestic marketing strategy formulation in response to growing globalisation of trade, and identify options for increased private sector participation in input supply systems for the small farm sector, including for farm machinery. Ongoing collaboration related to the FAO/German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) MicroBanking System will continue, including training of MicroBanker users and support personnel.

214A4 - Agribusiness Development

344. Objectives: to enhance the integration of production, processing, packaging, transport and storage of marketable commodities and value-added products from the farm through to the consumer, and to support entrepreneurs in rural and peri-urban agribusiness development.

345. Approach: the TP will develop and deliver training packages for entrepreneurs in agribusiness and guidelines on loan finance, and provide support to awareness campaigns on food safety issues in food processing and marketing. Appropriate technologies for agro-industries and post-harvest management will be evaluated through feasibility studies and pilot testing, supported by an expert consultation on modalities and measures for introducing new technologies (including biotechnology) to the consumers. Training requirements for contract negotiation and compliance will be assessed, and post-production constraints analysis performed in selected countries.

214A5 - Agricultural Services - Data and Information Systems

346. Objective: to collect and disseminate up-to-date data and information as relates to key agricultural services as a tool for policy guidance and technical advice.

347. Approach: the TP will collect, analyse and disseminate data and information on a range of agricultural services by integrating and updating existing information systems and databases. These include agricultural mechanisation, gender issues and farm power, improved quality and safety standards for pesticide application equipment, and sectoral institutions and training facilities. The AgriBank database will provide information on desegregation of client data by gender and enterprise size, while the Information Network on Post-Harvest Operations (INPhO) database will incorporate contributions on post-harvest technologies from other institutions and will be promoted through regional meetings in Asia and South America. The farm economics website (InFarm) will be developed for farm-related data, information and technical support, supported by work on farm data systems review and design, farm data collection and analysis and integrated economic and environmental accounting.

214S1 - Field Programme Support and Advisory Services to Countries

348. The entity provides for advice to Members on farm management, mechanisation, rural agro-industries, post-harvest management, marketing, rural and agricultural insurance. It also includes backstopping of the field programme, including the SPFS and work on emergencies, and will be carried out in association with regional technical teams.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
The lower levels of activity under the two most-critically affected entities (214A2, Meeting Urban Food Needs, and 214A4, Agribusiness Development) would imply respectively: a) postponement of the development of training modules on peri-urban farming for food security in Central Africa, reduced dissemination of information through the Internet, and less balanced language coverage of publications on urban and peri-urban horticulture; and b) a reduced programme of workshops and expert meetings dealing with food biotechnology and consumer education.

Extra-budgetary Resources

349. Training and technical guidance on farm planning and enterprise development for enhancing small farmer livelihoods will receive extra-budgetary support under entity 214A1. In-kind support from partner institutions will also contribute to achieving outputs under 214A2 and 214A3, including: translating technical documents and covering the costs of some participants to technical workshops on meeting urban food needs; further development of the MicroBanker software programme and training personnel in its use; selected rural finance and marketing publications; and preparation of training materials for capacity enhancement in rural finance institutions.

350. Field work on post-harvest management under entity 214A4 should continue to benefit from significant extra-budgetary resources. These are also expected in support of workshops and seminars on conservation agriculture as well as for preparing guidelines relating to agricultural mechanisation.

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

518

0

518

Global

4,887

Regular Programme

15,034

AGP

213

0

213

Inter Regional

714

Secondments to Trust Funds

55

AGS

10,046

350

10,396

Africa

4,535

Secondments to STS

49

FAOR

16

1,747

1,763

Asia and Pacific

3,686

Secondments to SPPD

13

RO

3,509

914

4,423

Near East

1,818

Programme of Work

15,151

SO

849

0

849

Europe

771

Trust Fund Activities

         

Latin America

1,749

Trust Funds

3,011

           

Trust Fund Activities

3,011

           

Programme 2.1.4 Total

18,162

 

15,151

3,011

18,162

 

18,160

Programme 2.1.5: Agricultural Applications of Isotopes
and Biotechnology

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.5.A1

Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building

2,345

(249)

2,096

(105)

1,991

2.1.5.A2

Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building for Mitigation of Constraints and Risks

1,589

170

1,759

(60)

1,699

2.1.5.P1

Capacity Building and Risk Analysis Methodologies for Compliance with Food Safety Standards and Pesticide Control and Strengthened Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures through Irradiation of Food and Agricultural Commodities

1,755

55

1,810

0

1,810

Total

5,689

(24)

5,665

(165)

5,500

Cost Increases

103

 

8

Total - recosted

5,768

 

5,508

351. This programme is implemented jointly with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and includes research, training and other services from the FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory at Seibersdorf, near Vienna. It fosters applications of nuclear and related biotechnologies to intensify and diversify agricultural production systems and improve food quality and safety, while ensuring efficient and environmentally-sound resource management.

