I. List of participants - Liste des participants
II. Agenda - Ordre du Jour
III. National Aquaculture Development Plans - Plans Nationaux de Développement de l'Aquiculture
ANNEX I/ ANNEXE I
FIRST REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON AQUACULTURE PLANNING
PREMIER SEMINAIRE REGIONAL SUR LA PLANIFICATION DE L'AQUICULTURE
Accra, Ghana - 2-17 July/juillet 1975
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Stage/ Phase |
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Central African Republic/ République centrafricaine | |
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Catchy-Ngakoudou, A. |
I |
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Maletoungou, Z. |
I & II |
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Egypt/ Egypte | |
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Eisawy, A. |
I |
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| |
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El Bolock, A. |
I & II |
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El Sherif, R. |
I |
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Ghana/ Ghana | |
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| |
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Adjetey, J.N.N. |
I |
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Denyoh, F.M.K. |
I & II |
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Nsiah, S.B. |
I |
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Odoi-Akersie, W. | |
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Ivory Coast/ Côte-d'Ivoire | |
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Lazard, J.J. |
I |
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Planquette, P.Y.P. |
I |
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| |
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Vieyra, A. |
I & II |
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Kenya/ Kenya | |
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Kagai, J.K. |
I & II |
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Maluki, W.K. |
I |
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Odero, N. |
I |
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Madagascar/ Madagascar | |
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Rajaona, S.G. |
I & II |
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| |
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Ralison, A. |
I |
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Raveloson, M. |
I |
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Nigeria/ Nigeria | |
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| |
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Afinowi, M.A. |
I & II |
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Tobor, J.G. |
I |
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Sudan/ Soudan | |
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George, T.G. |
I & II |
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Medani, Y.I. |
I |
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Mekki, A.R. |
I |
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Tanzania/ Tanzanie | |
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Ibrahim, K. |
I & II |
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Lema, R. | |
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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/
Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture
Appleyard, W.P.
Chief
Fishery Industries Development Service
Department of Fisheries
Kambona, J.J.
Senior Regional Fishery Officer
FAO Regional Office for Africa
Krone, W.
Senior Fishery Industry Officer
Fish Production and Marketing Service
Department of Fisheries
Pillay, T.V.R.
Programme Leader
Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme
Department of Fisheries
Ruckes, E.
Consultant in Fisheries Economics
Tang, Y.A.
Fishery Resources Officer
Aquatic Resources Improvement and Environment Service
Department of Fisheries
Vincke, M.J.
Project Manager
Fish Culture Training and Research Project
P.O. Box 872
Bangui
West, W. Q-B.
Regional Fishery Officer
FAO Regional Office for Africa
United Nations Development Programme/
Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement
Ripley, Wm. Ellis
Fisheries Advisor
Division of Global and Inter-regional
Programs
ANNEX II
FIRST REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON AQUACULTURE PLANNING
Accra, Ghana - 2-17 July 1975
AGENDA
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Stage I |
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2 July 1975 (Wednesday) |
Opening. Problems and prospects of aquaculture development in Africa. Basic data required for aquaculture planning. Levels and patterns of aquaculture development. Role of public and private sectors in aquaculture. | |
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3 July 1975 (Thursday) |
Organization of aquaculture services for small- and industrial-scale development. Research support and extension services. Manpower requirements and training of personnel. Development of auxiliary industries. | |
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4 July 1975 (Friday) |
Market surveys for aquaculture planning. Handling and marketing of aquaculture products. Financing and credit for aquaculture development. Incentives for aquaculture development. Legal and environmental aspects of aquaculture development. | |
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5 July 1975 (Saturday) |
Bilateral and multilateral assistance for aquaculture development. Regional and inter-regional cooperatives in aquaculture development. | |
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6 July 1975 (Sunday) |
Visit to Volta Lake Authority and Tema Fishing Port. | |
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7 July 1975 (Monday) |
National policies, objectives of overall economic development strategy with particular reference to food production, guidelines for aquaculture development in participating countries. | |
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8 July 1975 (Tuesday) |
National policies, objectives of overall economic development strategy with particular reference to food production, guidelines for aquaculture development in participating countries. | |
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Stage II | ||
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9 July 1975 (Wednesday) |
General discussion on the layout of draft plans. Working Group discussions: | |
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Working Group I |
- Central African Republic |
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Working Group II |
- Egypt |
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10 July 1975 (Thursday) |
Working Group discussions. | |
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11 July 1975 (Friday) |
Drafting of national plans. | |
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12 July 1975 (Saturday) |
Drafting of national plans. | |
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13 July 1975 (Sunday) |
FREE | |
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14 July 1975 (Monday) |
Complete drafting of national plans. | |
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15 July 1975 (Tuesday) |
Review of draft plans by Working Groups and finalization of the documents. | |
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16 July 1975 (Wednesday) |
Discussion of draft plans and means of implementation. | |
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17 July 1975 (Thursday) |
Discussion of summary report of the Workshop. Departure of participants. | |
ANNEXE II
PREMIER SEMINAIRE REGIONAL SUR LA PLANIFICATION DE L'AQUICULTURE
Accra, Ghana - 2-17 juillet 1975
ORDRE DU JOUR
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Première partie |
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2 juillet 1975 (mercredi) |
Ouverture. Problèmes et perspectives du développement aquicole en Afrique. Données de base nécessaires à la planification aquicole. Niveaux et schémas du développement aquicole. Rôle des secteurs public et prive dans l'aquiculture. | |
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3 juillet 1975 (jeudi) |
Organisation de services d'aquiculture en vue du développement artisanal et industriel. Services de recherche, de soutien et de vulgarisation. Besoins de main-d'oeuvre et de formation du personnel. Développement des industries auxiliaires. | |
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4 juillet 1975 (vendredi) |
Etudes de marche en vue de la planification aquicole. Traitement et commercialisation des produits de l'aquiculture. Financement et crédit pour le développement aquicole. Stimulants du développement aquicole. Aspects juridiques et environnementaux du développement aquicole. | |
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5 juillet 1975 (samedi) |
Aide bilatérale et multilatérale au développement aquicole. Coopération régionale et interrégionale en matière de développement aquicole. | |
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6 juillet 1975 (dimanche) |
Visite aux autorités du Lac Volta et au Port de pèche de Tema. | |
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7 juillet 1975 (lundi) |
Politiques, objectifs et strategies d'ensemble du développement économique à l'échelle nationale, notamment dans le secteur de la production alimentaire; directives concernant le développement aquicole dans les pays participants. | |
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8 juillet 1975 (mardi) |
Politiques, objectifs et strategies d'ensemble du développement économique à l'échelle nationale, notamment dans le secteur de la production alimentaire; directives concernant le développement aquicole dans les paya participants. | |
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Seconde partie |
| |
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9 juillet 1975 (mercredi) |
Débat general sur les grandes lignes des avant-plans. Débats des groupes de travail: | |
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Groupe de travail I |
- République centrafricaine | |
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Groupe de travail II |
- Egypte | |
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Groupe de travail III |
- Ghana |
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10 juillet 1975 (jeudi) |
Débats des groupes de travail. | |
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11 juillet 1975 (vendredi) |
Etablissement des plans nationaux. | |
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12 juillet 1975 (samedi) |
Etablissement des plans nationaux. | |
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13 juillet 1975 (dimanche) |
REPOS | |
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14 juillet 1975 (lundi) |
Achèvement des plans nationaux. | |
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15 juillet 1975 (mardi) |
Examens des avant-plans par les groupes de travail et mise au point définitive des documents. | |
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16 juillet 1975 (mercredi) |
Discussion des plans et des moyens de les mettre en application. | |
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17 juillet 1975 (jeudi) |
Débat sur le compte rendu sommaire du séminaire. Départ des participants. | |
PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'AQUICULTURE EN REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE
PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'AQUICULTURE EN COTE-D'IVOIRE
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN EGYPT
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN GHANA
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN KENYA
PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE L'AQUICULTURE A MADAGASCAR
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN NIGERIA
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN THE SUDAN
NATIONAL PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE IN TANZANIA
ANNEX III/ ANNEXE III
[1/ Prépare par Z. Maletoungou. FAO, Bangui, sur la base des recommandations et objectifs formules durant la première série de la Séminaire par A. Catchy-Ngakoudou, Eaux, Pèches, et Pisciculture, Bangui]
1. SITUATION ACTUELLE DU DEVELOPPEMENT AQUICOLE
La production totale en produits des pêches, pour 1974 a été estimée à 11 883 tonnes, dont 11 840 tonnes de poisson provenant de la pèche dans les eaux continentales et 43 tonnes provenant de la pisciculture en étangs.
Les importations, pour la même année, ont été de l'ordre de 280 tonnes de poisson.
2. DEMANDE POUR LES PRODUITS DES PECHES
La consommation actuelle de poisson est de 2 à 3 kg per caput/an en milieu rural et atteint entre 3 et 5 kg en milieu urbain.
Compte tenu des possibilités de développement, les besoins de poisson par habitant ont été estimés à 10 kg per caput/an, soit 30 000 tonnes/an.
Le déficit annuel (importations comprises) est donc de 18 000 tonnes dont 10 000 tonnes seront fournies par la pèche dans les eaux continentales et 8 000 tonnes seront apportées par l'aquiculture. La valeur de ce tonnage déficitaire est de CFA.F. 4 000 millions.
3. OBJECTIFS
3.1 Long-terme
A long terme, il s'agit de réduire notablement le manque de protéines animales dont souffre la population. Cela peut être réalisé en développant l'aquiculture dans les régions ou il y à de l'eau en abondance toute l'année et où il y a suffisamment de sous-produits agricoles disponibles pour nourrir les poissons..
3.2 Moyen-terme
A moyen terme, il faudra consolider les actions déjà en cours et vulgariser les techniques mises au point au Centre Piscicole National de Bangui-Landjia par les projets FAO/PNUD (recherches et formation). De nouvelles fermes pilotes seront construites pour augmenter la production.
3.3 Court-terme
A court terme, il faut continuer la vulgarisation et l'extension des étangs en milieu rural et poursuivre les recherches. Egalement compléter les travaux qui visent à établir la rentabilité financière de la pisciculture sous ses différentes formes.
4. NIVEAUX ET SCHEMAS DU DEVELOPPEMENT ENVISAGE
Il est prévu deux niveaux:
(a) Pisciculture de subsistance et commercialisation à petite échelle, en milieu rural, par le secteur prive. Le développement de ce type de pisciculture nécessite des actions d'un service de vulgarisation bien structure (vente d'alevins, conseils techniques).(b) Piscicultures commerciales aux abords des agglomérations urbaines, avec des capitaux prives et si nécessaire, des crédits du secteur public. Il y aura également intervention et assistance technique du service de vulgarisation.
5. OBJECTIFS DE PRODUCTION ET MOYENS RETENUS POUR ATTEINDRE CES OBJECTIFS
On espère combler le déficit de 8 000 tonnes, en 10 ans, en mettant en oeuvre les moyens suivants:
(a) Construction et aménagement de 20 000 étangs de pisciculture en milieu rural. Production estimée - 4 600 tonnes.(b) Exploitation de 13 fermes piscicoles pilotes sur une superficie totale de 127 ha. Production estimée - 2 239 tonnes.
(c) Exploitation en élevages associes porcs et poissons, et 1 000 étangs sur une superficie totale de 65 ha. Production estimée - 520 tonnes de poissons plus 257 tonnes de porcs sur pied.
6. SYSTEMES ET ESPECES SELECTIONNEES
Les résultats de recherches menées au Centre Piscicole National de Bangui-Landjia depuis 1967 ont démontré la faisabilité et la rentabilité de certains systèmes d'élevage que l'on est en train de vulgariser.
En pisciculture en étangs, l'on applique la monoculture de Tilapia nilotica dont les rendements se situent entre 4 et 6 tonnes de poisson/ha/an. Clarias lazera, en monoculture, donne entre 6 et 8 tonnes/ha/an.
La carpiculture, ou élevage en étangs de la carpe commune (Cyprinus carpio), est encore à l'essai.
Les élevages associes visent à la production simultanée d'animaux de ferme et de poissons. Les poissons ne sont pas nourris artificiellement mais les eaux sont fertilisées constamment par les déjections de ces animaux et par les déchets de leurs aliments.
L'élevage associé de porcs et de poissons (T. nilotica et Clarias) produit 8 à 10 tonnes de poisson/ha/an. L'association canards et poissons donne 3 à 4 tonnes/ha/an.
La rizipisciculture ou élevage de poisson en rizières irriguées est encore au stade expérimental avec Clarias lazera, T. nilotica, et la carpe commune.
7. SITUATION DE LA TECHNOLOGIE ET BESOINS FUTURS EN TECHNOLOGIE
La mise en pratique des résultats des recherches a permis d'avoir une technologie avancée en ce qui concerne la monoculture et la polyculture de Tilapia nilotica, les élevages associées de porcs et canards avec poissons et l'obtention d'alevins de Clarias lazera par la reproduction induite.
Il y a également une technologie avancée dans le domaine de l'alimentation artificielle des poissons, notamment par granules (pellets).
La formation de cadres moyens et de moniteurs piscicoles (vulgarisateurs) est fort avancée, ainsi que les techniques de vulgarisation de la pisciculture en milieu rural.
Un certain nombre de pratiques sont donc déjà bien établies et en voie de vulgarisation. On est encore à la phase expérimentale en ce qui concerne la reproduction naturelle et l'alevinage de Clarias lazera, la rizipisciculture, l'amélioration de l'alimentation artificielle des poissons, la fertilisation des étangs et la carpiculture.
Opérations pilotes et démonstrations sont en cours d'exécution depuis deux ans.
Le transfert vertical de la technologie s'effectue du Centre Piscicole National de Bangui-Landjia vers les autres stations et exploitations piscicoles du pays.
L'importation de technologie reste nécessaire, notamment par l'apport des connaissances techniques de consultants. L'amélioration de la technologie existante sera basée sur les résultats des recherches et également par l'octroi de bourses au profit des cadres nationaux.
Le développement d'une technologie nouvelle se fera sur base des recherches menées dans les domaines suivants:
Essais de nouvelles espèces locales adaptées à l'élevage en étangs, l'améliorât ion des techniques de reproduction et d'alevinage de Clarias lazera, mise au point des techniques de reproduction d'alevinage et d'élevage de la carpe commune, alimentation artificielle des poissons, fertilisation des étangs, mise au point des techniques de rizipisciculture et amélioration des méthodes d'élevages associes.
8. FORMATION DU PERSONNEL DE CADRE
Les besoins de personnel de cadre se situent à deux niveaux:
(a) Cadres subalternes; Moniteurs piscicoles - personnel de vulgarisation et d'encadrement qui devrait être forme sur place. Durée de la formation théorique et pratique -3 à 6 mois. Niveaux de recrutement - certificat d'études primaires ou réussir un examen de capacité.
Besoins immédiats - 40 moniteurs. Besoins à long terme - 100 moniteurs.(b) Cadres moyens: Niveau minimum de recrutement - B.E.P.C. (ou G.C.E. '0' level dans le système anglais) et de préférence baccalauréat (G.C.E. 'A' level). Durée de formation - 8 à 10 mois. Le cadre moyen est un technicien en aquiculture, capable de diriger une ferme piscicole commerciale, de diriger et de superviser le travail d'une équipe de vulgarisateurs.
Besoins immédiats - 10. Besoins à long terme - 25.
9. CREATION DE SERVICES DE VULGARISATION
L'organisation de démonstrations fait partie, depuis deux ans, des opérations de routine. Elles continueront à se faire régulièrement autour de Bangui, Bambari, Alindao, Ippy et Bouar.
Elles visent à éveiller l'intérêt des pisciculteurs et à améliorer leurs pratiques d'élevage et donc les rendements.
L'assistance technique est assurée par les vulgarisateurs. Les inspections sanitaires et contrôle des maladies ne s'effectueront pas actuellement, car il n'y a pas eu, jusqu'à présent des cas de maladies. Si cela s'avère nécessaire, ces taches seront du ressort du Laboratoire du Centre Piscicole National de Bangui-Landjia.
Pour l'obtention et la distribution d'intrants, il y a deux cas:
(a) Pisciculture en milieu rural: Les différents intrants tels que alevins, aliments pour poissons et fertilisants seront à charge des pisciculteurs mais ils pourront les obtenir, contre paiement auprès du Centre Piscicole National et dans les autres stations de la région.(b) Pisciculteurs commerciales: Tous les intrants seront à charge des exploitants
Le budget pour les expériences et les démonstrations pilotes devrait normalement être fournis par le gouvernement. Il est cependant probable que le gouvernement demandera l'assistance financière du FAO/PNUD pour réaliser ces objectifs.
10. PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PRODUCTION AQUICOLE
10.1 Le développement de la pisciculture se fera dans les régions peuplées ou les besoins en protéines animales sont importants et ou il existe des conditions favorables à l'installation d'entreprises piscicoles. Ces régions sont les suivantes: Bangui, M'baiki, Bambari, Alindao, Ippy, Bouar, Bria, Crampel, Dékoa, Yaloke et Grimari. Ces régions sont les plus peuplées de la République centrafricaine; elles sont bien arrosées et on y trouve des sous-produits agricoles en grandes quantités. Il est prévu de construire, dans ces régions, 840 ha d'étangs de pisciculture, des fermes-pilotes sur 127 ha et l'exploitation sur 65 ha d'élevages associes de porcs et de poissons.
10.2 Les étapes dans l'exécution du programme de production dans les différents secteurs seront franchies progressivement, en fonction des disponibilités financières.
(a) La secteur prive continuera son expansion et évoluera en fonction des résultats des recherches qui seront diffusées et qui seront immédiatement applicables.(b) Les exploitations relevant du secteur public progresseront dans deux domaines: l'augmentation de la production globale par l'installation de fermes-pilotes commerciales; et ensuite par la mise en oeuvre de nouvelles techniques de production.
(c) II pourrait être crée des associations de pisciculteurs notamment pour la construction de nouveaux étangs en milieu rural.
Le calendrier de l'installation des nouvelles exploitations est donne ci-après:
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1ère année: |
Construction de 2 500 étangs de 2 ares - 50 ha |
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2ème année: |
Construction de 2 500 étangs de 4 ares - 100 ha |
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3ème année: |
Installation de 2 fermes-pilotes de 10 ha - 20 ha |
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4ème année: |
Construction de 2 000 étangs de 4 ares - 80 ha |
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5ème année: |
Construction de 2 000 étangs de 4 ares - 80 ha |
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6ème année: |
Installation de 2 fermes-pilotes de 10 ha - 20 ha Construction de 2 000 étangs de 4 ares - 80 ha Construction de 200 étangs de 5 ares en élevage - 10 ha |
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7ème année: |
Construction de 3 000 étangs de 5 ares - 150 ha Construction de 300 étangs de 5 ares en élevage associe - 15 ha |
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8ème année: |
Installation de 3 fermes-pilotes de 10 ha - 30 ha Construction de 2 000 étangs de 5 ares - 100 ha Construction de 200 étangs de 5 ares en élevage associe - 10 ha |
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9ème année: |
Installation de 3 fermes-pilotes de 10 ha - 30 ha Construction de 2 000 étangs de 5 ares - 100 ha Construction de 200 étangs de 10 ares en élevage associe - 20 ha |
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10ème année: |
Installation de 1 ferme-pilote de 10 ha - 10 ha Construction de 2 000 étangs de 5 ares - 100 ha Construction de 100 étangs de 10 ares en élevage associe - 10 ha |
Les arrangements pour le financement et le crédit devront être pris en fonction de trois types d'exploitations:
(a) Les exploitations privées seront établies avec des investissements provenant du secteur prive. Les étangs en milieu rural, dont la superficie varie entre 2 et 10 ares, seront construits manuellement par le paysan-propriétaire et de la main-d'oeuvre, le coût de construction d'un are d'étang est estimé à CFA.F. 12 000 (U.S.$ 60). Il est prévu qu'en 10 ans les paysans construiront 20 000 étangs prives d'une superficie totale de 840 ha. Leur effort peut être évalue à un investissement d'approximativement CFA.F. 1 000 milliards.Dans certains cas, il sera sans doute possible d'obtenir des prêts dans le cadre du crédit agricole.
(b) Les fermes - pilotes, les centres de recherches et le service de vulgarisation seront subventionnes par le Gouvernement qui demandera probablement une assistance du FAO/PNUD. Le coût des investissements est estime à CFA.F. 350 millions.
Il importe de donner à ces entreprises une stricte autonomie financière et la personnalité civile. Les fonds attribués et les recettes de l'exploitation serviront à couvrir les frais de fonctionnement et à l'autofinancement.
(c) Les associations de paysans qui auraient pour but de faire de la pisciculture pourraient également, avec la garantie de l'état, obtenir des fonds d'investissements, remboursables à long terme.
10.3 Les arrangements pour les travaux de construction seront variables, selon les cas. Le secteur prive ne bénéficiera que de l'assistance technique du service de vulgarisation qui effectuera les études et qui fournira l'assistance d'un moniteur piscicole durant les travaux.
Quant aux installations à charge du secteur public, le Gouvernement devra allouer, en temps voulu, les crédits nécessaires à leur réalisation. Ces fonds d'investissement seront gères par le service de l'aquiculture qui sera charge de l'exécution des travaux.
Si possible, les terrassements seront effectues par des engins lourds; à défaut, par de la main-d'oeuvre.
10.4 La production d'alevins et leur distribution se fera par l'intermédiaire des stations piscicoles gouvernementales. Certaines stations devraient être remises en état de fonctionnement. Coût prévu: CFA.F. 3 millions.
La meilleure solution serait de faire construire, par les pisciculteurs, des étangs d'alevinage de 1 à 4 ares. Cela facilitera considérablement la production et la distribution des alevins dans certaines régions. Les fournitures d'alevins seront payantes.
10.5 La préparation d'aliments et leur distribution seront à charge des pisciculteurs qui utiliseront les sous-produits agricoles disponibles. Le service de vulgarisation se chargera de procurer des aliments plus élabores, tels que granules. La pratique de l'élevage associe (porcs et poissons et canards ou poules et poissons) diminueront de beaucoup les problèmes d'alimentation des poissons, mais il faudrait alors prévoir des aliments pour ces animaux de ferme.
10.6 L'approvisionnement en fertilisants ne posera pas de problèmes puisqu'il existe dans ces régions des engrais organiques (fientes de poules, bouses de vache, fumier de porc). La ou ce sera nécessaire, le service de vulgarisation se chargera de l'approvisionnement au départ du Centre Piscicole National et des autres stations.
10.7 L'organisation des inspections sanitaires et les arrangements pour le contrôle des maladies se feront en temps voulu par des agents spécialisés. Au niveau de la pisciculture actuelle, il n'a pas encore été constate des maladies.
10.8 L'organisation de la récolte et de la commercialisation ne posera pas de problèmes dans l'immédiat, car le déficit à combler est très important. Quand la production augmentera, il sera peut-être nécessaire d'organiser la commercialisation.
Il faudra également éduquer le pisciculteur et sa famille pour qu'a la vidange de poisson Boit vendu et non plus distribue gratuitement aux membres de la famille. Avec cette pratique le paysan perd le fruit de son travail.
La commercialisation du produit de fermes-pilotes sera assurée par le Centre Piscicole National.
10.9 Besoins en main-d'oeuvre: Seront assures au niveau des exploitations privées et publiques. Les ouvriers spécialisés seront formes sur le terrain.
10.10 les arrangements pour la formation du personnel de différentes catégories devraient être les suivants:
(a) Recrutement immédiat de 40 moniteurs piscicoles du niveau certificat d'études primaires afin de leur assurer une formation d'une durée de 3 à 6 mois. Durant la période de formation, il faudrait leur attribuer une allocation de subsistance de l'ordre de CFA.F. 15 000, tel que cela a été fait lors de la formation dispensée par le Projet Régional FAO/PNUD.Les salaires de ces moniteurs seront à charge du Gouvernement. Budget annuel à prévoir pour les 40 moniteurs: CFA.F. 9 600 000.
(b) Organiser le recrutement immédiat de 10 cadres moyens au niveau baccalauréat. Durée de la formation - 8 à 10 mois. Allocation de subsistance - CFA.F. 20 000 par mois et par stagiaire. Les salaires de ce personnel seront à charge du Gouvernement. Les prévisions budgétaires sont de l'ordre de CFA.F. 4 800 000 par an.
Les besoins, à long terme (10 ans) en personnel de cadre, sont estimes à 100 moniteurs et 25 cadres moyens. Les installations nécessaires à la formation de ce personnel (locaux, classes, internant) existent déjà au Centre Piscicole National à Bangui-Landjia et le nouveau projet régional pourra assurer cette formation.
Il reste un problème à résoudre: la reconnaissance par la fonction publique, de ces agents spécialisés en aquiculture et leur prise en charge par les finances publiques. Ces agents seraient détaches auprès du Centre Piscicole National qui pourrait les prendre en charge, si le Gouvernement accordait au Centre une subvention annuelle de l'ordre de CFA.F. 15 millions.
10.11 L'organisation de la recherche sera adaptée aux besoins de la production. Il s'agira uniquement de recherches appliquées, immédiatement rentables et qu'il est possible de vulgariser aisément.
Jusqu'au 1980, le Projet Régional FAO/PNUD "Recherches et formation" exécutera le programme de recherches aquicoles qui concerne notamment: la reproduction et l'alevinage du Clarias lazera, l'hybridation du tilapia, les recherches sur l'alimentation des poissons, la fertilisation des étangs, les possibilités de la carpiculture et de la rizipisciculture en République centrafricaine et la mise au point des techniques d'élevage associes.
D'ici 1980 le Gouvernement devrait assurer la formation de chercheurs nationaux nécessaires à la relevé et à la poursuite des travaux.
[1/ Préparé par A. Vieyra, Secrétariat d'Etat aux Parcs Nationaux, Abidjan, sur la base des recommandations et objectifs formules durant la première série de la Séminaire par J.J. Lazard, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Abidjan, et P.Y.P. Planquette, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Bouaké]
1. DONNEES DE BASE ET JUSTIFICATIONS
1.1 Données de base ou situation actuelle du développement aquicole en Côte-d'Ivoire
La production actuelle en produits des pêches pour 1974 est estimée à 74 000 tonnes dont 12 000 tonnes de poisson provenant de la pèche dans les eaux continentales et près de 10 tonnes de la pisciculture en étangs.
Les importations pour 1974 sont de l'ordre de 86 000 tonnes de poisson pour une consommation totale de 160 000 tonnes. Ce déficit est comble par les importations d'une valeur de CFA.F. 7 000 milliards.
1.2 Justifications ou demande pour les produits des pêches
La consommation annuelle actuelle de poisson est de 25 kg par habitant en moyenne. Mais, on constate une distorsion dans cette consommation qui se repartit comme suit: Basse Côte-d'Ivoire (Abidjan, San Pédro) - 60,50 kg/per caput/an, alors qu'elle n'est que de 2,50 kg dans le nord du pays (Korhogo, Odienné, Bouna).
Les besoins annuels de poisson par habitant sont estimées entre 30 à 35 kg pour la prochaine décennie pour une consommation totale prévisionnelle de 240 000 à 350 000 tonnes. Une partie de cette consommation pourra être fournie par la pèche dans les eaux continentales, 40 000 à 45 000 tonnes et l'aquiculture 15 000 à 20 000 tonnes.
2. OBJECTIFS
2.1 Long-terme
A long terme, il s'agit de réduire notablement, le manque de protéines animales dont souffre la population surtout dans le nord du pays.
Ce but peut être atteint en développant avec beaucoup de volonté l'aquiculture par tous les moyens dans les régions ou il y a de l'eau en abondance toute l'année et suffisamment de sous-produits agricoles locaux pour nourrir les poissons. A cet effet, il nous faut faire une politique de construction de: fermes piscicoles de production, d'étangs de pisciculture rurale encadrée et intégrée aux vallées rizicoles, de cages flottantes, casiers et enclos d'élevage dans les lacs, lagunes, fleuves et mangroves.
2.2 Moyen-terme
A moyen terme, il nous faut consolider les actions déjà entreprises et vulgariser les techniques piscicoles mises au point par le Centre des recherches piscicoles de Bouaké (CTFT-Côte-d'Ivoire) le projet FAO/PNUD/AVB/IVC 526 au lac de Kossou et l'Université d'Abidjan dans les fermes piscicoles expérimentales et de production, étangs de pisciculture rurale avec des élevages associes de porcs et volailles, cages flottantes, casiers et enclos dans les eaux douces et saumâtres.
2.3 Court-terme
A court terme, il nous faut continuer la vulgarisation en milieu rural par la création des étangs regroupés, mieux encadres et intègres aux aménagements hydro-agricoles si possible. Il faut créer une ferme-pilote de pisciculture pour établir la rentabilité financière et la factibilité de la pisciculture sous toutes ses formes. Il faut poursuivre intensément toutes les recherches (nourriture, reproduction, alevinage, cages, casiers, enclos, etc.).
3. NIVEAUX ET SCHEMAS DU DEVELOPPEMENT ENVISAGE
II est prévu deux niveaux:
(a) Pisciculture de subsistance et commercialisation à petite échelle en milieu rural. Le développement de cette pisciculture nécessite des actions de vulgarisation continues (assistance technique, conseils pratiques, fourniture d'alevins) qui peuvent être facilitées par un regroupement des pisciculteurs ruraux.(b) Pisciculture commercial près des agglomérations urbaines avec la participation des Sociétés d'Etat (Soderiz, Sodesucre, Sodefel, Sodepra, Sodepalm, etc.) des capitaux prives et mixtes, si nécessaire des crédits du secteur public (BNDA, CSPPA, etc.). Il y aura également l'intervention et l'assistance technique d'un service de vulgarisation bien structure.
4. OBJECTIFS DE PRODUCTION ET MOYENS RETENUS POUR ATTEINDRE CES OBJECTIFS
Les objectifs de production projetés permettant d'aider à combler en partie le déficit éventuel de 100 à 125 000 tonnes ne pourront être atteints que si nous mettons en oeuvre au niveau de l'aquiculture les moyens suivants:
(a) La construction et l'aménagement de 1 550 ha d'étangs de pisciculture rurale associée aux élevages de volailles et porcs. Production estimée - 9 400 tonnes.(b) La construction et l'exploitation de 3 000 cages flottantes, casiers et enclos d'élevage dans les lacs, lagunes et mangroves. Production estimée - 6 000 tonnes.
(c) L'exploitation de 10 fermes piscicoles pilotes, prives ou mixtes couvrant 100 à 110 ha. Production estimée - 1 000 tonnes.
(d) La construction et l'aménagement de 500 ha de casiers rizicoles. Production estimée - 100 tonnes.
5. SYSTEMES ET ESPECES SELECTIONNEES
Les résultats des recherches piscicoles menées au Centre Technique Forestier Tropical de Bouaké depuis 1963 ont démontre la factibilité et la rentabilité à petite échelle de certains systèmes d'élevage de poisson que l'on peut vulgariser actuellement. En pisciculture en étangs, on obtient des bons résultats en appliquant la monoculture de Tilapia nilotica nourri avec le son de riz ou les graines de coton concassées, les rendements se situent entre 3 et 5 tonnes de poisson/ha/an. Le seul inconvénient est la présence de la récolte de nombreux poissons ayant un poids compris entre 75 et 100 g, donc non commercialisables facilement en Côte-d'Ivoire.
La polyculture de Tilapia nilotica avec un prédateur (Lates niloticus ou Clarias lazera) donne des rendements meilleurs compris entre 6 et 8 tonnes en employant comme nourriture le son de riz ou les graines de coton concassées. Ce système est encore au stade de démonstration dans les stations d'alevinage.
6. SITUATION DE LA TECHNOLOGIE DANS LE PAYS OU NIVEAU DE DEVELOPPEMENT TECHNOLOGIQUE ET BESOINS FUTURS EN TECHNOLOGIE
Les applications des résultats des recherches ont permis d'avoir une technologie avancée dans les domaines de la monoculture et de la polyculture du Tilapia nilotica. Il y a également une technologie en démonstration dans le domaine de l'alimentation artificielle des poissons avec les sous-produits agricoles locaux (son de riz, graines de coton concassées, parche de café, tourteaux de palmistes, coton, coprah, drèche de brasserie).
La formation des cadres moyens (contrôleurs ou assistants) est fort avancée. Les techniques de vulgarisation de la pisciculture du Tilapia en milieu rural sont aussi bien établies. On peut donc constater que certaines technologies sont bien établies ou en voie de vulgarisation. La phase expérimentale concerne: la production naturelle et l'alevinage du Clarias lazera, l'amélioration de l'alimentation artificielle des poissons par la préparation des aliments composes à base de sous-produits agricoles locaux, l'élevage de poissons en cages flottantes dans les lacs, la reproduction naturelle et l'alevinage de certaines espèces économiquement intéressantes (Chrysichthys, Heterobranchus, Auchenoglanis et Macrobrachium).
Les opérations de démonstration sont en cours d'exécution sur les stations d'alevinage depuis deux ans avec Tilapia et Clarias, Tilapia et Lates et la fertilisation des étangs.
Le transfert vertical de la technologie s'effectue du Centre des recherches piscicoles (CTFT-Bouaké) vers les stations d'alevinage d'état couvrant le pays. Le transfert horizontal s'effectuent des stations d'alevinage vers les pisciculteurs en milieu rural. L'importation de technologie reste nécessaire, notamment par l'apport des connaissances techniques d'experts et de consultants. L'amélioration de la technologie existante sera basée sur les résultats des recherches à venir, sur la formation et le perfectionnement des cadres nationaux. Le développement des technologies nouvelles se fera sur la base des recherches menées dans les différents domaines suivants: les essais de nouvelles espèces locales économiquement intéressantes adaptées ou à adapter à l'élevage en étangs telles que - Chrysichthys, Heterobranchus, Auchenoglanis, Macrobrachium.
(a) L'amélioration des techniques: de reproduction et d'alevinage de Clarias lazera, d'élevage du tilapia avec ce prédateur, d'alimentation artificielle des poissons avec tous les sous-produits agricoles disponibles en quantités suffisantes, de fertilisation des étangs et d'élevage en cages.(b) La mise au point des techniques de rizipisciculture, des méthodes, d'élevages associes (poissons et volailles, poissons et porcs), d'élevage en casiers et enclos dans les eaux douces et saumâtres.
7. FORMATION DU PERSONNEL DE CADRE
Les besoins du personnel de cadre pour atteindre les objectifs projetés se situent à deux niveaux:
(a) Cadres subalternes; Instructeurs ou vulgarisateurs piscicoles; personnel de vulgarisation et d'encadrement qui devrait être forme sur place. La durée de la formation théorique et pratique est de 3 à 6 mois. Le niveau de recrutement est le Certificat d'études primaires élémentaires (CEPE) ou la réussite à un test de présélection ou à un examen de capacité.
Les besoins sont évalues à: court terme - 14 instructeurs; moyen terme - 80; et long terme - 457.(b) Cadres moyens: Moniteurs et assistants piscicoles: le niveau minimum de recrutement est le Brevet d'Etudes du Premier Cycle (BEPC) et de préférence le baccalauréat. La durée de la formation est de 8 à 10 mois. Le cadre moyen est un technicien en aquiculture, capable de diriger une ferme piscicole commerciale et de superviser le travail d'une équipe de vulgarisateurs.
Les besoins sont évalues a: court terme - 5 cadres moyens; moyen terme - 20; long terme - 118.
8. CREATION DE SERVICES DE VULGARISATION
L'organisation des démonstrations fait partie depuis plusieurs années des opérations de routine des stations piscicoles de l'état dans les sous-préfectures et dans les villages. Elles visent à éveiller l'intérêt des paysans et des privés à la pratique de la pisciculture en étangs et à améliorer les pratiques d'élevage des pisciculteurs ruraux et prives donc pour l'obtention des rendements meilleurs. Mais, ces démonstrations ont besoin d'être plus régulières avec un véritable service de vulgarisation intervenant le plus souvent. L'assistance technique sera assurée par les vulgarisateurs ou instructeurs qui seront formes et par les moniteurs et les assistants des eaux et forêts ou des productions animales et végétales spécialisés en pèche dans les eaux continentales et en pisciculture qui existent déjà mais en nombre insuffisant. Ils sont chargés en même temps de fournir les alevins de Tilapia nilotica gratuitement aux pisciculteurs ruraux et privés; ils leur donnent des conseils sur la nourriture et les fertilisants convenables aux poissons. La nourriture et les fertilisants sont à la charge des pisciculteurs. Jusqu'à présent, il n'y à jamais eu ries cas de maladies signales; si des cas se présentent dans les années à venir, les inspections sanitaires et le contrôle des maladies se feront par le laboratoire de la Direction des pêches maritimes et lagunaires ou du Service d'hygiène.
Le budget pour les expériences et les démonstrations pilotes est fourni annuellement par le Gouvernement. Mais cette vulgarisation à besoin d'être plus dense et continue auprès des pisciculteurs ruraux et prives car le personnel actuel de vulgarisation est en nombre très insuffisant bien que de très bonne volonté. Donc l'urgence est à la formation des agents de vulgarisation (vulgarisateurs ou instructeurs et moniteurs) afin de pouvoir créer de véritables services de vulgarisation aquicole pour atteindre les objectifs fixes en aquiculture.
9. PLAN NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA PRODUCTION AQUICOLE
9.1 Le développement de la pisciculture pourra se faire dans les régions possédant de l'eau en abondance toute l'année, des sous-produits agricoles en quantités suffisantes des sites favorables à l'installation des entreprises piscicoles ou le déficit en protéines animales est important. Les régions du nord et du centre de la Côte-d'Ivoire semblent remplir ces conditions car un gros programme de construction de barrages hydro-agricoles à démarré pour le développement de la riziculture et d'autres cultures vivrières; on y trouve des sous-produits agricoles en grandes quantités, le déficit en protéines animales y est le plus fort, l'intégration de la pisciculture rurale aux aménagements des étangs en aval dans les vallées rizicoles qui sont des sites favorables. L'installation des fermes piscicoles pilotes et commerciales doit se faire près des grosses agglomérations urbaines afin de favoriser la commercialisation du poisson. Il est donc prévu dans les régions du nord et du centre la construction, l'aménagement et l'exploitation de: 1 500 ha d'étangs de pisciculture rurale regroupes; 100 ha de ferme de production commerciale avec élevage associe; 500 ha de casiers rizicoles, 50 ha d'étangs ruraux avec élevage associe; l'installation de 3 000 cages, casiers flottants et enclos ruraux dans 180 000 ha de lacs du nord et 120 000 ha de lagune non polluée.
9.2 les étapes de l'exécution du programme de production dans les différents secteurs seront mises en place progressivement en fonction des disponibilités financières et de la formation du personnel de cadre à court, moyen et long termes.
9.2.1 les secteurs prives et coopératifs débuteront et évolueront en fonction des résultats des recherches qui seront immédiatement applicables, vulgarisables et rentables.
9.2.2 les exploitations du secteur public: les fermes-pilotes commerciales de pisciculture rurale, d'élevage associe et d'élevage en cages, enclos, casiers en lagunes, eaux douces et casiers rizicoles progresseront vers l'augmentation de la production globale, l'application des résultats des recherches et la mise en oeuvre de nouvelles techniques de production. Le service de vulgarisation fera tout pour promouvoir les groupements à vocation coopérative et les coopératives de pisciculteurs en milieu rural pour la construction de nouveaux étangs, fermes piscicoles rurales, cages, enclos et casiers.
Le calendrier éventuel de l'installation des nouvelles exploitations peut être le suivant:
|
1ère étape: |
Court terme (1976-78): phase des opérations pilotes à entreprendre par l'état. Construction de 30 ha d'étangs ruraux pilotes Installation d'une ferme - pilote de 10 ha Installation pilote de 50 cages et casiers flottants |
|
2ème étape: |
Moyen terme (1976-80): c'est début de l'intervention des secteurs privés et coopératifs. De nouvelles opérations pilotes seront entreprises par l'état. Construction de 200 ha d'étangs ruraux Construction de 10 ha d'étangs ruraux pilotes d'élevage associe Installation de 3 fermes de production commerciale 30 ha Installation de 300 cages, casiers flottants ruraux Installation pilote de 50 ha de casiers rizicoles |
|
3ème étape: |
Long terme (1976-85); c'est l'intervention très nette des secteurs prive, coopératif et publics (sociétés d'état). Construction de 1 500 ha d'étangs ruraux Construction de 50 ha d'étangs ruraux d'élevage associe Installation de 10 fermes de production commerciale de 100 ha avec élevage associe Installation de 3 000 cages, casiers flottants, enclos ruraux Installation de 500 ha de casiers rizicoles |
9.3 Arrangements pour le financement et le crédit
Jusqu'à présent, le financement de la pisciculture rurale qui était au niveau de subsistance a été à la charge des paysans et des prives. L'état leur venait en assistance technique pour leur installation. Pour les expansions envisagées par l'installation de la pisciculture commerciale privée et rurale en étangs, associée à l'élevage, en cages, casiers flottants, enclos et casiers rizicoles nous envisageons une phase de démarrage par des opérations servant à prouver la rentabilité de la pisciculture dont les différentes sources de financement sont à rechercher auprès de l'état (Gouvernement, sociétés d'état), du FAO/PNUD, du Comité mondial de lutte contre la faim (CMCF), par l'intermédiaire du Comité national d'alimentation et du développement (CNAD), la Caisse centrale de coopération économique (CCCE) et d'autres sources bilatérales ou multilatérales.
Le financement à rechercher est évalue pour:
(a) une ferme-pilote de pisciculture de 10 ha à CFA.F. 37 700 000 repartis comme suit:
- Investissements: CFA.F. 32500 000 études topographiques, constructions des étangs et bâtiments; achats des véhicules et petit matériel.- Frais fixes: CFA.F. 4 500 000 salaires des manoeuvres et des chauffeurs, fonctionnement et amortissement des véhicules.
- Frais mobiles: CFA.F. 700 000 achat d'aliments pour les poissons.
(b) l'installation de 30 ha d'étangs ruraux: estimée à CFA.F. 30 millions repartis comme suit:
- Investissements pour 10 ha = CFA.F. 10 millions
CFA.F. 1 million - études topographiques
CFA.F. 5 millions- aide pour les travaux de terrassement
CFA.F. 1 million - ouvrages divers
CFA.F. 2 millions- achat de petit matériel de démonstration: filets, caisses de capture, bassines
CFA.F. 1 million - nourriture et imprévus.