352. All major outputs from the two technical projects (TPs) and one continuing programme activity (CP) involve: a) method or technology development and assessment which relies on studies and surveys conducted through networks, and b) training and capacity building in application on pilot and area-wide scales through workshops and field projects implemented nationally and regionally through IAEA- and FAO-funded technical cooperation activities. Complementing country and regional activities and promoting wider outreach, are publications, databases and computer-based information systems available in hard copy, over the web and on CD-ROM. The programme makes a contribution to the intra-departmental project 210A2, Promotion of Conservation Agriculture, particularly from entity 215A1, hence the apparent decrease.

353. The Programme will concentrate on:

  1. completing work on the comparative assessment, pilot testing and monitoring of methods to measure, understand and manipulate key processes for more efficient use of soil, water and nutrient resources;
  2. normative and operational work on biotechnology;
  3. promoting the concept of area wide Integrated Pest Management (IPM) through provision of improved mass rearing, release and quality assurance methods for applying the sterile insect technique (SIT) to control or eradicate economically significant crop and livestock insect pests or vectors of disease, most notably medfly, screwworms and tsetse flies; and
  4. international and national regulatory frameworks and capacities for complying with food safety and phytosanitary standards through irradiation and transfer of analytical methods and quality assurance procedures for contaminants and residues covered by the Codex Alimentarius.
215A1 - Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building

354. Objective: to develop and disseminate improved techniques and practices for assessing and alleviating constraints and risks to sustainable intensification.

355. Approach: contributing to improved soil, water and nutrient management, will be internationally validated methods for measuring soil erosion at the catchment scale, soil water and its dynamics, and the agronomic effectiveness of phosphate rocks. An interactive computer-based system will provide decision support for direct application of such materials. These methods will be employed for identifying practices which improve crop productivity through integrated approaches to soil, water and nutrient management. With respect to work on crop germplasm improvement and characterisation, planned outputs include methodologies and guidelines for induction, molecular characterisation and selection of mutated germplasm with agronomically important traits such as yield, disease and stress tolerance; guidelines on tissue culture methods appropriate for low-income countries; and the availability of a regularly updated web-based database on officially released crop mutant varieties; and a crop mutant germplasm register with accessions characterised by DNA fingerprinting. The results of an expert consultation on genetically modified arthropod pests, the dissemination of improved insect mass rearing, internationally validated quality control and molecular characterisation procedures and the availability of a database on radiation doses for insect sterilisation will contribute to work on risk assessment and management of major trade-related insect pests of crops.

215A2 - Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building for Mitigation of Constraints and Risks

356. Objective: to develop and disseminate techniques and practices for improved assessment and management of risks and constraints to productivity.

357. Approach: in relation to small-scale dairy production systems, the TP will develop methods and a manual for making more effective use of tanniferous tree foliage as feeds, coupled with strengthened national capacities in using these and other methods and strategies developed in previous biennia for improving feed utilisation and management of artificial insemination (AI) services. Biotechnology applications in support of EMPRES will include improved methods for early warning, diagnosis and surveillance of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth and Newcastle disease and the conduct of a global serological survey to determine progress in the global rinderpest eradication campaign (GREP). A laboratory management software will be disseminated and training organised to aid processing and analysis of diagnostic and surveillance information, while advice and other services will be provided to promote diagnostic laboratory accreditation for transboundary animal diseases, as well as technical services to the International Office of Epizootics (OIE) Standards Commission.