La phase suivante sera celle de l'intervention des prives, des ruraux individuels ou regroupes, des sociétés pour leur installation et de l'état pour certaines opérations. Les arrangements pour le financement et le crédit devront être pris en fonction des divers types d'exploitations:
(a) Les exploitations privées s'établiront avec des investissements du secteur prive. Les étangs seront du type familial en milieu rural et d'une superficie de 10 ares à construire manuellement par le paysan-propriétaire aide d'une main-d'oeuvre familiale. Le coût de la construction d'un are d'étang est estimé à CFA.F. 12 000 (U.S.$ 60) revalorisant ainsi la main-d'oeuvre rurale. Il est prévu qu'en 10 ans les paysans construiront près de 2 050 ha d'étangs prives. Leur effort pourra être évalue à un investissement de près de CFA.F. 2 500 milliards. Dans certains cas, il sera possible d'obtenir des prêts de la Banque nationale de développement agricole (BNDA) ou à d'autres sources nationales.(b) Les Services de formation du personnel de cadre et de vulgarisation, les instituts de recherches et trois autres fermes-pilotes seront subventionnes par le Gouvernement avec une assistance éventuelle du FAO/PNUD. Le coût des investissements peut être estime à CFA.F. 400 millions.
(c) Les coopératives de paysans et sociétés d'état qui voudraient construire des fermes piscicoles commerciales pourraient, avec l'aval de l'état, obtenir des fonds d'investissements remboursables à long terme auprès des organismes internationaux telle que la Banque internationale de reconstruction et de développement (BIRD). Il est à prévoir dans 10 ans l'installation de 10 fermes piscicoles commerciales de 10 ha estimées à près de CFA.F. 400 millions.
9.4 Les arrangements pour les travaux de construction seront en fonction des cas. Le secteur prive bénéficiera de l'assistance technique du service de vulgarisation qui effectuera les études et fournira le personnel d'assistance nécessaire pendant les travaux. Pour le secteur public qui a à charge la construction des fermes-pilotes piscicoles, le Gouvernement lui allouera les crédits nécessaires en temps voulu à leur réalisation. Ces fonds d'investissement seront gères par le Service de l'agriculture qui sera charge de l'exécution des travaux. Les terrassements seront effectues par des engins lourds à louer à la Société d'Etat Motoragri et la finition sera faite par la main-d'oeuvre locale.
9.5 La production d'alevins et leur distribution se fait actuellement par l'intermédiaire des stations piscicoles gouvernementales. Certaines stations devraient être remises en bon état de fonctionnement, d'autres subir une extension pour faire face aux demandes d'alevins et même prévoir près de 120 ha de nouvelles stations d'alevinage à long terme pour les fermes piscicoles les étangs ruraux, les cages, casiers et enclos. Coût prévu: CFA.F. 240 millions. Une solution à prévoir et peut-être la meilleure serait de faire construire par les pisciculteurs ruraux des étangs d'alevinage de 1 à 4 ares, ce qui pourrait faciliter considérablement la production et la distribution des alevins dans certaines régions. Les fournitures d'alevins jusqu'à présent gratuites pourront devenir éventuellement payantes.
9.6 La préparation des aliments à base de sous-produits agricoles locaux bruts (sons, tourteaux) et leur distribution seront à la charge des pisciculteurs à partir des rizeries. Le service de vulgarisation se chargera de procurer des aliments plus élabores, plus équilibres (sons et tourteaux et drèches de brasserie) en granules. A cet effet une machine expérimentale est à prévoir pour un coût estime à CFA.F. 2,5 millions. Au niveau des quatre fermes - pilotes à installer il faut prévoir quatre broyeurs pour un coût estimé à CFA.F. 1,4 millions. La pratique de l'élevage associe (poissons et porcs ou canards ou poules) diminuerait de beaucoup les problèmes d'alimentation des poissons. Mais il faudrait en ce moment prévoir des aliments pour ces animaux de ferme à charge des pisciculteurs.
9.7 L'approvisionnement en fertilisants ne posera pas de problèmes majeurs avec le développement des élevages avicole, bovin et porcin prévus dans les régions du nord et du centre ou il existera des engrais organiques en grandes quantités (fientes de poules, bouses de vaches, fumier de porc). Dans les régions ou des déficits seront constates, le Service de vulgarisation se chargera de l'approvisionnement, du stockage et de la distribution des engrais organiques à partir des stations piscicoles.
9.8 Les inspections sanitaires et les arrangements pour le contrôle des maladies se feront en temps voulu par des agents spécialisés du Service national d'hygiène. Au niveau de la pisciculture actuelle de subsistance, aucune maladie n'a encore été constatée.
9.9 L'organisation de la récolte et de la commercialisation ne pose pas de problèmes majeurs dans l'immédiat, car le déficit à combler est déjà très important et croît chaque année il atteindra 100 à 125 000 tonnes dans dix ans. Quand la production sera importante dans le milieu rural et dans les fermes piscicoles, il sera nécessaire d'organiser la récolte et la commercialisation du poisson frais, vers les centres urbains, par une société d'achat et de commercialisation du genre Agripac qui est une société d'état s'occupant de l'achat et de la commercialisation des produits vivriers et légumes en Côte-d'Ivoire. Il faudra également éduquer le pisciculteur rural pratiquant la pisciculture familiale pour que le poisson récolte à la vidange soit vendu pour revaloriser son travail et non plus distribue gratuitement car par cette pratique le paysan perd le fruit de son travail et ne voit aucune rentabilité dans la pisciculture.
9.10 Les besoins en main-d'oeuvre seront assures au niveau des fermes-pilotes, des exploitations privées et rurales. Les ouvriers spécialisés et les paysans seront formés sur le tas et sur le terrain.
9.11 Les arrangements pour la formation du personnel de différentes catégories devront être les suivants:,
(a) A court terme (1976-78): II faudra prévoir le recrutement de: 15 instructeurs ou vulgarisateurs piscicoles du niveau du certificat d'études primaires afin de leur assurer une formation de 4 mois. Pendant leur période de formation, il faudrait leur attribuer éventuellement une allocation de subsistance de l'ordre de CFA.F. 10 000 en référence à d'autres projets régionaux FAO/PNUD. Il faut donc prévoir pour les 15 stagiaires un budget provisionnel de CFA.F. 600 000 d'allocations.Les salaires de ces instructeurs à la fin de leur formation seront à la charge du Gouvernement. Le budget annuel prévisionnel pour les 15 sera de CFA.F, 3 600 000.
Cinq cadres moyens du niveau baccalauréat (assistants ou contrôleurs des eaux et forets). Durée de la formation: 10 mois. Allocation de subsistance: CFA.F. 40 000 par mois et par stagiaire soit un budget prévisionnel d'allocations de CFA.F. 2 millions.
Les salaires de ces assistants ou contrôleurs piscicoles seront à la charge du Gouvernement. Le budget annuel prévisionnel pour les 5 sera de CFA.F. 2 400 000.
(b) A long terme (1985): Les besoins en personnel de cadre sont estimes à 460 instructeurs ou vulgarisateurs et 120 cadres moyens (assistants ou contrôleurs). Les installations nécessaires à la formation de ce personnel (locaux, classes, internat) existent déjà au Centre des recherches CTFT-Bouaké, à la Fondation Ford de Bouaké et au projet FAO/PNUD/AVB/IVC 526 de Kossou.
Un problème reste à résoudre; la reconnaissance par la fonction publique de ces agents spécialisés en aquiculture et leur prise en charge par les finances publiques surtout au niveau des instructeurs ou vulgarisateurs. Eventuellement ils pourraient être pris en charge sur la rubrique "ouvriers journaliers" de la Direction de la pisciculture si le Gouvernement accordait une subvention annuelle de CFA.F. 110 400 000 dans les dix années à venir.
9.12 L'organisation de la recherche sera adaptée aux besoins de la production. Il faudrait s'orienter uniquement vers des recherches appliquées, immédiatement rentables et qu'il est possible de vulgariser aisément. A cet effet, le Centre des recherches CTFT-Bouaké s'occupera: des essais d'aliments composes à partir des sous-produits agricoles, des techniques d'élevage avec les prédateurs (Clarias lazera et Lates niloticus) de la biologie et de l'adaptation de nouvelles espèces d'eaux douces à la pisciculture en étangs, la mise au point des élevages associes (poissons et volailles ou porcs), la rizipisciculture.
Jusqu'en 1980, le projet FAO/PNUD/AVB/IVC 526 exécutera en relation avec le CTFT-Bouaké, le programme de recherches aquicoles qui concerne notamment: la reproduction et l'alevinage de Clarias lazera, les élevages en cages, enclos et casiers flottants, les recherches sur l'alimentation rationnelle des poissons.
L'université et le Centre des recherches océanographiques (CRO) s'occuperont des recherches fondamentales en aquiculture: l'écologie des espèces d'eaux douces et saumâtres, les besoins nutritifs de toutes ces espèces, la biologie et leur reproduction.
Dans les dix années à venir, le Gouvernement devrait assurer la formation des chercheurs nationaux nécessaires à la poursuite des travaux dans tous les domaines.
[1/ Prepared by A.R. El Bolock, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, based on policy and targets formulated during Stage I of the Workshop also attended by Dr. A. Eisawy, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo and Dr. R. El Sherif, General Egyptian Organization for Aquatic Resources, Cairo]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
In Egypt the total annual fish production is approximately 124 000 tons, of which 60 percent comes from the Lake Quarun and Delta Lake fisheries, 20 percent from marine fisheries, and 20 percent from the Nile River and Lake Nasser fisheries and fish culture. This production is relatively low when considering Egypt's long coastline, wide delta lakes and vast inland waters.
The need to culture fish as a means of increasing the total fish production is always increasing due to the rapid increase in population. Consequently, much attention has been given to aquaculture, which has progressed a great deal in the last few years. The area utilized for fish culture has increased from a few hectares to about 2 500 ha. However, it is estimated that more than 300 000 ha of water area, including fresh, brackish and marine, is still available for aquaculture purposes. Present production rates vary from 2.25 to 3.75 tons/ha of marketable-sized fish each year, with an average total production of about 7 000 tons/year. This constitutes only 6 percent of the total fish production in the country and there is adequate justification for expanding aquaculture production.
This plan is based on the general objectives of the Government's national plan for economic development with expansion in the aquaculture industry contributing toward raising the national economy. The Government will initiate aquaculture projects for fish production on a large scale to supply the food requirements of the rapidly increasing population, which cannot be met by cattle and poultry production alone.
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Long-term
Increase production from aquatic resources to meet the demands for food of the increasing population, raise the living standard of the people and improve the national economy.
2.2 Medium-term
Increase the rate of aquaculture development through expansion of aquaculture area used and increasing productivity per unit area of culture systems.
2.3 Short-term
Evaluation of technical and economical viability of suitable aquaculture systems.
2.4 Strategy
The Government will develop' approximately 16 000 ha (40 000 ac) of waste land near the shores of Lake Manzalla for fish farms. This project will be operated by the General Egyptian Organization of Aquatic Resources (GEOAR) as a project for increasing fish production for consumption. In addition, the Government will provide increased support to the private farms covering an area of about 2 000 ha (5 000 ac) already in this region.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT ENVISAGED
3.1 Freshwater Culture
(a) Small private farms.
(b) Rehabilitation of village ponds and other bodies of water.
3.2 Brackishwater Culture
(a) Medium-sized private farms.
(b) Large private farms.
(c) Large-scale governmental farms.
3.3 Marine-water Culture
(a) Medium-sized private enterprises.
(b) Experimental fish and oyster culture in enclosures, lagoons and coastal waters.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS AND THE MEANS SELECTED FOR ACHIEVING THEM
The annual per caput fish consumption in Egypt at the present time is 3 kg. This is low compared with other countries, such as Tanzania, Nigeria, the Philippines, Taiwan and Japan, where the annual per caput consumption is 11, 11, 25, 50 and 60 kg respectively.
The present total annual fish production is 124 000 tons. With the population increasing at a rate of 0.8 million annually, and an objective of increasing per caput consumption of fish to about 15 kg, the total annual fish production should reach 620 000 tons within the next 10 years. Efforts to increase fish production through exploitation of marine fisheries would require significant capital investment. Lake fisheries are also dwindling for various reasons, with little hope for increased production. The most suitable solution, therefore, is to depend on aquaculture as a means for raising fish production.
Production from fish culture, which represents only 6 percent of the present fisheries production, should be increased to 15 percent (90 000 tons) in 10 years. This can be achieved as follows:
Forty thousand tons will be produced from a Government project for large-scale brackish-water culture. This will be increased to 68 000 tons in 10 years by raising yield from 2.5 to 4.3 tons/ha. Five thousand tons will be produced in small, medium and large private farms in freshwater and brackishwater environments. This will be raised to 8 500 tons by the end of 10 years. These measures will result in annual production increasing from 45 000 tons to 76 000 tons, with the balance of 13 500 tons being produced from village ponds, fish culture in rice fields, and marine culture.
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
5.1 Fresh Water
(a) Polyculture of tilapia and Clarias lazera.(b) Polyculture of mirror carp, tilapia and mullets with artificial feeding and fertilization and including both intensive and extensive culture systems.
(c) Fish culture in rice fields.
(d) Rehabilitation of village ponds and other water bodies.
5.2 Brackish Water
(a) Polyculture of mirror carp, tilapia and mullets with artificial feeding and fertilization (extensive culture).(b) Shrimp culture, which is still in the experimental phase, but which can be developed when proved viable.
5.3 Marine Water
(a) Polyculture of Chrysophrys aurata (= Sparus auratus) and Dicentrarchus labrax with fertilization and artificial feeding (to be extended if found profitable when evaluated).(b) Oyster and pearl-oyster culture (still experimental).
The strategy of the Government in this respect is to encourage private farms through various incentives, such as providing free extension services, offering carp and mullet seed free of charge in the first year, and at very low prices later on, and offering artificial feeds at reasonable prices. The Government is now convinced that waste lands surrounding the delta lakes can be developed more economically for aquaculture than agriculture production.
6. STAGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
6.1 Fresh- and Brackishwater Culture
(a) Practices for mono- and polyculture of fresh- and brackishwater fish species are well established. However, these techniques have to be evaluated and improved.(b) Techniques of fish culture in rice fields are established and have been applied successfully. Related technology should now be transferred to new areas.
(c) Shrimp culture is still in the experimental phase and new techniques should be sought from countries, such as Japan, where shrimp farming is well developed.
6.2 Marine-water Culture
(a) With respect to marine species, such as Chrysophrys aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax techniques for their culture, induced breeding and production of natural food have to be introduced from other countries.(b) New techniques for oyster and pearl-oyster culture have to be developed.
7. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
The training of core personnel required for the aquaculture development programme will be undertaken by the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries. B.Sc. or M.Sc. graduates will be given at least one year of training in all aspects of aquaculture production in the form of courses and field work.
Technicians or extension service personnel will receive similar training but at a lower level.
8. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICES
Demonstration centres have already been established through the use of both Government and private farms in both fresh- and brackishwater culture. Private farms have been successfully used for demonstration purposes. The plan now is to extend Government demonstration farms throughout the governorates, particularly those having potential for fish culture.
Technical assistance will be provided through the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Ministry of Scientific Research, a research institute which is involved in aqua-culture throughout the country. It is intended to increase the number of aquaculture specialists Co 120 in 10 years, and the number of technicians to about 150 in the same period. This is possible since the country has many university and institute graduates. The institute is also responsible for assisting aquaculturists in the procurement and distribution of feeds and seed, and improving techniques for seed transportation. The Government is responsible for procurement of fish feed at the rate of 7.5 tons/ha and carp and mullet fry at a rate of 5 000 and 7 500 per ha respectively. Tilapia broodstock and fingerlings are made available to fish culturists free of charge.
Fertilizers are also available to supply the present level of aquaculture industry. However, with the planned expansion of the industry, special arrangements have to be made to ensure adequate supplies for needs.
Boats, vehicles, engines and spare parts are available from the local market and, in fact, only technical knowledge related to hatcheries and induced spawning has to be sought from elsewhere. It is estimated that a budget of L.E. 100 000 would be required to construct ten 2.5-ha (10-ac) Government demonstration farms in those governorates where no government or private demonstration facilities are available.
It is also estimated that research activities related to aquaculture would cost L.E. 40 000 (U.S.$ 100 000) annually and that training of 12 graduates and 15 technicians every year would cost L.E. 2 000 (U.S.$ 5 000) if training is undertaken locally.
9. PLAN AND PROGRAMMING FOR PRODUCTION
The fish culture production plan presented to the Egyptian Government by the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in conjunction with the EGOAR recommended development of 18 000 ha (45 000 ac) in Damietta and Dakahlia governorate (Lake Manzalla area) as brackish-water fish culture farms.
Of this area 16 000 ha (40 000 ac) belong to the Government and 2 000 ha (5 000 ac) to private individuals. It is planned that the Government-owned area will be developed as fish farms within the next 2 years.
9.1 Phasing of Production Programmes
The production rate for both Government and private fish farms is expected to increase gradually from 2.0 or 2.5 tons/ha to 4.3 Cons/ha by end of the 10-year period, resulting in a total annual production of 76 000 tons. Polyculture of carp, mullets and tilapias with artificial feeding and fertilization will be used in both cases.
9.2 Arrangements for Construction Work
The aquaculture specialist in the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries will be responsible for surveys, site selection and farm designing, and the farm engineering department of the institute will assist with technical drawings and help in construction work. The farms will consist of 400-ha (1 000-ac) units with every 5 to 10 units being grouped together according to topographical conditions.
Construction of the Government farms will be undertaken by companies specializing in this field, while private farms will be constructed by individual owners.
9.3 Seed Production and Distribution
Each Government farm unit will have its own hatchery for producing carp fry while mullet and tilapia fry will be collected from nearby available sources. The private farms will obtain carp fry from the Government seed farms or raise fry in their own farms. Mullet and tilapia fry will be collected from natural sources.
9.4 Feed Preparation and Distribution
The present amount of feed produced for cattle and fish is about 700 000 tons/year. This feed is in the form of cotton seed cakes and rice bran, or a mixture of these ingredients in the form of pellets. It is the Government's plan to increase this amount to 1.2 million tons of which 135 000 tons is required for producing 45 000 tons of fish at the beginning of the project. This amount will be increased to 230 000 tons of feed for producing the 76 000 tons of fish at the end of the period.
With respect to Government farms, each unit will have its own stores and means of transport. The private farms will obtain the required fish feed as estimated by the aquaculture specialists and will provide their own transportation for feed.
9.5 Fertilizer Procurement
Organic fertilizers at a maximum rate of about 2.5 tons/ha may sometimes be needed for increasing availability of natural food in the ponds. The total amount of organic fertilizers for the planned cultivated area will be 40 000 tons for Government farms and 5 000 tons for the private sector every year. Special arrangements for procurement of this amount have to be made.
9.6 Health Inspection and Disease Control
The Department of Disease Control in the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries with its core of specialists and technicians will be responsible for this work and for training specialists and technicians in the farm units in this field.
9.7 Organization of Harvesting and Marketing
In both Government and private farms, harvesting will be either by fishing at intervals or draining the ponds at the end of the rearing season. Each farm will have its own nets, boats, means of transport on the farm, and stores. Marketing of fish from Government farms will be through the Fish Marketing Company who will distribute them to their marketing branches throughout the country. Private farms will market their products in the open market.
The production capacity of ice factories near the developed areas has to be increased to support the increasing demands for ice during transportation of harvested fish to the market.
9.8 Manpower and Training Requirements
Each Government farm unit of 400 ha (1 000 ac) will require the following manpower for its operation; 1 project manager, 2 specialists, 3 service engineers (technicians), 15 fishermen, 20 guards, 1 driver and 1 mechanic.
Private farms are usually run by the owner and his family. However, 10 persons/ha are employed during the harvest season.
Training will be required for 80 specialists and 120 technicians at an estimated, once-only cost of L.E. 10 000. No training is given to private farmers at present, although a plan for training farmers would contribute significantly toward increasing aquaculture production from the private sector.
9.9 Organization of Research
Research related to increasing farm production will be undertaken at the Government farms by the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries at an estimated annual cost of L.E. 40 000 for the 40 farm units.
9.10 Budget and Financing
According to agreements, financing of Government farms will be through:
(a) governmental budget;
(b) national commercial banks as long-term loans; and
(c) both national commercial banks and governmental budget.
Private farms will be financed through the farmers' own capital resources or through loans from national banks.
The project presented to the Government to convert 16 000 ha (40 000 ac) of wasteland to fish farms in 10 years included the following estimates, excluding the price of the land which is owned by the Government:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
Item |
Cost L.E.1/ |
Yearly depreciation |
Time of depreciation |
|
1. Digging, dike and monk construction |
250 000 |
12 500 |
20 years |
|
2. Stores, laboratories and residences |
60 000 |
3 000 |
20 years |
|
3. Transportation |
28 000 |
5 600 |
5 years |
|
4. Boats and nets |
2 000 |
200 |
5 years |
|
5. Boxes, polyethylene bags |
500 |
100 |
5 years |
|
6. Total 1-5 |
340 500 |
21 400 | |
|
7. Salaries and incentives |
15 000 |
15 000 | |
|
8. Current expenses |
20 000 |
20 000 |
|
|
9. Cost of feeding and fertilizers |
70 000 |
70 000 |
|
|
10. Training and research |
2 000 |
2 000 |
|
|
11. Total 7-10 |
107 000 |
107 000 | |
|
12. Total 6 and 11 |
447 500 |
128 400 | |
|
13. Emergencies |
43 500 |
43 500 | |
|
14. Total 12 and 13 |
491 000 |
171 500 |
1/ U.S. $ 2.50 = L.E. 1.00
This means chat the total construction and operation of a Government farm unit of 400 ha in the first year will be approximately L.E. 490 000 and the total budget for operating 16 000 ha (40 farm units) will be approximately L.E. 20 million.
Production in the first year is estimated to be 2.5 tons/ha (1 000 kg/ac) or 1 000 tons per farm unit. The lowest marketing price of the fish produced is expected to be L.E. 350/ton of fish, giving a total value for all Government farm production of L.E. 350 000. By subtracting the total yearly depreciation (No. 14, column 3 in above table) and total yearly expenses (L.E. 172 000) from the total marketing price (L.E. 350 000), a net profit of L.E. 178 000 is obtained. This means that in 3 years the net profit would compensate for all the construction costs (L.E. 340 500 - No. 6, column 2).
If the production rate is increased to 4.3 tons/ha (1.7 tons/ac) by the end of the 10-year period, the profit would be even greater.
Private farm construction costs are estimated to be about 25 percent less than for Government farms. However, approximately 8 percent of the total construction costs for private farms must be added for interest charges if loans are required from national banks.
[1/ Prepared by F.M.K. Denyoh, Department of Fisheries, Ho, Ghana]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
1.1 Background
Fish production from natural waters (i.e., the sea, rivers, lakes and lagoons) in recent years has been approximately 220 000 tons annually. With Ghana's fish requirements, as reflected by the amount of fish consumed in 1974, being approximately 310 000 tons annually for a population of about 9 million, the balance of 90 000 tons was provided through import of frozen fish and other fish products. Recent development efforts in the fisheries sector have been focused primarily on marine fisheries. Consequently, Ghana's marine fisheries are well developed and are considered to rank as the second largest in black Africa. At the same time, aquaculture has received little attention and has had little impact on food production.
Some attempts have been made, however, to put aquaculture on a sound footing. Experimental work in this field has been undertaken for approximately 15 years and a few pond-culture demonstration centres have been established. Some progress has been made in rearing fish in irrigation reservoirs which has proved successful in the Northern and Upper regions where a small-scale rural industry has been established, providing full-time employment to many people. Recently, success has also been achieved in the Tongu and Avenor areas in the Southern Savanna area where about 50 reservoirs and dugouts (small reservoirs) have been stocked with fish by the Fisheries Department. However, there are still unutilized reservoirs and dugouts available for aquaculture development.
Not much progress has been made in the field of aquaculture due to lack of sufficient trained personnel.
1.2 Justification
Recent statistical figures show that fish production from natural waters has dropped below 200 000 tons in the past two years, which falls well below the demand for fish and fish products. It appears, therefore, that no amount of increase in fishing effort and improved technology will increase production to cope with this demand, especially when considering that Ghana's population is increasing at the fast rate of 2.5 percent per annum.
The only way to make up for this deficiency in fish production would be to initiate an intensive, country-wide programme of aquaculture development. Aquaculture yields a good return on investment, it readily provides protein and employment opportunities to the rural population, and could help Co reduce the high foreign exchange incurred annually through importation of fish and fishery products. It would, therefore, be beneficial for the Government to invest resources in the development and expansion of aquaculture.
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Long-term
For a 20-year period, the objective would be to develop aquaculture to a stage that it eliminates the deficiency in the country's fish supply from natural waters and provides a surplus for export. By this stage, there should be well established fish farms in the rural areas operated by both the public and private sectors utilizing all available water resources, especially in the Northern and Upper regions and in the Southern Savanna areas. The coastal lagoons should also be utilized for cultivation of species, such as shrimps and blue crabs, which have ready export markets.
A well constituted research organization for aquaculture should be established to provide the necessary support for expanding aquaculture production in the country.
2.2 Medium-term
Over the medium-term (10 years) it is anticipated that enough impact would have been made on the rural communities to stimulate their interest in aquaculture. They would have accepted the philosophy of aquaculture and adopted it as a rural industry. By the end of the 10-year period, it is anticipated that Ghana would be self-supporting in terms of fish production, as it is with some food crops now produced through the "Operation Feed Yourself" campaign which has been going on for almost four years. Fish importation would be totally eliminated and sufficient raw materials would be available to food industries which use fish as raw material.
2.3 Short-term
In the next 3-5 years, at least one demonstration centre should be established in each of the Northern, Upper and the Southern Savanna regions. There should also be one for the coastal lagoon areas, specially for brackishwater culture. These demonstration centres should be operated so as to establish a firm foundation for a commercial-scale industry and to produce adequate seed supplies for commercial production units. During this period, reservoir rehabilitation should be initiated in order Co fully utilize those reservoirs which are only being used for irrigation purposes.
The demonstration centres should operate simultaneously with research centres.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT ENVISAGED
Depending on the availability of water and equipment required, aquaculture could be undertaken as a small-scale rural industry or as a large-scale commercial industry. Small-scale industries should be limited to rural areas with small reservoirs and where ponds can be constructed using manual labour. Large-scale industries could be located in areas where there are large dams, like the Vea dam, which can supply adequate water throughout the year.
The final objective is to develop aquaculture into commercially viable industries in the rural areas.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS
4.1 Annual Production Targets
Considering the present annual fish consumption of 310 000 tons by a population of 9 million people, and the annual production through fishing of 220 000 tons, the deficit by the end of the first 10-year period would be 90 000 tons.
It is anticipated that the population would have increased by then but, taking into account other factors like increased fish production from natural waters and increase in meat production, which may stabilize the demand for fish and fish products at the present level, this target is considered a realistic one.
It is estimated that sites arc available for construction of 10 125 ha (25 000 ac) of ponds in all regions. Recent experiments show that a 0.4-ha (1-ac) pond in Ghana produces 1.5 tons (3 000 lb) but this production rate could be increased to 2 tons (4 000 lb) per pond through introducing efficient management procedures, such as fertilizer application, feeding, total cropping, and multiple cropping. A total area of 10 125 ha should therefore produce 50 000 tons of fish annually through pond culture and an additional 15 000 tons could be produced in the coastal lagoons and the existing reservoirs. The balance required (25 000 tons) could be obtained through increased exploitation in capture fisheries and fish culture using new systems.
4.2 Strategy to be Adopted
In order to achieve production targets, a number of factors should be considered:
(a) Investment opportunities: The national banks, like the Agricultural Development Bank, the National Investment Bank, and the commercial banks, need to support fish farmers through granting loans if they are to successfully undertake aquaculture on a large-scale commercial basis. Where possible, farmers would be advised to enter into joint ventures with other interested organizations within the country, as is now being done in the production of food and cash crops.(b) Training of personnel: This will be given top priority. Apart from the training of extension officers, the training of farmers and other field personnel should be undertaken in order to enhance their efficiency.
(c) Inputs: Seed, feeds and fertilizers should be made available to farmers through the Fisheries Department, who should supply these items either free of charge or at subsidized prices.
(d) Pond construction and reservoir management: The Fisheries Department should have a small construction unit to undertake pond construction for farmers. Efforts should also be made to improve the management of existing reservoirs to raise their annual production from 18 kg/ha (100 lb/ac) to 72 kg/ha (400 lb/ac).
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
5.1 Systems
The culture systems will embrace both fresh water and brackish water and will involve culture in ponds and reservoirs, rice field culture, and fish culture in stream beds (i.e., construction of weirs in seasonal streams to form pools during the dry season). The coastal lagoons will be utilized to culture selected species.
5.2 Species Selected
These should be species familiar and acceptable to the Ghanaian population. Fortunately, all species presently cultured in Ghana have ready markets. These species include:
|
Tilapias |
- T. nilotica |
|
|
- T. galilaea |
|
|
- T. heudelotti |
|
Cyprinids |
- Labeo senegalensis |
|
|
- L. coubie |
|
Catfish |
- Clarias spp. |
|
|
- Chrysichthys spp. |
|
Perch |
- Lates niloticus |
|
Mullets |
- Mugil spp. |
|
Shrimps |
|
|
Oysters |
|
The culture of Mugil spp. and oysters will be conducted on an experimental basis initially, because the potential for these species has not been investigated in Ghana.
6. STATUS OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA
Tilapia spp. have been cultured in Ghana on an experimental basis for several years and pilot-scale production has been initiated in reservoirs in some areas. However, pilot projects and demonstration centres should be established in all regions where aquaculture will be practised.
There is a need for development and introduction of new techniques related to monosex culture of Tilapia and induced spawning of Labeo, and development of techniques which will reduce the high mortality rate in culture of Mugil spp.
Technology related to pond construction in Ghana is well developed and there is no immediate need for importing expertise in this field.
7. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
For an initial period of 3-5 years, core personnel are required to establish projects on a sound basis. There is an immediate need to train 4 biologists.
Biologists will be required to organize projects in each of the three regions where aquaculture will be practised intensively (i.e. Northern region, Upper region, and the South Savanna area) and the fourth will be responsible for developing projects in coastal lagoons. Each biologist or specialist should have 3 technicians to assist him, making a total requirement of 12 technicians. Extension officers and field staff will also be required but their numbers will be determined periodically by the availability of recruitment resources and training facilities, as well as the volume of work on hand.
The specialists, who will normally be fisheries biologists, will have to be trained through fellowships in overseas universities. The technicians should be trained through training programmes organized by FAO/UNDP on a regional basis. Other personnel in the lower ranks of the organization should be trained locally, through courses organized in conjunction with research programmes.
8. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICES
Each regional demonstration centre should be planned along the lines of that being considered for Yapei near Tamale in the Northern region. Each demonstration centre will also serve as a pilot commercial fish production centre and should be able to produce enough fish seed for distribution to commercial aquaculturists. At these centres, technical advice and demonstrations should be provided on aspects of aquaculture, such as techniques of fertilizing ponds, manufacture of feed, health inspection, and disease control.
The budget for each aquaculture centre should be based on the objective of having 80 ha (200 ac) of ponds. If construction is undertaken by a small, special unit of the Department of Fisheries, cost of construction would be comparatively low. The cost to establish one centre i.e. estimated to be:
|
|
N.Cedi1/ |
|
80 ha at N.Cedi 25 000/ha |
2 000 000 |
|
Buildings |
75 000 |
|
2 vehicles |
16 000 |
|
Equipment |
10 000 |
|
|
2 101 000 |
1/ U.S. $ 1.00 = N.Cedi 1.15
For the four centres planned, an amount of N.Cedi 8 404 000 is therefore required.
9. PLAN FOR EXPANSION PROGRAMMES
It is anticipated that, by the end of the first ten years, ponds with a total surface area of 10 000 ha (25 000 ac) would be developed by the public, cooperative and private sectors.
By the end of the development period (20 years), it is expected that the cooperative and private sectors would take the initiative and expand significantly resulting in a total production area of about 16 000 ha (40 000 ac). The Government should finance its own projects at the aquaculture centres while individuals, cooperatives and other private organizations should finance their projects through credit arrangements with the financial institutions available in the country. As far as possible, construction work for the cooperative and the private sectors should be carried out by a special construction unit formed within the Fisheries Department which will have the necessary equipment and technical expertise for this purpose. This unit should be able to execute projects rapidly and reduce construction costs.
Seed production and distribution for the initial period will be the sole responsibility of the Fisheries Department. The Tema Food Complex should be requested to prepare and distribute fish feeds, with a fish nutrition expert recommending feed formulae based on locally available ingredients, such as rice and wheat brans, groundnut cake, coconut waste, and fish wastes.
Fertilizer procurement and distribution should be the responsibility of the Fisheries Department and arranged in conjunction with the Crop Production Department of the Ministry of Agriculture. A policy of subsidizing fertilizers by the Government would help to encourage fish producers to intensify culture operations.
As a long-term programme, at least two biologists should be trained to specialize in fish diseases. These specialists should be available at headquarters to offer advice whenever necessary on disease control.
Where harvesting and marketing are difficult for farmers, technicians and extension officers should provide the necessary assistance.
To meet the manpower requirements, various categories of personnel should be trained under different arrangements. It is expected that, by the end of a 20-year period a total of, 16 000 ha (40 000 ac) would have been developed. For efficient management of this area, it is desirable to have one aquaculture specialist for every 400 ha. A total of 40 specialists will, therefore, be required and, in the absence of any institutional training facilities in the country, aquaculture specialists should continue to be trained outside Ghana.
Each specialist will require three technicians, so a total of 120 technicians will be required by the end of the 20-year period. Technicians should be trained in any regional institution which might be established by an international organization or through regional cooperation.
Extension officers and other field personnel would be trained locally using some of the specialists and facilities of the demonstration centres and a training institute which' would be set up by the end of the first 10-year period.
10. ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH
There is no doubt that a well organized research centre is needed to support all development programmes. This research centre would have to be completed in the first 10-year period of the development programme to provide information for the rapid expansion desirable during the second period.
11. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE REQUIRED
It might not be possible for the Government to provide all the funds required to complete four demonstration-cum-pilot-production centres within the first five years. It is, therefore, hoped that part of this expenditure could be met through provision of construction machinery, equipment, and other forms of technical assistance by external agencies and organizations.
The proposed national research centre would also require external assistance in terms of equipment and personnel until it is well established. Through all these measures, the development programme to expand aquaculture production could be implemented with the objectives of making Ghana self-sufficient in fish production, and having surplus for export, in the next 20 years.
[1/ Prepared by J.K. Kagai, Fish Culture Farm, Muranga, based on policy and targets formulated during Stage I of the Workshop by W.K. Maluki, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, Nairobi]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
Kenya reached its highest level of fish production of 33 761 tons in 1970 and production has declined since then. Seventy five percent of this total came from freshwater fisheries, chiefly from Lake Victoria and Lake Rudolf, with the balance coming from other inland fisheries.
Harvesting and marketing of fish is under the control of large numbers of traders which creates problems in planning for increased production and domestic consumption.
The per caput consumption of fish in Kenya is very low (3.5 kg). The target during the last development plan of 55 000 tons was not reached and production for the current plan has consequently been reduced to 35 000 tons. Out of the total production in 1974, only 400 tons was obtained through aquaculture and harvesting of private dams.
It is envisaged that the production from capture fisheries will increase by 1 000 tons and the balance to achieve the target (i.e., 1 000 tons) is expected to come from aquaculture during the current national economic plan period (1974-78).
At present, most of the inland lakes, e.g., Lake Victoria, Lake Naivasha and Lake Baringo have been overfished. Lake Baringo has a problem of silting and the Government is not ready to invest in further development until this problem is solved. Lake Naivasha has been invaded by salvania which has resulted in reduced productivity, and the lake needs time for recovery and rehabilitation.
The deep-sea fisheries of the Indian Ocean are beyond the reach of traditional fishermen. Exploitation of this fishery will require substantial capital investment which the Government does not intend to make until detailed investigations can demonstrate their economic viability.
However, the Kenya Government's goal is to implement maximum production possible from available resources to supply animal protein to meet the demands of people. In this connexion, fish farming in artificial and natural ponds has been recognized as a potential proposition and should be developed during the current 1974-78 development plan to increase availability of fish. Aquaculture has already been established to be a profitable activity for the small farmer and it requires only small capital investment.
In Kenya, there exist 28 000 fish ponds ranging from 0.04 to 0.8 ha (0.1. to 2 ac) with a total estimated area of 2 800 ha (7 000 ac).
2. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of Kenya Government's economic development include: the provision of enough animal proteins to its people who live in areas not close to natural resources; development of rural industries as a source of employment to the rural population that will help to check the drift of rural populations to urban areas; the elimination of fish imports in order to save foreign exchange; and full development of the sport fishing industry in trout rivers, lakes and along the Kenyan coast.
2.1 Long-term Aquaculture Development Plan
In a period of about 20 years, the Government has to develop adequate rural development fisheries projects and fully establish its sport fishing industries. It intends doubling per caput consumption of fish from 3.5 to 7.0 kg through utilizing the freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture potential and doubling or trebling the existing number of fish ponds.
2.2 Medium-term Objectives
(a) Expand aquaculture production through rural development projects and develop small-scale projects in the private sector.(b) Train core personnel.
(c) Develop aquaculture potential of existing dams and reservoirs,
(d) Establish a National Training Centre for aquaculture.
(e) Establish new seed production centres.
2.3 Short-term Development Plan
(a) Conduct a survey to establish potential areas for aquaculture development.(b) Improve existing ponds to obtain maximum production.
(c) Train extension personnel.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT ENVISAGED
Aquaculture in Kenya is presently conducted on a small scale through rural development projects undertaken by the public and private sectors and by small fish farmers. Alongside these small-scale developments, the Government intends developing large-scale fish culture industries for fish production for both local consumption and export.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS AND MEANS SELECTED TO ACHIEVE THEM
4.1 Production Targets
The present per caput consumption of fish in Kenya is 3.5 kg and it is the Government's aim to double this consumption, probably over the next 20 years. The population of Kenya is increasing at a rate of about 2.5 percent and, after 20 years, it is estimated that the population will be 17 million. To achieve a per caput consumption of 7.0 kg for 17 million people, a total of 119 000 tons of fish will be needed. If it is assumed that the present capture fishery production will double after 20 years, even then a total of 53 000 tons will have to be obtained through aquaculture to meet the domestic consumption requirements.
The existing fish ponds of roughly 2 800 ha (7 000 ac), if properly managed, have the potential to produce a total of 7 000 tons of fish per year at the rate of 2.5 tons per ha in a ten-year period.
4.2 Means to Achieve the Target
(a) Improve management of the existing fish ponds.(b) Create new fish ponds and develop the existing dams in the Kenya highlands that are used for watering cattle.
(c) Improve and stock the existing water reservoirs, including hydro-electric dams that are under construction.
(d) Develop more than 160 ha (400 ac) in the Mwea and Ahello rice irrigation schemes. These include swampy areas of alkaline soils that are unsuitable for rice.
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
The culture of the two species of trout, e.g., brown trout and rainbow trout, is carried out in running-water ponds, small dams, and ponds. Production of trout fry is by artificial spawning.
Tilapia spp. are cultured in ponds, dams, and reservoirs, with many fish farmers practising mixed culture of tilapias. Pond culture of carp is under investigation at the Sagana Fish Culture Farm. Rice field tilapia culture is practised on a small scale in rice irrigation schemes.
6. STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COUNTRY
Technology of trout fingerling production is well established in the country. Trout are fed with pelleted feeds and meat from animal carcases obtained locally. Technology for tilapia culture in ponds, dams, and reservoirs exists in Kenya. Tilapia are fed with cheap, locally, available, rice bran and by-products from breweries. Spawning of Chinese carp through hypophysation is being tested on an experimental level in the Sagana Fish Culture Farm.
New technology to improve the existing systems of culture should be imported, particularly the culture of exotic species introduced into the country.
7. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
During the current development plan (1974-78) there is a proposal for starting a national training centre in the country. This centre should have two expert trainers in aquaculture who have received fellowship training abroad.
District fisheries officers should participate in orientation courses on the potential role of aquaculture in the development of fisheries in the country. Such courses should be organized in the proposed national training centre or by ad hoc arrangements. The core personnel for extension shall be trained in this centre.
There is a need to construct at least three demonstration centres at the provincial level, It is suggested that a total of 20 aquaculturists should be trained over a period of 5-7 years at the regional level in a regional African training institution. These aquaculturists would serve as core personnel in those districts where aquaculture programmes are implemented. Three of these aquaculturists will be responsible for operating the proposed demonstration centres.
8. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EXTENSION SERVICES
There is a need for one fisheries officer, who has been trained as an aquaculturist, to be located in every district where aquaculture is developed. Six fisheries assistants with specialized training in aquaculture should also be part of the district extension team. The extension service would also need about 20 extension personnel to visit farmers and advise them on aquaculture. This extension team should have basic training in aquaculture, with additional training in extension techniques. A training course of 6 months and an annual intake of about 10 candidates may provide enough personnel for the extension service.
9. EXPERIMENTAL AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMMES
Demonstration of suitable techniques should be carried on at the proposed demonstration centre which will be responsible for testing of techniques, demonstration of management and production activities, and training in freshwater and brackishwater aquaculture. External technical aid and finance may be provided through regional development funds. The total cost to establish a demonstration centre is estimated to be K.Sh. 245 000.
10. PLAN FOR EXPANSION
The general plan for expanding aquaculture production includes the following activities:
(a) Existing ponds, small dams, and reservoirs should be improved to increase fish production.
(b) Develop areas along the Kenya coast for culture of oyster and other marine species.
(c) Develop aquaculture in swampy areas that are not suitable for agricultural farming.
Pond culture programmes shall be carried out mainly in the public sector, whereas large-scale development of dams and reservoirs will be in the cooperative sector. Private-sector development of aquaculture will also be encouraged, particularly in trout farming.