358. Towards the development and implementation of appropriate risk assessment and management procedures for screwworm in the Near East and Latin America and the Caribbean regions, and for tsetse fly infestations in Africa, the TP will develop: methodologies and guidelines for sampling, identification and genetic analysis of insect populations; standards and guidelines for efficient large-scale production of quality assured tsetse flies; and decision-support tools for identifying priority areas for intervention. Through the PAAT, it will contribute to the gathering and dissemination of internationally coordinated information, strategy development and policy advice with respect to tsetse in Africa, thereby contributing to the OAU's Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), and provide technical support to field projects aimed at the establishment of tsetse free areas through integrated use of SIT with other methods.

215P1 - Capacity Building and Risk Analysis Methodologies for Compliance with Food Safety Standards and Pesticide Control and Strengthened Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures through Irradiation of Food and Agricultural Commodities

359. Objectives: to strengthen capacities within national food and pesticide control laboratories to implement risk analysis procedures for food contaminants and residues and compliance with pesticide standards; to provide decision support for use of irradiation as a sanitary and phytosanitary treatment of food and agricultural commodities, thereby facilitating trade.

360. Approach: work relating to Codex and pesticide standards includes: technical services for adoption by Codex of guidelines for the validation of analytical methods for residues; guidelines on quality assurance parameters for method validation and for determining uncertainty of analytical results for compliance with maximum residue limits; and methodologies for validating simple methods for determining pesticide residues, mycotoxins and human bacterial pathogens in food. Additional contributions to the international standard-setting process will be provided through technical services to the Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues. Capacities for complying with relevant standards and guidelines relating to the operation of food and pesticide control laboratories will be strengthened in all regions through courses, field projects and organisation of proficiency testing activities, complemented by enhancements to the content of the International Food Contaminant and Residue Information System (INFOCRIS).

361. With respect to irradiation, key outputs are: technical support to the development of an amended Codex General Standard for Irradiated Foods and a standard on irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment through the ICPM; and regular updating of the website of the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation and of databases on irradiated food and irradiation facilities, which will provide Members with factual information about global developments relating to the process.

Impact of ZRG Resource Levels
The two technical projects (215A1, Sustainable Intensification of Crop Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building, and 215A2, Sustainable Intensification of Livestock Production Systems through Technologies and Capacity Building for Mitigation of Constraints and Risks) would have a reduced publication output, in particular a technical document on understanding genetically modified organism (GMO) technology for insect pest management and attendant risks, guidelines on molecular marker methods for characterising plant genetic resources, as well as other documents.

Extra-budgetary Resources

362. It is recalled that this programme is implemented jointly with IAEA. The latter's contribution is foreseen at around US$ 11 million, including the Seibersdorf Laboratory. The IAEA technical cooperation programme will continue to provide technical services to projects and training courses in all areas, at an estimated value of US$ 26 million. These are not shown in the following table as they are recorded in the accounts of the IAEA.

2002-03 Estimates by Funding Source, Unit and Region (US$ 000)

Funding Source

Organizational Unit

Region

Fund

Total

Unit

Programme

Trust

Total

Region

Total

     

of Work

Fund

     

Programme of Work

 

AFIP

21

0

21

Global

500

Regular Programme

5,665

AGE

5,644

0

5,644

Inter Regional

0

           

Africa

1,201

Programme of Work

5,665

       

Asia and Pacific

1,602

Trust Fund Activities

         

Near East

796

Trust Funds

0

       

Europe

369

Trust Fund Activities

0

       

Latin America

1,197

Programme 2.1.5 Total

5,665

 

5,665

0

5,665

 

5,665

Programme 2.1.9: Programme Management

(All amounts in US$ 000)

 

Programme Entity

2000-01 Programme of Work

RG Programme Change

RG 2002-03 Programme of Work

ZRG Programme Change

ZRG 2002-03 Programme of Work

2.1.9.S1

Departmental Direction

3,607

(623)

2,984

0

2,984

2.1.9.S2

Divisional Direction

2,963

3

2,966

0

2,966

2.1.9.S3

Regional and Sub-regional Direction

3,977

389

4,366

0

4,366

Total

10,547

(231)

10,316

0

10,316

Cost Increases

(84)

 

(84)

Total - recosted

10,232

 

10,232

363. This programme covers the immediate Office of Assistant Director-General (AGD), including the Programme Coordination Unit (AGDP), the offices of the division directors and those parts of Regional Office direction attributable to this major programme.

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