10.1 Financing and Credit Arrangements
Government should provide financial aid through temporary loans. Individual fish farmers may seek credit from the local banks, agricultural financing units, or from cooperative societies that may have established cooperative credit facilities.
10.2 Arrangements for Construction Work
It would be of considerable benefit to aquaculture development if a fish farm construction unit with all the necessary equipment was formed in the Fisheries Department to design and construct fish ponds. At present, this work is being carried out through private construction units.
10.3 Seed Production and Distribution
Seed stock should continue to be produced by the existing seed production centres and distributed by the fisheries staff. Seed should also be made available to individual farmers at subsidized prices and more seed production centres shall be established to meet anticipated demand.
10.4 Feed Preparation and Distribution
Private industries are at present manufacturing trout feeds in the country and these industries should also manufacture feeds for Tilapia spp. Small-scale private trout farmers, however, are preparing their own feeds. In the future, there may be a need to establish separate fish feed manufacturing industries.
10.5 Fertilizer Procurement
Fertilizers should be made available to fish farmers at subsidized prices along the lines adopted for agriculture development.
10.6 Health Inspection and Disease Control
Health inspection and disease control should be channelled through the proposed research institution, while lesser disease problems will have to be identified by extension personnel in the field.
10.7 Organization of Marketing and Harvesting
Harvesting and marketing of aquaculture products should be organized through cooperative societies, while transport may be undertaken through private means or by cooperatives. Small-scale fish farmers may not have any serious marketing problems.
10.8 Organisation of Research
Research will be undertaken at the proposed research centre and external assistance will be needed for equipping the centre and training research personnel. Immediate attention will be given to the improvement of existing technology in aquaculture, including formulation of feed.
11. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL AID NEEDED
(a) Initial survey to identify potential areas for aquaculture development.(b) Training of core personnel for aquaculture development.
(c) Fellowship training for aquaculture fisheries officers in brackishwater and freshwater aquaculture.
(d) Technical assistance in establishment of fish farms.
(e) Financing to establish the Central Training Centre and proposed demonstration centres.
TABLE 1 Estimated Costs for Establishing a Demonstration Centre (50-ha Farm)
|
|
K.Sh.1/ |
|
|
1. Capital Costs |
||
|
|
Construction |
60 000 |
|
Laboratories |
12 500 |
|
|
Staff quarters cost |
65 000 |
|
|
Vehicles |
18 000 |
|
|
Buildings |
62 000 |
|
|
Equipment |
10 000 |
|
|
Sub-total |
227 500 |
|
|
2. Staff Salaries |
||
|
|
2 expert trainers |
3 600 |
|
2 fisheries officers |
2 424 |
|
|
6 laboratory technicians |
5 760 |
|
|
6 fisheries assistants |
4 116 |
|
|
Sub-total |
15 900 |
|
|
3. Salary of Administration Staff |
||
|
|
1 clerical officer |
336 |
|
1 copy typist |
306 |
|
|
1 office messenger |
213 |
|
|
2 drivers |
712 |
|
|
Sub-total |
1 567 |
|
|
Total Cost for Research Centre |
244 967 |
|
1/ U.S.$ 1.00 = K.Sh. 7.00
[1/ Prépare par S.G. Rajaona, Direction Eaux et Forêts, Tananarive, sur la base des recommandations et objectifs formulés durant la première série du Séminaire par A. Ralison. Service des Pêches Maritimes, Tananarive, et M. Raveloson, Direction du Plan, Tananarive]
1. DONNEES DE BASE ET JUSTIFICATIONS - PLACE DE L'AQUICULTURE
Au lendemain du mouvement populaire de mai 1972, un plan quinquennal a été élaboré (1972-77).
La proportion des investissements consacrés à l'ensemble des disciplines, agriculture, élevage, forêts, pêches dans ce plan national pour la période 1974-77 est élevée par rapport à d'autres disciplines soit, près de 23,2 pour cent. Ces investissements sont assures en grande partie par l'état.
La contribution du secteur prive est de l'ordre de 10 pour cent environ, ce qui est très faible.
1.1 Situation actuelle du développement aquicole
Madagascar est à économie rurale dominante. L'aquiculture est encore à ses débuts. L'apport en protéines animales par le poisson est relativement faible. Il est de l'ordre de 8,0 kg par habitant par an sur un total de 20 à 22 kg par habitant par an de protéines d'origine animale.
Les pêches et l'aquiculture visent le même objectif qui est de produire du poisson mais qui elles appartiennent à deux domaines différents, ont des rôles et des fins différents:
(a) les pêches en eau douce et en mer s'orientent beaucoup plus vers la vente des produits ou frais ou fumes ou sales dans les grandes agglomérations et centres de grande consommation ou le poisson fait défaut;(b) l'aquiculture, par contre, a en plus un rôle social par l'apport des protéines animales aux familles rurales vivant en brousse, n'empêche quand même qu'elle se prête bien à l'industrialisation.
On sait l'importance que l'on doit accorder à l'exploitation des pêches, à la mise en valeur des ressources halieutiques naturelles, mais de son cote l'aquiculture offre aussi, d'immenses possibilités de développement en particulier dans le domaine:
- de la rizipisciculture, plus de 750 000 ha de rizières irriguées avec un potentiel de 200 000 tonnes de poisson au moins;- de la promotion des fermes piscicoles avec un potentiel de 150 000 tonnes de poisson produits par 2 500 à 3 000 unités d'exploitation (entreprises communautaires aquicoles) à raison de 10 à 15 ha par unité.
1.2 Demande pour les produits de pêche
Les besoins normaux de la population en protéines animales ne sont couverts qu'a 47 pour cent. L'offre est loin de satisfaire la demande.
1.2.1 Etude des besoins des marchés intérieurs
Consommation actuelle moyenne de poisson:
en milieu urbain - 9 à 10 kg/habitant/an
en milieu rural - 4 à 5 kg/habitant/an
De grandes fluctuations sont enregistrées d'une région à l'autre de 0,9 à 37,6 kg.
|
Besoins de poisson |
20 à 30 kg/habitant/an |
|
Déficit |
15 à 20 kg/habitant/an |
|
| |
|
|
Tonnes |
|
Tonnage déficitaire (1973) |
174 664 |
|
Marchés intérieurs du poisson de mer |
5 500 |
|
Marchés intérieurs du poisson d'eau douce |
41 870 |
|
Marchés extérieurs (exportation) |
6 024 |
|
Importation de l'extérieur |
573 |
Ainsi les produits commercialises se chiffrent à:
|
Marchés intérieurs: |
produits locaux |
47 370 |
|
importation |
573 | |
|
Marchés extérieurs: |
exportation |
6 024 |
|
Soit au total |
53 967 | |
|
Ce qui donné pour l'auto-consommation |
14 942 | |
|
Pour un total général de |
68 909 | |
Cette étude fait donc ressortir:
- que la pèche maritime avec les 5 500 tonnes de poisson de mer n'a pas de grandes possibilités d'extension - 30 000 tonnes au maximum;- que les eaux continentales avec ses 39 444 tonnes sont encore loin d'atteindre le maximum estime à 140 000 tonnes;
- qu'il faut donc vite satisfaire la demande interne par le développement de l'aquiculture à faibles frais et à brève échéance et combler le tonnage déficitaire de l'ordre de 174 664 tonnes.
A cet effet il faut agir par étape en groupant les régions ou les besoins urgents de consommation se font sentir.
Il y a donc lieu
- subvenir aux régions défavorisées Groupe I par une meilleure répartition des produits aquicoles;- d'industrialiser progressivement l'aquiculture
Groupe I - Rizipisciculture, fermes piscicoles
Groupe III- Mariculture, eaux saumâtres pour combler le tonnage déficitaire aux Groupes I et II en milieu urbain et au Groupe III au milieu rural.
1.2.2 Etude des possibilités des marchés extérieurs
Le commerce extérieur fait partie des domaines réserves de l'état.
Pour le moment il concerne les truites (pisciculture en étangs), les crustacés d'eau douce et de mer, les poissons de mer congelés ou sous forme de produits sales et de conserves en boîtes vers la Réunion et l'Ile Maurice.
Il faut donc disposer d'un excédant exportable et dans le tout de pouvoir maintenir le réserves de changes à niveau satisfaisant.
2. OBJECTIFS ET PROGRAMMATION DE LA PRODUCTION
Considérant les possibilités de production à long terme, l'ordre de priorité des sources de production est:
- la rizipisciculture 80 000 tonnes sur un potentiel de 200 000 tonnes;- les fermes aquicoles, la pisciculture intensive en étangs 50 000 tonnes sur un potentiel de 200 000 tonnes;
- la mariculture 50 000 tonnes sur un potentiel de 150 000 tonnes;
- l'exploitation des eaux saumâtres, des lagunes côtières 2 000 tonnes sur un potentiel de 5 000 tonnes.
Un projet CMCF intitule "Promotion de l'industrie des pêches" MAG/73/009/01/12 financé par "Brot für die Welt" a été mis en route en août 1974.
Il inclut en priorité la promotion de la rizipisciculture et des entreprises aquicoles.
Un deuxième projet de plus grande envergure a été déjà présente au Gouvernement dans le cadre du FAO/PNUD.
Comme ce dernier devrait démarrer en 1977 pour prendre fin en 1981, on a choisi comme échéance:
à court terme - 1980 dans 5 ans
à moyen terme - 1985 dans 10 ans
à long terme - 1995 dans 20 ans
2.1 Objectifs
La planification de la production de poisson dépend principalement de l'amélioration des rendements annuels par hectare:
- en rizipisciculture de 200 à 400 kg;
- en pisciculture en étangs de 0,8 à 4 tonnes;
- en fermes aquicoles de 2 à 6 tonnes;
- en mariculture de 0,500 à 1 tonne;
- en eaux saumâtres de 0,500 à 1 tonne.
En ce qui concerne les eaux saumâtres il suffit de coloniser les digitations, les diverticules des lagunes côtières en barrant le goulot d'étranglement. Ainsi on récupère par unité d'exploitation 2 à 10 ha de plan d'eau. On les appelle diverticules barrés.
Comme les priorités peuvent varier d'un département à l'autre et qu'elles doivent dépendre des urgences économiques à l'échelon national, la planification (Tableau 3) est dans la limite du raisonnable.
Qui veut atteindre ces objectifs doit y mettre tous les moyens appropries et nécessaires à leur réalisation.
Comme l'aquiculture touche la majorité de la population rurale, il y a lieu d'exploiter la population rurale active.
Le taux de chômage en milieu rural augmenterait de 3,2 pour cent de 1973 à 1977, pourtant le taux d'absorption du chômage est de l'ordre de 67,58 pour cent.
D'où l'intérêt de le maîtrise populaire du développement économique. Ainsi la population rurale active additionnelle pourra trouver du travail.
D'où le rôle à jouer par les "Fokonolona" communautés villageoises avec leurs organisations corporatives de développement.
L'idéal serait évidemment de résorber intégralement et immédiatement le chômage. Une approche par étape est donc recommandée:
Là on pourrait jouer sur deux volets:
- sources d'emplois endogènes par le biais de l'accroissement de la production aquicole, provoquer ainsi la promotion professionnelle des aquiculteurs;- sources d'emplois exogènes par l'instauration d'une structure économique génératrice d'emplois tel est le cas des complexes aquicoles commerciales, entreprises communautaires - à forte intensité de main-d'oeuvre.
Ce qui ne ferait que promouvoir le développement de l'aquiculture.
2.2 Programmation de la Production à court terme
A court terme (en 1980) il faut produire 38 300 tonnes de poisson par l'aquiculture.
2.2.1 Rizipisciculture au rythme de 1 000 à 3 000 tonnes/an
Si par an, il faut empoissonner 800 à 20 000 ha de rizières à raison de 2 500 alevins à l'hectare:
Vingt à 50 millions d'alevins sont nécessaires à cet empoissonnement, chiffres qui ne pourront être atteints qu'à la cinquième année à condition de doubler le nombre des stations piscicoles:
1975-76: 10 millions d'alevins dont 4 millions alevins de carpe
1976-77: 20 millions d'alevins dont 10 millions de carpe
1977-78: 30 millions d'alevins dont 17 millions alevins de carpe
1978-79: 40 millions d'alevins dont 24 millions alevins de carpe
1979-80: 50 millions d'alevins dont 80 millions alevins de carpe.
Elle doit intéresser principalement les cinq régions:
- La région du lac Alaotra et de Moramanga
- La région de Manjakandriana-Ambafolaona-Anjozorobe
- La région d'Ambatolampy-Antanifotsy-Antsirabe-Betafo
- La région d'Ambositra-Ambohimahasoa-Fianarantsoa-Ambalavao
- La région de Marovoay.
L'utilisation des Tilapia résout pour le moment le problème du déficit en alevins de carpe. On procède à la capture d'alevins de Tilapia un peu partout à Madagascar et notamment centre-ouest.
2.2.2 Fermes piscicoles et pisciculture en étangs (300 tonnes de poisson/an pour la pisciculture et 700 tonnes pour les fermes piscicoles)
Par an il faut promouvoir:
- le ré-aménagement des étangs productifs abandonnes près de 50 000 dans les provinces de Tamatave et de Fianarantsoa faute d'alevins et à cause de l'exode rural à raison de 10 000 étangs par an soit 100 tonnes de poisson par an;- la création de nouveaux étangs piscicoles aux alentours de grandes agglomérations au rythme de 100 étangs par an de 1 ha en moyenne produisant 200 tonnes de poisson par an. Le regroupement des étangs est de règle pour une meilleure gestion:
- l'implantation de 10 à 15 fermes piscicoles produisant annuellement 40 à 60 tonnes de poisson par unité d'exploitation de 10 ha soit une production annuelle supplémentaire de 400 à 800 tonnes.
Elles doivent être implantées à la première année:
- 10 dans la Préfecture de l'Imerina Central;
- 5 dans les autres préfectures des Hauts Plateaux.
2.2.3 Mariculture au rythme de 300 à 400 tonnes/an
Elle intéresse les mangroves de la cote ouest notamment du nord-ouest et du sud-ouest avec un rythme annuel de mise en valeur de 600 à 800 ha (Mahavavy Loza, Narinda, Mahajamba, Mangoky).
Elle portera sur les captures des crabes sédentaires et des crevettes effectuant des déplacements collectifs et massifs. Le service de la pèche maritime apportera son concours pour la région nord-ouest.
Elle inclut en plus l'élevage des Chanos chanos.
2.2.4 Eaux saumâtres au rythme de 60 à 100 tonnes/ah
Dix à 20 diverticules sont à barrer chaque année ayant besoin de 50 à 150 ha de plan d'eau.
Les espèces utilisées sont les Tilapia, l'Heterotis niloticus, les mulets non loin des agglomérations Foulpointe, Ambila-lemaitso, Vatomandry, Mahanoro, Manakara, Vohipeno, Farafangana, Vangaindrano.
C'est de l'élevage extensif. L'utilisation des cages peut-être envisagée.
Observations
La fourniture d'alevins reste le problème numéro 1 à résoudre d'urgence. La participation du secteur prive est très attendue.
Périodiquement, on doit faire le point pour savoir si l'exécution des projets correspond aux objectifs présents dans le plan.
2.3 Programmation de la production à moyen terme
Le rythme de production comme il est signale pour la programmation à court terme est maintenu.
Toujours est-il que la fourniture d'alevins reste encore le problème capital à résoudre:
- pour la rizipisciculture: il faudrait en plus 50 millions d'alevins dont 30 millions en carpe pour empoissoner les 20 000 ha de rizières supplémentaires;- pour les fermes piscicoles: il faudrait en 1985 200 à 300 unités de production;
- pour la pisciculture en étangs: à raison de 0,5 à 1 ha par étang, il faudrait aménager 2 à 2 500 étangs piscicoles;
- pour la mariculture: l'exploitation concerne les 10 à 1 500 ha; pour les eaux saumâtres: il faudrait maîtriser 100 à 150 diverticules barres.
2.4 Programmation de la production à long terme
En ce qui concerne la production à long terme il faudrait:
- pour la rizipisciculture: 80 millions d'alevins dont 50 millions en alevins de carpe pour empoissonner les 30 000 ha de rizières supplémentaires;- pour les fermes piscicoles: il faudrait en 1995, 500 à 750 unités de production;
- pour la pisciculture en étangs: il faudrait 5 à 7 000 étangs piscicoles de 0,5 à 1 ha;
- pour les eaux saumâtres: il faudrait maîtriser 200 à 400 diverticules barres;
- pour la mariculture: l'exploitation concerne les 75 à 100 000 ha.
3. NIVEAUX DE PRODUCTION
3.1 Les niveaux de production dépendent des niveaux d'intervention, des activités entreprises.
(a) Au niveau national dans les stations piscicoles gouvernementales, on s'oriente beaucoup plus à la production massive d'alevins de carpe - 10 à 50 millions.
(b) Au niveau des entreprises communautaires, des fermes piscicoles on s'acheminera vers l'industrialisation de l'aquiculture, la commercialisation à grande échelle - 40 à 60 tonnes de poisson par an par unité d'exploitation de 10 à 15 ha.
(c) Au niveau rural, on assure d'abord la subsistance avant de se lancer à la commercialisation à petite échelle - 15 à 30 000 tonnes/an.
3.2 Schémas de développement envisage
Par ordre d'urgence, 5 opérations sont à retenir:
3.2.1 Première opération
De 1975 à 1980 - Fourniture massive d'alevins par les 2 secteurs public et privé
Dix à 50 millions d'alevins divers principalement pour l'empoissonnement des rizières.
(a) Dans le secteur public - sont retenues en priorité:- 2 stations piscicoles d'expérimentation: Perinet et Ampama;- 5 stations piscicoles de production: Analabe, Sisaony, Ambatofotsy, Ialatsara pour la carpe, Iroloma pour l'Heterotis niloticus;
(b) Dans le secteur privé sont à encourager en priorité:
- l'exploitation des centres piscicoles d'Ambatolampy, Manandona, Betafo;- la capture d'alevins dans les lacs, cours d'eau pour les Tilapia.
3.2.2 Deuxième opération
De 1975 à 1977 - Prospection d'aliments artificiels et d'engrais
Vingt quatre à 48 000 tonnes d'aliments artificiels et d'engrais pour obtenir 6 000 tonnes de poisson en aquiculture, le taux de conversion allant de 4 à 8.
(a) Les sous-produits agro-industriels sont:
|
Dans les Hauts Plateaux | ||
|
|
Région d'Antsirabe |
- son de blé |
|
|
|
- drèches de brasserie |
|
|
Ailleurs |
- son et farine de riz |
|
|
|
- déchets d'abattoir |
|
|
|
- tourteaux d'arachide |
|
A la côte-est | ||
|
|
Le long des lagunes côtières |
- parches de café |
|
|
|
- tourteaux de coprah |
|
|
|
- tourteaux de palmiste |
|
|
Ailleurs |
- son et farine de riz |
|
|
|
- son et farine de maïs |
|
|
|
déchets d'abattoir |
|
A la côte-ouest et sud-ouest | ||
|
|
Un peu partout |
- son et farine de riz |
|
|
|
- son et farine de mais |
|
|
|
- déchets d'abattoir |
|
|
|
- tourteaux de coton |
|
|
|
- tourteaux d'arachide. |
(b) Les engrais utilises sont:
Fumure organique - fumier, compost, engrais vertFumure in-organique - engrais complet NPK, superphosphate triple, sulfate d'ammoniaque, dolomie
3.2.3 Troisième opération
De 1977 à 1980 - Production nationale d'aliments artificiels riches en éléments nutritifs et d'engrais
(a) Fabrication au stade artisanal de provende à base de son de riz, de farine de Tilapia - 10 unités de production commercialisant 300 tonnes de provende par an par unité soit 0,5 à 1 tonne de provende par jour par unité.(b) Fabrication au stade semi-industriel de provende dans les entreprises aquicoles, les fermes piscicoles 10 à 15 fermes piscicoles produisant 600 tonnes de provende par an par unité soit 1 à 2 tonnes de provende par jour par unité.
3.2.4 Quatrième opération
De 1975 à 1980 - Promotion d'organisations corporatives au sein des "Fokonolona"
(a) Production sur place de tous les biens dont le pays à besoin.
(b) Fabrication sur place des biens nécessaires à la production.
Elle consiste à encourager l'artisanat local pour l'équipement des petites fabriques pour la production d'aliments artificiels et d'engrais.
3.2.5 Cinquième opération
De 1977 à 1980 - Implantation des entrepôts frigorifiques pour le stockage des poissons
Ils sont à installer à Tamatave, Ambatondrazaka, Maevatanana et Majunga en priorité.
3.3 Moyens retenus pour atteindre les objectifs de production à court terme - 1980
Comme on l'a vu, l'aquiculture est hautement rentable à court terme. Mais comme tous les secteurs de l'économie sont inter-dépendants, l'intégration de l'aquiculture dans le développement économique du pays conditionne toutes actions de production.
Pour une meilleure stratégie du développement aquicole, il faut donc retenir les moyens ci-après;
- assurer la sauvegarde des moyens de subsistance des paysans;
- accroître la production;
- diriger la commercialisation et l'exportation.
3.3.1 Sauvegarde des moyens de subsistance des paysans
Comme la population rurale représente 85 pour cent de la population totale, ce problème est prioritaire car les aléas sont nombreux et souvent imprévisibles.
(a) Sécheresse dans le sud du pays, zone de l'Androy
(b) Inondation surtout dans les Hauts Plateaux et la côte-est
(c) Baisse des cours des produits aquicoles sur les marchés.
3.3.2 Accroissement de la production
Il porte sur trois interventions:
- l'amélioration et l'exploitation des techniques
- l'équipement des unités de production
- l'encadrement des producteurs, des aquiculteurs.
3.3.3 Organisation de la commercialisation et de l'exportation
Une organisation est à entreprendre en matière de commercialisation et de l'exportation pour pouvoir:
- augmenter le niveau de vie des paysans, souvent inférieurs à F.MG. 25 000 (soit U.S.$ 100);
- apporter à la nation une valeur ajoutée plus élevée par l'industrialisation progressive de l'aquiculture.
3.4 Systèmes d'élevage et espèces cultivées
Les facteurs qui déterminent les systèmes d'élevage et le choix des espèces économiquement intéressants sont:
- la reproduction - fourniture massive d'alevins et de géniteurs;- la production des poissons marchands, d'abord pour la consommation intérieure puis après pour l'exportation;
- l'équipement adéquat des unités de production pour une intensification économique rentable.
Les deux types d'élevage, monoculture et polyculture, sont pratiquées un peu partout mais ils varient suivant les niveaux de développement.
3.4.1 La monoculture
Elle est la plus pratiquée.
(a) Carpiculture dans les Hauts Plateaux
Carpes miroir et royaleProvinces de Tananarive et de Fianarantsoa
- Carpiculture simple au niveau des paysans: 85 pour centpisciculture en étangs
rizipisciculture- Carpiculture associée à d'autres élevages: 15 pour cent
(b) Hétéroticulture aux côtes-est et nord-ouest
Elle est pratiquée dans les diverticules, les étangs privés et les lacs de barrage (Anahidrano).Elle vient bien dans les Hauts Plateaux.
(c) Tilapiaculture - un peu partout
On favorise le Tilapia nilotica.Prix du kg du poisson: F.MG. 150 soit U.S.$ 0,60.
(d) Trutticulture dans les Hauts Plateaux
On la pratique à Bealanana, Manankazo, Manjaka Tompo, Faratsiho, Antsampandrano, Sahambavy, Lakera.
3.4.2 La polyculture
On la pratique un peu partout en tant qu'opérations diffusées dans les étangs privés, les marécages avec comme espèces principales carpe, Tilapia, black bass.
Elle a trouve sa raison d'être dans la rizipisciculture car elle a permis d'améliorer le rendement à l'hectare/an.
De 200 on passe à 400 kg avec 70 à 80 pour cent de carpe et 20 à 30 pour cent de poissons d'accompagnement (cyprin dore, Tilapia nilotica, et même Heterotis niloticus).
4. STRATEGIE DU DEVELOPPEMENT AQUICOLE - TECHNOLOGIE
La technologie, la recherche scientifique sont à la base même de la réussite des industries modernes.
Ainsi l'industrialisation de l'aquiculture dépend donc du niveau de la technologie, des possibilités de développement de cette technologie.
4.1 Situation actuelle de la technologie
La technologie actuelle permet d'obtenir de bons résultats:
- l'élevage de carpe pour la production massive d'alevins. Pendant une campagne de reproduction on obtient 3 à 9 séries de poses. La poursuite de l'étude de survie des alevins de 1 mois permettra de décupler la production actuelle d'alevins;- les techniques de rizipisciculture sont mises au point. Pour les rizipisciculteurs intéressés il reste à renforcer les digues et à creuser les canaux périphériques. Le regroupement des rizières donne un très bon rendement;
- le nourrissage à la demande par l'utilisation de grandes boîtes trouées, placées immergées à un endroit déterminé à remplacer le nourrissage par épandage. Le responsable du nourrissage contrôle et vérifie chaque jour la quantité de nourriture consommée ou à mettre;
- l'étude sur la biologie et l'élevage des espèces intéressantes aussi bien du cote économique que du cote nutritionnel. Elle est aussi en bonne voie.
4.2 Niveau du développement technologique
Même si les techniques ont été adoptées, il faut encore les améliorer au fur et à mesure de leurs applications.
4.2.1 Phase expérimentale
Elle porte sur 4 types d'action:
(a) Rizipisciculture
L'étude concerne:
- l'influence des charges en poisson sur la production du riz;
- l'étalement de la mise en eau en vue de la production d'alevins.
(b) Carpiculture
L'étude concerne:
- l'essai de retardement de la maturation des géniteurs;
- l'essai de densité et de l'importance de l'intervalle de temps;
- l'essai d'alevinage en association avec l'élevage de porc ou canard ou volailles;
- la production d'alevins de 1 mois;
- la production d'oeufs embryonnés.
(c) Gestion et exploitation des unités de production
Elles portent sur:
- l'interaction entre le calendrier des travaux et la production;
- la composition d'aliments artificiels recommandes pour le nourrissage à la demande.
(d) Transformation et conservation
Elles portent sur:
- les techniques de fumage et de salage;
- la détermination des besoins de chaîne de froid.
4.2.2 Opérations pilotes et démonstrations - pratiques établies
Les pratiques établies sont largement diffusées.
La viabilité économique des unités de production n'est plus à démontrer. Toutes opérations entreprises sont rentables à court terme.
Les démonstrations futures portent sur les points suivants:
(a) Rizipisciculture avec digues élevées, canaux périphériques;
(b) Carpiculture intensive en étangs dans les fermes pilotes surtout;
(c) Hétéroticulture en diverticules barrés.
4.3 Besoins futurs en technologie
L'orientation actuelle est que le développement de l'aquiculture se fasse aux alentours de grandes agglomérations, de grands centres d'activités industriels.
4.3.1 Le transfert vertical et horizontal de la technologie permettra d'accélérer l'industrialisation progressive de l'aquiculture
4.3.2 L'importation de technologie pour l'amélioration de la technologie existante
II doit être admise quand elle est vraiment nécessaire à la promotion de l'industrialisation de l'aquiculture en général et pour deux activités connexes:
- compléments pour la production d'aliments artificiels et d'engrais;
- élévation du niveau d'intensification économique.
4.3.3 L'étude de la composition de l'alimentation adéquate pour le nourrissage à la demande
5. EXECUTION ET INCIDENCE DU PROGRAMME DE DEVELOPPEMENT AQUICOLE
L'industrialisation de toutes opérations entre autres l'aquiculture créerait des activités en amont et en aval de la production, activités qui ne devraient pas être concurrentielles mais coordonnées, harmonisées.
L'institution d'une économie intégrée au service du peuple entraînerait incontestablement la formation du personnel de cadre, l'organisation des recherches, de la vulgarisation, de la commercialisation, la fourniture et l'approvisionnement en intrants (inputs).
5.1 Formation du personnel de cadre
5.1.1 Le but de la formation est double:
- ajustement de la formation aux besoins à court et moyen termes de l'économie- formation des chercheurs et des spécialistes de niveau élevé afin que la nation puisse suivre l'évolution de la science et de la technique.
En attendant on peut procéder à la mobilisation des compétences dans le secteur privé aussi bien que dans le secteur public, et cela par le volontariat, le service national.
5.1.2 Pour la promotion de l'aquiculture on doit avoir comme effectifs:
- au niveau national, services techniques un noyau assez étoffé de personnel compétent pour la conception (9), les recherches (15), et la vulgarisation (42);- au niveau terrain, au ras du sol des cellules de base avec des aquiculteurs (282 + 112) et des vulgarisateurs (646).
Ce qui explique donc que l'encadrement se fait dans les 2 sens:
- sens vertical assure par la brigade aquicole itinérante en contact permanent avec les unités de production- sens horizontal assure par les aquiculteurs eux-mêmes et les vulgarisateurs (ou interlocuteurs) auprès des populations de brousse.
En ce qui concerne la main-d'oeuvre, son recrutement dépend de la dimension et de la viabilité économique de l'unité de production (au nombre de 362). Elle se fera auprès des "Fokonolona".
En ce qui concerne la mariculture et les eaux saumâtres 2 à 3 unités de production peuvent être gérées par un seul responsable assisté d'un moniteur.
La formation de tout ce personnel et notamment du personnel cadre se fera donc à deux niveaux:
- niveau formation et information stage de longue durée;
- niveau orientation - stage ou recyclage de courte durée.
5.1.3 Niveau formation de longue durée
II relève principalement du domaine de l'aide bilatérale ou multilatérale par l'octroi des bourses.
II concerne les deux cadres:
- Supérieur (A) niveau licence devant former les spécialistes en aquiculture, les économistes, les chercheurs. Les bourses nécessaires pour leur permettre de se spécialiser dans leur domaine respectif sont de l'ordre de U.S.$ 4 à 8 000 par boursier
Durée d'étude - 2 ans.
Nombre de boursiers à former - 12.
Montant total des bourses à demander - U.S.$ 48 à 96 000.- Moyen (B ou C) niveau baccalauréat ou BEPC devant former les techniciens, les statisticiens, les responsables des unités de production aquicole. Les bourses nécessaires pour leur permettre de suivre un stage à l'extérieur sont de l'ordre de U.S.$ 2 à 3 500 par boursier.
Durée d'étude - 8 à 10 mois.
Nombre de boursiers à former - 22.
Montant total des bourses à demander - U.S.$ 44 à 66 000.
5.1.4 Niveau orientation de courte durée
II est du domaine de l'état, formation sur place. Il respecte trois stades successifs:
(a) Formation et recyclage des responsables (Tableau 7 - colonne 5) de cadre moyen (B ou C)
Le recyclage est assuré par la brigade aquicole itinérante d'une durée de deux semaines au moins par an avant le début de la campagne de production et de commercialisation.
Les soldes et indemnités à prévoir sont:
52 en secteur public soit 2 à 3/an soit U.S.$ 4 à 6 000/an
150 en secteur privé soit 7 à 10/an soit U.S.$ 14 à 20 000/an
80 en secteur mixte soit 3 à 4/an soit U.S.$ 6 à 8 000/an
Un calendrier de répartition des stages est à établir.
Programme: Aquiculture en général - transfert de nouvelles technologies.
(b) Recyclage des assistants (colonne 6) par les responsables mêmes dans leurs propres unités
112 au total soit 7 à 8/an soit U.S.$ 8 à 9 500/an
Durée de recyclage - 2 semaines au moins
Programme: suivant leur spécialisation.
(c) Recyclage des moniteurs (colonne 7) par les responsables ou leurs assistants dans leurs propres unités pour des échanges inter-unité peuvent être envisagées
646 au total soit 30 à 35/an soit U.S.$ 2 500 à 3 500/an
Durée de recyclage - 2 semaines au moins.
5.2 Organisation des recherches aquicoles
Trois laboratoires fonctionnent maintenant souvent en relation avec l'Institut Pasteur:
- Pour l'aquiculture 1 laboratoire hydrobiologie créé en 1958 avec 2 stations aquicoles d'expérimentation à Perinet (province de Tamatave) et à Ampamaherana (province de Fianarantsoa).- Pour la zootechnique 1 laboratoire avec 1 station de recherche à Kianjasoa (province de Tananarive). Etude des poissons malacophages pour la lutte contre la bilharziose.
Mais pour la promotion de l'aquiculture leurs activités principales doivent porter sur les points suivants:
- étude des techniques de production;
- rédaction de plusieurs notices techniques de vulgarisations.
- suivi des techniques déjà acquises et qui ont donne de bons résultats - transfert vertical seulement;
- résolution des problèmes de gestion d'exploitation;
- prévention contre d'éventuelles calamités.
5.3 Organisation des services de vulgarisation
Elle porte essentiellement sur:
- l'organisation des démonstrations;
- l'assistance technique.
5.3.1 L'organisation des démonstrations
Elle obéit au mode de transfert de la technologie (formation et information):
- transfert vertical - il est assuré par les brigades aquicoles itinérantes au nombre de 8 (Befandriana-Nord, Ambato-Boéni, Fenerive-Est, Moramanga, Ambatondrazaka, Ambatolampy, Betafo, Fianarantsoa) qui dépendent directement de la Direction Centrale;- transfert horizontal - il est assure par les unités pilotes de production, stations et centres piscicoles, fermes piscicoles, entreprises communautaires.
5.3.2 L'assistance technique
Elle doit porter essentiellement sur les points ci-après:
- le choix du site convenant à l'aquiculture;,
- la dimension économique d'une unité de développement pour chaque cas déterminé;
- le mode de gestion et l'évaluation des coûts de production;
- La mise en place d'une infrastructure viable pour une meilleure exploitation,
- les possibilités de commercialisation;
- les possibilités d'approvisionnement en aliments artificiels et en engrais;
- les possibilités d'extension.
5.3.3 Budget des démonstrations pilotes
|
(a) Brigade aquicole itinérante |
F.MG. | |
|
Soldes et indemnités |
- 1 chef de brigade |
480 000 |
|
3 moniteurs |
540 000 | |
|
fonctionnement |
600 000 | |
|
soit en tout |
1 620 000 | |
|
soit pour les 8 brigades |
12 960 000 | |
|
(b) Unités pilotes de production |
| |
|
Soldes et indemnités |
- 1 responsable |
480 000 |
|
|
1 assistant |
360 000 |
|
1 moniteur |
180 000 | |
|
fonctionnement |
- | |
|
soit pour les 362 unités pilotes de production |
| |
|
|
investissements1/ |
3 620 000 000 |
|
Soldes et indemnités |
- 282 responsables |
135 360 000 |
|
112 assistants |
40 320 000 | |
|
646 moniteurs |
116 280 000 | |
|
fonctionnement2/ |
362 000 000 | |
|
soit en tout |
4 273 960 000 | |
1/ Suivant les unités de production et leur importance. Les investissements varient de F.MG. 5 à 35 millions (étangs, bâtiments, véhicules, matériels)2/ Suivant les unités de production et leur importance également, le fonctionnement varie de F.MG. 500 000 à 10 millions
5.4 Exploitation et distribution des intrants piscicoles
Quand on parle d'intrants ou inputs aquicoles, on doit considérer tout ce qui est facteurs de production, tout ce qui permet de répondre aux besoins de production (fourniture d'alevins, approvisionnement en aliments artificiels et engrais, équipement).
Mais les aliments artificiels sont encore mal exploites.
Le Tableau 7 montre que:
|
- l'on trouve en abondance |
- le son de riz les |
|
|
déchets d'abattoir |
|
|
la farine de maïs |
|
|
la farine de manioc. |
|
- l'on peut utiliser suivant les zones |
- les tourteaux de palmiste et de coprah à la côte-est |
|
|
- la farine de poisson dans trois zones |
|
|
- le tourteau d'arachide dans deux zones, |
|
- l'on peut produire de la provende un peu partout mais la richesse en éléments nutritifs peut varier. | |
5.5 Financement et crédit
Certes, pour réaliser les étangs piscicoles familiaux (stade artisanal) il n'est pas besoin de gros crédits et d'investissements importants, mais pour le personnel cadre, les intrants aquicoles, les investissements dans les fermes piscicoles, de grosses dépenses sont à engager.
Les sources de financement se repartissent donc comme suit:
|
|
F.MG. | |
|
(a) Financement local - 1975-80 | ||
|
|
Pendant 5 ans |
2 553 400 000 |
|
|
Frais variables |
362 000 000 |
|
|
Soit en tout |
2 915 400 000 |
|
(b) Financement extérieur - 1975-80 | ||
|
|
Bourses |
83 000 000 |
|
|
Investissements |
3 620 000 000 |
|
|
Soit en tout |
3 703 000 000 |
|
(c) Dépenses totales à engager | ||
|
|
F.MG. 6 618 400 000 |
|
|
(d) Recettes escomptées en 1980 | ||
|
|
Rizipisciculture |
5 000 000 000 |
|
|
Pisciculture |
500 000 000 |
|
|
Fermes aquicoles |
1 500 000 000 |
|
|
Mariculture |
1 000 000 000 |
|
|
Eaux saumâtres |
100 000 000 |
|
Soit en tout |
8 100 000 000 | |
5.6 Organisation de la récolte et de la commercialisation
Comme on peut produire de grandes quantités de poisson à bas prix, la commercialisation à grande échelle ne pose pas de problème d'autant plus que l'offre est encore loin de satisfaire la demande.
Le problème actuel est de pouvoir diminuer le prix de vente du poisson dans les marchés urbains surtout, réduire le prix du kilogramme à F.MG. 150.
Pour cela, réduire le nombre des intermédiaires.
De plus, accroissement du coût de la vie doit être maîtrise pour ne pas entamer le pouvoir d'achat issu de l'aménagement des prix agricoles.
On insistera ainsi sur deux points:
- l'étude de la période d'exploitation commerciale, la répartition des produits aquicoles à travers le temps et l'espace;- l'étude de la transformation des produits en vue de leur conservation et de leur vente.
TABLEAU 1. Situation de la production de poisson en 1973
|
Sources de production |
Production en tonnes |
||||
|
|
Totale |
Exportée |
Importation |
Observations |
|
|
Pêches |
|||||
|
|
Pêches maritimes |
11 500 |
6 000 |
280 |
Dont 200 sardines 80 thons |
|
Eaux continentales |
39 444 |
|
|
|
|
|
Total partiel |
50 944 |
6 000 |
280 |
|
|
|
Aquiculture |
|||||
|
|
Rizipisciculture |
16 000 |
|
|
|
|
Pisciculture en étangs |
1 011 |
|
|
|
|
|
Fermes piscicoles |
c/ |
|
|
|
|
|
Mariculture (mangrove) |
45 |
|
|
|
|
|
Eaux saumâtres (lagunes) |
c/ |
|
|
|
|
|
Zones temporairement inondées |
c/ |
|
|
|
|
|
Piscicultures spécialiséesa/ |
336 |
24 |
293b/ |
|
|
|
Total partiel |
17 392 |
24 |
293 |
|
|
|
Total |
68 336 |
6 024 |
573 |
|
|
|
Population de Madagascar 8 100 000 habitants |
|
||||
a/ Anguilles, crevettes, écrivisses, grenouilles pour les cuisses
b/ En majorité crevettes, écrivisses, crabes
c/ Données non connues
TABLEAU 2. Exploitation des produits commercialisés en poisson d'eau douce
|
Groupe |
Province |
Zones intervention |
Monde |
Produits commercialises (tonnes) | |||||
|
|
|
|
Rural |
Urbain |
| ||||
|
|
|
|
Populationa/ |
Marchesb/ |
Tauxc/ |
Populationa/ |
Marchesb/ |
Tauxc/ |
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
I |
Fianarantsoa |
1 |
1 701 |
1 621 |
0,9 |
162 |
450 |
2,7 |
2 071 |
|
|
Tananarive |
2 |
1 377 |
2 257 |
1,6 |
484 |
1 000 |
2.0 |
3 257 |
|
|
Total partiel |
1+2 |
3 078 |
3 878 |
1,2 |
646 |
1 450 |
2,2 |
5 328 |
|
II |
Diego-Suarez |
3 |
492 |
1 491 |
3,0 |
125 |
980 |
7,8 |
2 471 |
|
|
Tuléar |
4 |
1 060 |
4 639 |
4,3 |
109 |
1 350 |
12,4 |
5 989 |
|
|
Total partiel |
3+4 |
1 552 |
6 130 |
3,9 |
234 |
2 330 |
9,9 |
8 460 |
|
III |
Tamatave |
5 |
1 100 |
11 460 |
10,4 |
120 |
2 700 |
22,5 |
14 160 |
|
|
Majunga |
6 |
805 |
9 635 |
11,8 |
114 |
4 287 |
37,6 |
13 922 |
|
|
Total partiel |
5+6 |
1 905 |
21 095 |
11,0 |
234 |
6 987 |
29,8 |
28 082 |
|
Total général |
1-6 |
6 535 |
31 103 |
4,7 |
1 114 |
10 767 |
9,6 |
41 870 | |
a/ Population en milliers d'habitants
b/ En tonnes
c/ Consommation par habitant par an
TABLEAU 3. Planification de la production de poisson
|
|
Sources de production |
Production en tonnes | ||||
|
|
|
Potentiel |
Long terme (1995) |
Moyen terme (1985) |
Court terme (1980) |
Situation (1973) |
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
1 |
Pêche maritime |
30 000 |
25 000 |
20 000 |
15 500 |
11 500 |
|
2 |
Eaux continentales |
140 000 |
85 000 |
69 100 |
50 000 |
39 444 |
|
3 |
Total partiel (1+2) |
170 000 |
110 000 |
89 100 |
65 500 |
50 944 |
|
4 |
Rizipisciculture |
200 000 |
80 000 |
50 000 |
30 000 |
16 000 |
|
5 |
Pisciculture en étangs |
200 000 |
50 000 |
20 000 |
6 000 |
1 011 |
|
(5a |
Dont fermes piscicoles) |
(150 000) |
(35 000) |
(15 000) |
(3 500) |
(-) |
|
6 |
Mariculture (mangroves) |
150 000 |
50 000 |
10 000 |
2 000 |
45 |
|
7 |
Eaux saumâtres (lagunes) |
5 000 |
2 000 |
1 000 |
300 |
- |
|
8 |
Zones temporairement inondées |
10 000 |
5 000 |
1 000 |
100 |
- |
|
9 |
Piscicultures spécialiséesa/ |
2 000 |
650 |
500 |
400 |
336 |
|
10 |
Total partiel (4 - 9) |
567 000 |
187 650 |
82 500 |
38 800 |
17 392 |
|
11 |
Total général (3 + 10) |
737 000 |
297 650 |
171 600 |
104 300 |
68 336 |
|
12 |
Population totaled/ |
- |
17 900 000 |
12 700 000 |
10 700 000 |
8 100 000 |
|
13 |
Taux de consommationc/ |
- |
16,6 |
13,5 |
9,7 |
8,4 |
|
14 |
Besoins normaux |
- |
537 000 |
381 000 |
321 000 |
243 000 |
|
15 |
Déficit en tonnageb/ |
- |
239 350 |
209 400 |
216 700 |
174 664 |
|
16 |
Déficit annuel par habitant |
- |
13,4 |
16,5 |
20,3 |
21,6 |
a/ Elles concernent les crustacés, les anguilles, les grenouilles pour les cuisses
b/ Les besoins normaux de poisson par habitant par an sont de l'ordre de 30 kg
c/ Kilogrammes de poisson consommés par habitant par an
d/ Elle est calculée en adoptant le taux d'accroissement de la population 3,5 pour cent par an
TABLEAU 4. Projections de la population rurale et des actifs
|
Année |
Familles, ruralesa/ |
Population rurale active | |||
|
|
|
Globaleb/ |
Secteur agricole |
Autresc/ | |
|
|
|
|
Salarie |
Non-salarié |
|
|
1973 |
1 296 000 |
2 750 000 |
133 000 |
2 315 000 |
302 000 |
|
1980 |
1 712 000 |
2 950 000 |
136 000 |
2 413 000 |
401 000 |
|
1985 |
2 032 000 |
3 100 000 |
139 000 |
2 483 000 |
478 000 |
|
1995 |
2 865 000 |
3 000 000 |
144 000 |
2 623 000 |
733 000 |
a/ Pour faciliter l'interprétation, on a arrondi les chiffres à mille près
b/ Augmentation de l'ordre de 30 à 40 000 par an
c/Autres activités (artisanat, etc.)
TABLEAU 5. Besoins en effectifs au niveau national (formation)
|
|
Niveau |
Cadre |
Interlocuteur |
A prévoir au total |
||||
|
|
Supérieur (A) |
Moyen (B ou C) |
Vulgarisateurs (D) |
|
||||
|
Spécialistes |
Techniciens |
|
|
|||||
|
existants |
à prévoir |
existants |
à prévoir |
existants |
à prévoir |
|
||
|
1 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
|
1 |
Conception |
2 |
5 |
2 |
4 |
- |
- |
9 |
|
2 |
Recherches |
2 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
- |
- |
15 |
|
3 |
Vulgarisation |
- |
2 |
4 |
8 |
- |
24a/ |
32 |
|
4 |
Total |
4 |
12 |
11 |
22 |
- |
24a/ |
56 |
a/ Ces interlocuteurs font partie des brigades aquicoles itinérantes au nombre de 8. Ils s'occupent en plus de statistiquesCadre moyen (B) chef de 1 à 3 unités de production, gestionnaire
Cadre moyen (B ou C) administrateur
Cadre (D) dont quelques uns se spécialiseront en plus en maçonnerie, menuiserie, nourrissage. Leur choix et leur formation conditionnent l'expansion de l'aquiculture
TABLEAU 6. Besoins en effectifs au niveau terrain (production)
|
Secteur |
Affectations |
Programmation des 362 unités-pilotes de démonstration |
Par unité |
||||
|
|
|
Nombre |
|
Effectifs à prévoirb/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Existants |
A prévoir |
Responsablesa/ |
Assistantsb/ |
Moniteursc/ |
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
|
Public
|
Stations gouvernementales principales |
10 |
21 |
21 |
42 |
105 |
5 |
|
Secondaires |
24 |
31 |
31 |
|
31 |
2 |
|
|
Total partiel |
34 |
52 |
52 |
42 |
136 |
- |
|
|
Privé
|
Centres piscicoles |
66 |
80 |
80 |
- |
80 |
2 |
|
Fermes piscicoles |
- |
70 |
70 |
70 |
350 |
7 |
|
|
Total partiel |
66 |
150 |
150 |
70 |
430 |
- |
|
|
Mixte |
Eaux saumâtres |
4 |
80 |
40 |
- |
40 |
- |
|
Mariculture |
- |
80 |
40 |
- |
40 |
- |
|
|
Total partiel |
4 |
160 |
80 |
- |
80 |
- |
|
|
Total général |
104 |
362 |
282 |
112 |
646 |
- |
|
a/ Cadre moyen (B) chef de 1 à 3 unités de production, gestionnaireb/ Cadre moyen (3 ou C) administrateur
c/ Cadre (D) dont quelques uns se spécialiseront en plus en maçonnerie, menuiserie, nourrissage. Leur choix et leur formation conditionnent l'expansion de l'aquiculture
TABLEAU 7. Fréquence et exploitation des aliments artificiels
|
Numéro |
Zones d'intervention (prioritaire) |
Sous-produits agricoles agro-industriels |
Divers (autres déchets) | |||||||||||||
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
|
|
1 |
Befandriana-Nord |
- |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
2 |
Ambato-Boéni |
- |
x |
- |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
3 |
Tenerive-Est |
- |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
4 |
Moramanga |
- |
x |
- |
- |
x |
x |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
5 |
Ambatondrazaka |
- |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
x |
|
6 |
Ambatolampy |
- |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
7 |
Betafo |
x |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
8 |
Fianarantsoa |
- |
x |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
x |
x |
x |
- |
x |
x |
|
|
Fréquence |
- |
x |
- |
- |
(x) |
(x) |
- |
- |
(x) |
(x) |
x |
x |
(x) |
x |
x |
|
1 - son de blé |
6 - tourteau de coprah |
11 - farine de mais |
|
2 -son de riz |
7 - drèche de brasserie |
12 - farine de manioc |
|
3 - parches de café |
8 - levure de brasserie |
13 - tourteau d'arachide |
|
4 - tourteau de coton |
9 - farine de poisson |
14 - provende |
|
5 - tourteau de palmiste |
10 - déchets d'abattoir |
[1/ Prepared by M.A. Afinowi, Federal Department of Fisheries, Lagos, based on policy and targets formulated during Stage I of the Workshop by T.G. Tobor, Federal Department of Fisheries, Lagos]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
This plan is designed to form part of the agricultural sector of the National Development Plan of Nigeria, The present population of Nigeria is estimated to be about 79 million, with a per caput consumption of animal protein of 23 kg of which 11 kg is fish. Fish production from all sources is now estimated at 663 000 tons. With a per caput consumption of 11 kg and a population of 79 million, the quantity of fish actually required is 869 000 tons, leaving a deficit of 206 000 tons. Assuming a population of 80 million in 1975, and a growth rate of 2.5 percent, the country's population in 1985 would be 100 million and the per caput consumption of fish is calculated to be 18 kg. This figure could be higher because of the increases in incomes and consequent higher purchasing power. Therefore, by 1985, the demand for fish is conservatively estimated to be 1.8 million tons,
This deficit in fish supplies must be met, but it is unlikely to be from capture fisheries alone. Available data have shown that the coastal waters off Nigeria are poor in fishery resources and there is a limit to any expansion of the capture fishery, It is hoped, however, that part of the deficit in the demand could be met through aquaculture.
Aquaculture is now undertaken in Nigeria at the subsistence level by private individuals, and at the experimental level by the Government, Total aquaculture production is estimated to be 75 000 tons annually. However, there are vast areas available for the expansion of aqua-culture which could result in significant increases in aquaculture production. The available area for expansion of aquaculture is given below:
|
|
Area (ha) |
|
2 000 ponds |
1 000 |
|
Fadamas (man-made lakes in the north) |
20 000 |
|
Swampland (in the Niger Delta) |
1 500 000 |
|
Total |
1 521 000 |
When one views the demand for fish against the requirements for animal proteins, the vast potential for aquaculture development and the high priority placed on food production by the Government in its third five-year national development plan, the need for rapid development of aquaculture in the country becomes very obvious,
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Long-term
The long-term objectives of this plan are:
(a) to provide an increase in fish production to meet the increasing demands of a growing population;
(b) to raise the living standard and the economic productivity in the rural areas;
(c) to provide gainful employment in rural areas and thereby prevent the drift to urban areas,
2.2 Medium-term
Over the medium-term, the objective is to raise and establish aquaculture as an industry capable of producing a substantial amount of protein.
2.3 Short-term
The objective over the short-term is to demonstrate the economic and technical viability of aquaculture production.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT ENVISAGED
For an integrated approach to aquaculture development, a combination of levels is envisaged. These are:
(a) Subsistence level.(b) Small-scale commercial level, with a substantial acreage being developed by a cooperative of fish farmers.
(c) Large-scale commercial level.
The rationale behind this combination of levels is that, while the cooperative and the large-scale commercial levels will be associated with relatively rapid utilization of the available potential area for development and the realization of the medium-term objective of this plan, the individual private farmer also has an important role. Where the individual farmer has the financial resources, he could operate on a small-scale commercial level and, where he is not strong enough financially, he can at least operate at a subsistence level.
While a combination of levels is envisaged and advocated for development of the available swampland in the brackishwater area of the Niger Delta, the levels envisaged for the development of aquaculture in the freshwater environment require some clarification,
When the farms are to be sited in inland rural areas, where the infrastructural facilities and necessary inputs are difficult to obtain, it is envisaged that development should be at the subsistence level. In a situation where the infrastructural facilities are well established and easily available, and the inputs do not present any problems (for instance, near a big town or city), it is envisaged that development will be at the small- and large-scale commercial levels.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS
The difference between the actual quantity of fish required (869 000 tons) and fish produced at present from all sources (663 000 tons) is 206 000 tons. Of this deficit, a little over 106 000 tons is met by imports. To meet the balance, the country's pelagic fishery and aquaculture should be developed.
Production targets are set on the basis of the rate of development of the fish farms and the tonnage of fish that can be produced from a hectare of fish pond in brackish- or freshwater environments, It is assumed that production per hectare can increase by 0,5 tons every two years under brackishwater conditions until it levels out,
4.1 Strategy
To achieve target production, the Federal Government will undertake the establishment of pilot fish farms at strategic locations in the country to demonstrate aquaculture development under brackish- and freshwater conditions.
For the brackishwater programme, 5 000 ha of swampland in the River State should be developed as a pilot-demonstration fish farm. This farm will be operated by individual farmers at the subsistence level, but most of these farmers will organize themselves into cooperatives.
The 5 000-ha pilot farm will be divided into 1 000 5-ha fish ponds. Two hundred of these ponds would be operated by subsistence-level farmer while the remaining 800 will be operated by 800 members of a fish farmers' cooperative.
In addition to this pilot fish farm, it is hoped that another 5 000 ha of swampland along the Niger Delta would be developed through private investment and operated mostly on a large-scale commercial level with the Government providing a favourable climate for investment,
Under freshwater conditions, 550 ha of land will be developed as pilot demonstration fish farms. These farms will be located at Jos, Kano and Ibadan. The 100 ha of fish farm at Panyam, Jos, would be used as a pilot-demonstration fish farm, while 300 ha are to be developed in the Western State and 150 ha in Kano State for the same purpose. Ninety percent of these fish farms are to be sited in rural areas and to be operated on a small-scale commercial basis, while 10 percent are to be sited near cities and operated on a large-scale commercial basis.
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
Tilapia and mullet are to be cultured together in brackish water, while common carp and mullet are to be cultured separately in fresh water. The mangrove oyster is to be cultured also in cages raised a few feet off the bottom in coastal areas.
Ponds will be fertilized and the natural food in the ponds is to be supplemented with feeds, since fertilizers and feeds are relatively easy to obtain.
Considerable data are available on the culture of tilapia within and outside the country, Some data are available on mullet culture, and work is currently proceeding on its acclimatization to fresh water and the production of fry to supplement natural stocks. The Panyam fish farm has done much work on carp culture and the production of fry. There are also some data available which can serve as the basis for developing oyster culture.
There is a ready market for the species mentioned above. Thus, the availability of data on which culture practices can be based, a ready market for the cultured species, and the relative ease with which fertilizer and feed can be obtained, have influenced the selection of these species and the systems for culture.
6. STAGE OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
The stage of technological development varies in different parts of the country, depending on whether one considers brackishwater or freshwater aquaculture practices.
Technological development of brackishwater aquaculture has gone beyond the demonstration stage, but has not reached the pilot-scale operation stage, A plan is now required for a pilot-scale operation, and later to have large-scale development.
In freshwater aquaculture, technological development in some states is at the pilot scale, This is exemplified by the Government fish farms at Panyam in the Benue Plateau State, and in the Western State of Nigeria. In other states, such as Kano and Lagos, technological development is still at the experimental stage.
7. FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS
With particular reference to the species that are selected for culture and the systems to be used, improvement of existing technology is now required to achieve the short-term objective of the plan. As aquaculture becomes established and intensive culture practices are adopted, there would be a need for new technological developments. It will be necessary to import technology for oyster and shrimp culture initially, and new technology would be required for the development of shellfish culture under local conditions.
Transfer of technology from the Panyam fish farm, Benue Plateau State, and other areas with established aquaculture practices, should be considered. The Panyam farm has already established techniques in the production of common carp and, once these techniques have been successfully tested, could be applied in other areas.
8. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
The core personnel are essentially extension workers who would assist private farmers working the pilot fish farms developed by the Government.
Two cadres of personnel are involved:
(a) Aquaculture Superintendents to supervise Aquaculture Assistants and resolve the problems likely to be faced by fish farmers. Apart from having a background in biology, they should be trained in management, marketing and financing to enable them to advise the farmers.(b) Aquaculture Assistants who are to visit the farmers twice a week initially, to ensure that farmers follow the correct aquaculture procedures (e.g., feeding, fertilizing, draining the pond, harvesting, or controlling weed growth in the case of oyster culture). These procedures would have been drawn up by the Aquaculture Superintendent.
The educational qualification expected of Aquaculture Superintendents is a minimum of GCE 'A' level, while Aquaculture Assistants are expected to have a School Certificate of GCE '0' level, The Superintendents would be given a six-month training course in aquaculture practice and related management aspects. The theoretical aspect of the Superintendents' training can be taught at the Federal Fisheries School. The practical training for brackish-water culture can be undertaken at the Federal Government Experimental Station in Buguma and, for freshwater culture, at the Panyam fish farm and the new branch of the Fisheries School to be located at New Bussa.
Aquaculture Assistants would be given 12 months training with the emphasis on the practical aspects. The training, to be given at the Buguma Experimental Station and the Panyam fish farm, will be supervised by the Superintendents, and is intended as on-the-job training.
For the 5 000-ha pilot fish farm to be developed by the Government, 50 extension workers at assistant grade and 10 at superintendent grade are required. It is intended that one Assistant will look after one unit of farm which is equivalent to 20 ha. Thus, one Assistant would visit farmers working four 5-ha ponds twice a week.
For the 550 ha to be developed as freshwater fish farms, 26 extension workers at assistant grade and 5 Superintendents are required. One Assistant will look after one unit of 21 ha. That is, one Assistant will assist the operation of 7 ponds, each of 3 ha.
9. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICE
Four or 5 villages would be selected in the vicinity of the proposed 5 000-ha brackish-water fish farm, A small pond of about 2 ha will be constructed and handed over to the villager, who may be a part-time fisherman or even unemployed. The Aquaculture Superintendent provides the necessary inputs, such as fry, feed, and fertilizer, and formulates management procedures for the pond. The Assistant will visit the demonstration pond every other day to ensure that the pond is being well managed.
The harvesting will also be supervised to ensure farmers become familiar with techniques, Half the proceeds of the harvest will be retained by the Government to cover part of the cost of the input.
By way of a follow-up to the demonstration pond, posters should be placed at strategic locations to popularize aquaculture. There should also be regular talks about aquaculture in the local language on the radio at suitable times. It is hoped that, once the villagers are convinced that they can earn a regular and reasonable living from aquaculture, they would decide to be fish farmers.
The summary of items to be included under technical assistance to the farmers is as follows:
(a) Survey and selection of site for pond (where this is not yet constructed),(b) Construction and layout of pond,
(c) Design of water control structures - sluice gates, monks.
(d) Procurement of inputs - fry, feeds, fertilizers,
(e) Provision of harvesting equipment,
(f) Provision of refrigerated vehicles and cold storage at the market.
(g) Centre for cleansing shellfish (oysters, clams and shrimps) to ensure that they are safe to eat and conform to international health regulations when they are exported,
It is envisaged that a centre, to be named the Aquaculture Planning Centre, will be formed. There will be two such centres: one to be responsible for brackishwater-; the other for freshwater culture. The centres should be located as close to the pilot fish farms as possible.
An individual or group that wants to undertake fish farming can call at the planning centre for advice and information. If the farm has not been built, the centre will undertake items (a) to (c) listed above. Once the farm is ready for operation, the Aquaculture Superintendent will contact the fish farmer to supply him with the necessary fry, feed and fertilizers and give him advice on management procedures. The Aquaculture Assistant will visit the farmer to guide him.
When the farmer wants to purchase one of the pilot fish farms already developed by the Government, he will also obtain relevant information from the Aquaculture Planning Centre.
With particular reference to brackishwater culture, it would be necessary to have collection centres for the harvest from the fish farms because of the remoteness of some villages. Refrigerated vehicles (boats and trucks) would be required, as well as cold storage facilities at markets. The farmer will be charged a small fee for these services.
A Government-operated shellfish purification unit will be established for cleansing the oysters and clams before marketing.
10. PLAN AND PROGRAMMING FOR PRODUCTION
The area to be developed for brackishwater aquaculture, under the Government pilot production scheme, is 5 000 ha of swampland. Similarly, 550 ha for freshwater culture will also be under Government control. It is assumed that, with the Government giving all the necessary incentives and providing most of the inputs, there will be a 25 percent annual rate of expansion of land developed by the private sector for brackish- and freshwater aquaculture, as summarized in Table 1.
The total production from brackish- and freshwater aquaculture, and the yearly production, are given in Table 1. Of the anticipated brackishwater culture production target, the Government pilot scheme will produce 12 500 tons and the private sector 413 850 tons; 25 percent of this production will be from small-scale commercial practices, while 75 percent will be from large-scale commercial practice to be developed by entrepreneurs. The rationale behind the 25 percent and 75 percent allocation for small- and large-scale practices is that entrepreneurs can provide the capital and equipment required for development more easily than small-scale operators.
With respect to freshwater aquaculture, the Government pilot scheme will produce 1 925 tons, while the private sector will produce 70 065 tons. Of the anticipated production from the private sector under fresh water, 90 percent will come from rural small-scale operations while 10 percent will come from large-scale enterprises sited near cities. The rationale behind these percentages is the emphasis the Government puts on rural development, Production from various sectors is given in Table 2.
The Federal Government, in collaboration with the River State Government, will develop 5 000 ha of swampland within six months. The equipment required for the construction of ponds is listed in Table 3 with some indication of the cost.
This equipment, after having been used by the Government to construct the ponds, can be rented out to the private sector who may want to construct their own ponds to meet the production target. With good maintenance, it is estimated that this equipment can be used for 7-10 years. The money realized by the Government from the rental service will be used to replace parts or all of the equipment.
In brackishwater aquaculture, tilapia and mullet are to be cultured on an equal (1:1) ratio. Since 5 000 ha are to be developed, 2 500 ha will be for tilapia and 2 500 ha for mullet culture.
In the case of tilapia, the seed can be collected by local fishermen. Individual fish farmers will make arrangements to collect seed, with the Government providing the required transport. A 1-ha pond requires about 200-300 kg of seed to meet the production target so the total weight of small tilapia required is 500 000 kg (500 tons).
The individual farmer will collect the small tilapia and stock his pond. Large tilapia will be selectively harvested through the growing season, at the end of which the pond will be drained. Small tilapia will be held in a central drainage canal at this time and will later be used to re-stock ponds during the next season, thus eliminating the need to obtain seed stock annually.
For mullet culture, the Government should arrange to supply fry to the fish farmers. It is estimated that 6 000 mullet fry will produce 1 ton of mullet. Therefore, with a production target of 6 250 tons of mullet produced from 2 500 ha of ponds, a total of 37.5 million mullet fry are required for seed annually.
It has been estimated that one fisherman working 3 hours per day can collect 9 000 fry, Taking into account the tidal levels (low and high water), it is estimated that the fisherman will be able to work 60 days during the 3-month period for mullet fry collection. Therefore, an estimated 70 men (4 167 man/days) will be required to collect the necessary 37.5 million fry for culture annually.
It is estimated that a 1-ha pond will hold 1.2 million fry for three months, and so about 30 ha of ponds are required as nursery area for the fry.
In freshwater culture, seed of carp and tilapia will be required. The production target from 550 ha is 1 925 tons, comprising equal proportions of carp and tilapia. It is estimated that 4 000 carp fingerlings will be required to produce 1 ton of carp. Therefore, for the production of 962 tons of carp, we will require 3 848 million fingerlings and these will have to be produced from the Panyam fish farm in Jos and by the Western State Fishery Department. It is estimated that a 1-ha nursery pond will yield about 750 000 fingerlings over a season lasting 3-4 months. Thus, a 5-ha pond will produce the required 3 848 million fingerlings. For tilapia culture, 200-300 kg seed is required for 1 ha to meet the production target. Thus, for 962 tons of tilapia we require 192 000 kg of small tilapia,
The capital that will be required for seed production and distribution is given below:
|
Items |
Estimated cost (Naira)1/ |
|
60 men (to produce 37,5 million mullet fry) |
28 8002/ |
|
692 000 kg of small tilapia at Naira 0,50/kg |
346 000 |
|
3 848 000 carp fry (at U.S.$ 2.00 for 1 000) |
6 012 |
|
35 ha (for mullet and carp nursery) (Naira 400/ha) |
14 000 |
1/ U.S.$ 1.00 = Naira 1.28
2/ Naira 80/man/month for six months
There is no need for special feed preparation in Nigeria. Available feeds include groundnut cake, palm oil cake, cotton seed meal, rice and wheat brans and brewery waste, which will make the feed available to the farmer by Government at a subsidized rate. Animal manure of any kind (chicken, pig, cow) will also be used as fertilizer, with the Government organizing distribution from a central depot.
Based on the requirement of about 200 kg of groundnut cake plus 1 ton of manure to produce 1 kg of fish in brackish water, estimates can be made of the costs of feed and fertilizer required. With the production target from brackish water of 12 500 tons, 2 500 tons of ground-nut cake for feed at Naira 120/ton is required and the total cost of this would be Naira 300 000; 5 000 tons of manure at Naira 30/ton (1 ton fertilizer/ha) is needed and the cost would be Naira 150 000.
Similarly, for the production from fresh water of 1 925 tons from 550 ha, and based on the requirement of 300 kg feed plus 1.5 tons of animal manure to produce 1 ton of fish (carp), costs are estimated to be Naira 69 300 and Naira 24 750 for feed and fertilizer respectively,
Health inspections and disease control would be approached from two angles. The first would be to make arrangements to safeguard the general health of the community. The expanse of water that would be used for culture is likely to promote mosquito infestation or Schistosomiasis resulting in bilharzia. This is more likely to develop in freshwater aquaculture systems. Thus, the state government will organize, through the existing Public Health Department, preventive measures against such diseases.
The second aspect would be to prevent disease outbreaks that usually result in reduced growth rate or even mortalities in fish. Even when animal manure is not used as fertilizer, the presence of some undesirable bacterial flora at the bottom of the ponds cannot be ruled out and the use of animal manure to fertilize the ponds would most probably encourage the bloom of such flora. The fingerlings that will be used for stocking the ponds may be carrying some harmful parasites which later would reduce their growth rate, kill the fishes, or result in transmittal of parasites to humans. Thus, the services of a fish disease biologist would be required to make periodic examinations of the fishes to ensure that they are free of diseases. Treating the fingerlings with any suitable chemical to free them of ectoparasites before stocking the ponds would be a good preventive measure. The services of the fish disease biologist would be provided by the Government.
The fish farm cooperatives will, be responsible for harvesting their own ponds. However, arrangements could be made to provide the necessary labour for harvesting among the farmers' families with one family or more assisting another family to harvest on a rotational basis, Because the nets required for the harvesting may be too expensive for the farmers to purchase, the Government would provide the required nets, on a rental basis, to the farmer.
For marketing, the Government would provide transport services to convey the fish from the farms to the collection centre and then to the market. The vehicle to be used in conveying the fish should be refrigerated or alternatively, an ice-making plant would be purchased. The ice produced would be supplied to the fish farmers at harvesting time to keep the fish fresh until it reaches the market. Also at the market, the Government will provide some cold storage to prevent further deterioration of fish. It is also possible that the farmer may want to keep some fish in the cold store during gluts in the market so that he can get a better price later.
The Government will recruit and train the manpower to be directly involved in the pilot production scheme. As already stated, 76 Aquaculture Assistants and 15 Aquaculture Superintendents would be required for production. These persons can be trained at the Federal Fisheries School in Lagos, the Experimental Station at Buguma, and the Panyam fish farm in Jos. If the Assistants are paid Naira 1 200 per annum, and the Superintendents Naira 2 000 per annum, the capital outlay in providing this service would be Naira 121 200.
In addition to the personnel that would be immediately involved in the production programme, the country will require, on a long-term basis for the next 10 years at least, about 240 graduates trained in aquaculture who would form the high-level manpower cadre. The Government will arrange to train this high-level manpower overseas or at some higher institution that could be established through the auspices of an FAO/UNDP programme.
To be able to achieve the production target within the planned period, intense research in aquaculture practices will be required. The maximum production level (tonnage/hectare) for brackish water is 3 tons/ha and 4 tons/ha for fresh water within the planned period. It should be possible with research to raise the production level to about 5 tons/ha for brackish water and about 6 tons/ha for fresh water.
One of the factors that may be responsible for a low level of production is the condition of the soils in existing ponds. It will be necessary to carry out research on ways to improve the soil quality in order to achieve the production target. Research will also be required to study the diseases that are likely to develop among the fishes being cultured. In the case of oysters, research will be required for artificial production and rearing of seed oysters to meet any shortage in the natural spatfall. Some genetic studies will be required for the improvement of cultured species. Problems that may be studied include the selection of disease-resistant strains and fast growers.
The capital investment cost for the total aquaculture development plan is estimated to be Naira 4 533 124, while the operating cost for the first year stands at Naira 1 147 746, The details of these figures are shown in Tables 4 and 5, The operating costs are low because the interest on the capital investment and the depreciation of capital have not been included in estimates.
With the present financial position of the country, it should be possible for the Federal Government to provide about half of the capital cost. The balance can be raised through loans from such financial institutions as the Agricultural Development Bank (Nigeria), African Development Bank, or the World Bank.
Perhaps it should be pointed out that the swampland to be developed in the River State would be provided to fish farmers free of charge when it is realized that so much employment and economic benefit will be generated. Thus, the capital outlay on acquiring the land may not be as high as stated.
TABLE 1. Target for Aquaculture Production
|
Brackishwater fish farms | |||
|
Year |
Area under production1/ (ha) |
Yearly incremental production (tons) |
Target production2/ (tons) |
|
1977 |
5 000 |
12 500 |
12 500 |
|
1978 |
6 250 |
3 125 |
15 625 |
|
1979 |
7 810 |
3 900 |
19 525 |
|
1980 |
9 760 |
4 875 |
24 400 |
|
1981 |
12 200 |
6 100 |
30 500 |
|
1982 |
15 250 |
7 625 |
38 125 |
|
1983 |
19 060 |
9 525 |
47 650 |
|
1984 |
23 830 |
11 925 |
59 575 |
|
1985 |
29 790 |
14 900 |
74 475 |
|
1986 |
37 240 |
18 625 |
93 100 |
|
Component Total 415 475 | |||
|
Freshwater fish farms | |||
|
1977 |
550 |
1 650 |
1 650 |
|
1978 |
690 |
420 |
2 070 |
|
1979 |
860 |
510 |
2 580 |
|
1980 |
1 080 |
660 |
3 240 |
|
1981 |
1 350 |
810 |
4 050 |
|
1982 |
1 690 |
1 020 |
5 070 |
|
1983 |
2 110 |
1 260 |
6 330 |
|
1984 |
2 640 |
1 590 |
7 920 |
|
1985 |
3 300 |
1 980 |
9 900 |
|
1986 |
4 125 |
2 475 |
12 375 |
|
Component Total 55 185 | |||
|
Grand Total 470 660 | |||
1/ Pond to be constructed preceding year
2/ Brackishwater: Average production is 2.5 tons/ha/annum
Freshwater: Average production is 3,0 tons/ha/annum
TABLE 2. Estimated Production from Public and Private Sectors (tons)
|
Brackishwater fish farms | ||||
|
Public sector |
Private sector | |||
|
Pilot |
Cooperative |
Small-scale |
Medium and large-scale | |
|
- |
12 500 |
100 740 |
302 |
230 |
|
Freshwater fish farms | ||||
|
1 925 |
- |
48 180 |
5 |
354 |
TABLE 3. Equipment Costs for Development of 5 000 ha of Swampland
|
Equipment |
Number |
Cost per unit (U.S.$) |
Total cost |
||
|
|
|
|
U.S.$ |
Naira |
|
|
Brackish water |
|||||
|
|
Hydraulic filler |
3 |
120 000 |
360 000 |
281 250 |
|
Excavator |
3 |
20 000 |
60 000 |
46 875 |
|
|
Backhoe |
26 |
20 000 |
520 000 |
406 250 |
|
|
Bulldozer |
18 |
45 000 |
810 000 |
632 812 |
|
|
Fresh water |
|||||
|
Bulldozer |
22 |
45 000 |
990 000 |
773 437 |
|
TABLE 4. Capital Investment Cost for the Aquaculture Development Programme
|
|
Naira |
|
|
1. Land |
||
|
|
5 000 ha swampland at Naira 400/ha |
2 000 000 |
|
550 ha for freshwater ponds at Naira 500/ha |
275 000 |
|
|
35 ha for nursery ponds at Naira 500/ha |
17 500 |
|
|
Sub-total |
2 292 500 |
|
|
2. Construction Equipment |
||
|
2.1 Brackish water |
||
|
|
Hydraulic filler (3 units) at U.S.$ 120 000/unit |
281 250 |
|
Excavator (3 units) at U.S.$ 20 000/unit |
46 875 |
|
|
Backhoe (26 units) at U.S.$ 20 000/unit |
406 250 |
|
|
Bulldozer (18 units) at U.S.$ 45 000/unit |
632 812 |
|
|
2.2 Fresh water |
|
|
|
|
Bulldozer (22 units) at U.S.$ 45 000/unit |
773 437 |
|
Sub-total |
2 140 624 |
|
|
3. Cold Stores and Ice Plant |
||
|
(Assuming harvest of 50 tons of fish/day) |
|
|
|
|
Cold store for 1 day's production: 50 tons (U.S.$ 50 000) |
40 000 |
|
Ice plant with 50-ton storage capacity (U.S.$ 50 000) |
40 000 |
|
|
Sub-total |
80 000 |
|
|
4. Boxes |
||
|
For 4 day's production 200 tons at 20 kg/box 10 000 boxes at Naira 2.00 each |
20 000 |
|
|
Total Investment Cost |
4 533 124 |
|
TABLE 5. Details of Estimated Annual Operating Costs (excluding capital depreciation and interest)
|
|
Naira |
|
|
1. Labour |
||
|
|
60 men carp fry collection at Naira 80/month each for 6 months |
28 800 |
|
Extension workers: |
|
|
|
76 Aquaculture Assistants |
91 200 |
|
|
15 Aquaculture Superintendents |
30 000 |
|
|
Sub-total |
150 000 |
|
|
2. Seed |
||
|
|
Tilapia |
346 000 |
|
Carp |
7 696 |
|
|
Sub-total |
353 696 |
|
|
3. Feed |
||
|
|
Brackish water |
300 000 |
|
Fresh water |
69 300 |
|
|
Sub-total |
369 300 |
|
|
4. Manure |
||
|
|
Brackish water |
150 000 |
|
Fresh water |
24 750 |
|
|
Sub-total |
174 750 |
|
|
5. Contingencies |
100 000 |
|
|
Total Operating Cost |
1 147 746 |
|
[1/ Prepared by T.T. George, Fisheries and Hydrobiological Research Section, Khartoum, based on policy and targets formulated during Stage I of the Workshop by A.R. Mekki, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Khartoum]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
The Sudan, lying between latitude 3° and 23° north, longitude 22° and 38° east, has an area of 1.5 million km2 (967 500 mi2 or about 596,6 million ac), a coastline of 480 km (300 mi) and 6 500 km (over 4 000 mi) of river waters.
The freshwater resources are derived from rainfall, the River Nile and its tributaries, and seasonal streams, in addition to the underground water potential. The rainfall levels vary from 1 400 mm in the tropical south to nil in the desert north, while the rainy season has a duration of nine months in the south, seven months in the central region, and two months north of it.
The estimated surface area of fresh water in Sudan is about 4 million ha (10 million ac). However, the fisheries potential of this very extensive freshwater area is only partially exploited, and fish do not reach consumers in areas far away from the Nile and its tributaries due to lack of proper infrastructure. The per caput consumption of fish in Sudan till 1974 has been less than 2.0 kg.
One of the Government's policies relating to agricultural development has been to promote the diversification of production with a view to improving the farmer's income and the country's balance of payments. Farming of fish, aside from being a new source of animal protein supply, is one of the most efficient ways of land and water use. Fish farming operations can be integrated into rural activities and many farm by-products, such as animal manures, can be used as pond fertilizers while oil-seed meals can be used as supplemental fish feeds. Thus, integrated farming to include the raising of fish would accelerate rural development.
The Government, being aware of this fact, established the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara in 1953 to develop technological expertise for aquaculture practices in Sudan. The commercial culture of mother-of-pearl oyster (Pinctata margaritifera var erythraenus) in Dongonab Bay along the Red Sea coastline has been, until recently, a source of employment and livelihood for a number of inhabitants in this barren part of the Red Sea Province in Eastern Sudan.
A prerequisite to any aquaculture planning is a clear concept of the need and the purpose of developing the industry in a particular country. To increase the per caput consumption from 2 kg to 10 kg in Sudan by the end of 1990, fish production should increase from the present 23 000 tons to 180 000 tons, of which 60 000 tons should be produced through development of a strong aquaculture industry. An expanded aquaculture industry is also needed and emphasized:
(a) to meet the shortage of fish in Khartoum market by integrating fish culture with chicken farming in the vicinity of the city, and thus supplement fish production' from capture fisheries;(b) to utilize the rainwater catchment areas (haffirs) in Western Sudan for providing additional sources of animal protein to people living in areas far from the River Nile and to create new avenues of employment;
(c) to utilize the vast irrigation canals in the existing agricultural schemes for fish production in order to increase the per caput consumption of fish in rural areas;
(d) to solve the problem of chronic deficiency of animal protein in Equatoria Province, particularly in the Azande area where sleeping sickness prevails and therefore livestock production is hampered;
(e) to compensate for loss of production caused by the reclamation of the marshes of the Sudd Region under the Jonglei scheme and the Equatorial Nile project;
(f) for the biological control of aquatic weeds in reservoirs, and mosquito larvae or other vectors of diseases in the irrigation canals;
(g) to revive the production of mother-of-pearl oyster in Dongonab Bay;
(h) to generate employment in rural areas.
Rapid progress of aquaculture would require a comprehensive development programme in the framework of national fishery development plans. In other words, without a well planned programme and coordinated action to solve the major constraints to the development of the industry at the level of organization suited to national needs, orderly and rapid progress cannot be expected to be made. Taking this into account, the following detailed plan for aquaculture development in Sudan has been outlined.
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 Long-term
To increase production and protein consumption, provide gainful employment, and improve farmers' income.
2.2 Medium-term
To establish aquaculture as a substantial protein food production industry,
2.3 Short-term
To train technical personnel, develop and demonstrate the techniques of aquaculture and the economic viability of the practices.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT ENVISAGED
3.1 Small-scale Rural Aquaculture
This level will include a high percentage of present-day fish culture in Sudan, ranging from subsistence-level farming in remote and disease-infected areas (i.e., Western Sudan and Equatoria Province) to small production units operated as part-time or off-season occupations by small farmers in irrigation schemes or integrated with private sector poultry farming in the vicinity of Khartoum or other big towns where infrastructure is comparatively more highly developed. Technical assistance and extension services will be provided by the Government. In this respect, the extension service will serve as a link between the farmer and the experimental station or pilot-scale farms to enable application of the most appropriate technology in the field and provision of technical guidance and advice promptly as and when the farmer needs them.
3.2 Large-scale Aquaculture
The implementation of large-scale aquaculture in Sudan will begin after adequate and appropriate technology is evolved and the results are tested in large-scale pilot areas. This is because the dominant consideration in large-scale aquaculture would necessarily be the return on investment. Such large-scale aquaculture will be undertaken by the Animal Production Corporation as well as by the private sector and joint ventures.
After the mother-of-pearl oyster culture is revived at Dongonab Bay, large-scale aqua-culture will be undertaken with this species for which the necessary technology has already been developed.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS AND MEANS SELECTED FOR ACHIEVING THEM
It is anticipated that the catch from the Nile system and marine fisheries will increase during the project period (15 years) by 100 000 tons/year and consequently a balance of 60 000 tons/year has to be provided by the development of proper aquaculture.
The strategies selected for achieving this production target are as follows:
(a) Develop a total area of 6 000 ha of subsistence level fish farms in Southern Sudan particularly the Azande area in Equatoria Province with an average production of 1.5 ton/ha/year (15 percent total production target).(b) Develop a total area of 10 000 ha of haffirs in Western Sudan at a subsistence level with a production target averaging 0.6 tons/ha/year (10 percent of total production target).
(c) Develop a total area of 6 000 ha of fish farms at the small- and medium-scale levels in irrigation schemes with an average production of 3,0 tons/ha/year (30 percent of total production target).
(d) Develop a total area of 8 000 ha of fish farms on an industrial scale in the vicinity of big towns with an average annual production of 3.0 tons/ha (40 percent of total production target).
Other than targets for food production, mention should be made of the mother-of-pearl oyster culture at Dongonab Bay, As already mentioned, this has been a successful industry, but unless the situation is revived through a project, it becomes rather difficult to anticipate future prospects. Similarly, culture of other indigenous or exotic species has first to pass the experimental and pilot-scale stages before their culture can be projected.
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
The systems of culture to be adopted in Sudan will be extensive, semi-intensive and 'intensive. The extensive and semi-intensive systems will be followed at the subsistence level in Western Sudan and the Equatoria Province, in order to make use of available haffirs in Western Sudan and old existing fish ponds in Equatoria Province where Government infrastructure is inadequate and the source of capital is limited, Tilapia nilotica will be the main species cultured under this system.
Intensive systems will be adopted at both the small-and large-scale levels. Intensive systems are usually characterized by dense stocking, stock selection and manipulation, intensive management and environmental control, partial mechanization of operations and high production per unit area or volume of water. In this system more capital is required than in extensive culture and involves greater use of fertilizers and supplementary feeds, Tilapia nilotica, Lates niloticus and Cyprinus carpio will be the major species cultured under this system.
6. STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
Though the Government has been aware of the importance of aquaculture in Sudan and established the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara in 1953, fish culture has remained in its infancy. This is mainly due to the absence of a broad-based plan for development and the lack of trained personnel. There has been insufficient knowledge of the basic scientific principles involved and inadequate planning for undertaking of production programmes. Besides, misconceptions about aquaculture have also acted as constraints to the development of the industry.
In order to rectify this situation, a short-term project with the assistance of FAO/UNDP should be started immediately to undertake essential research with the view to evolving appropriate technology for a viable aquaculture industry and train adequate numbers of competent research workers, technicians and extension officers.
The research findings so far achieved locally, plus the existing knowledge already obtained in other advanced countries in the field of aquaculture, will immediately be tested in large pilot and demonstration farms to confirm the soundness of the techniques to be adopted and provide economic parameters essential for establishing aquaculture in Sudan.
7. FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS
A short-term project to improve the existing technology and develop new technology is needed under the situation existing in Sudan, All the basic studies for production under this project will be undertaken at the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara. The results achieved will be immediately applied in the Essillat fish ponds as a pilot-scale operation, and in the ponds established in private poultry farms.
The climatic conditions and soil characteristics in Southern Sudan differ from Northern Sudan and, for these reasons, the results achieved in the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara will be applied and tested at a substation which should be established in Equatoria Province. In this substation the results will be tested before being adopted for production in the Province.
8. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
The major constraint to aquaculture development in Sudan has always been lack of trained personnel. Being an interdisciplinary science, aquaculture calls for expertise in many aspects, but as it is not practical and economical to have specialist personnel in every discipline in all enterprises, aquaculture will have to depend on some common services. For example, the requirements of processing and marketing personnel are generally the same as for capture fisheries and, in the context of aquaculture development, special consideration is only needed in so far as the number of persons required.
The personnel required for freshwater aquaculture production in Sudan can be classified into aquaculture specialists, specialists assistants, technicians, provincial aquaculturists and extension workers (Figure 1). The aquaculture specialists and provincial aquaculturists form the core personnel. These should be university graduates (with a Bachelor's degree in Zoology, Chemistry or Botany) and will have their post-graduate training in tropical aqua-culture in a regional centre. The specialist assistants and extension workers should be graduates of the Shambat Agricultural Institute or any equivalent institute in Sudan, while the technicians should be secondary high school graduates. The specialist assistants, extension workers and technicians will be trained on a national basis.
In so far as coastal aquaculture is concerned, the culture of mother-of-pearl oyster at Dongonab Bay was an established industry but it has declined due to mass mortality which occurred in 1969 and has to be revived. There is no immediate need for extension service in this field, but in the long run this will have to be developed along the same lines as for freshwater aquaculture. Specialists will be trained on a regional basis while the specialist assistants and technicians will be trained on a national basis.
In Sudan, a Fisheries Officers Training Institute has been established recently for in-service training of fisheries personnel. The section of the curriculum related to aqua-culture could be modified into an intensive aquaculture course. FAO/UNDP assistance is required for this purpose.
Figure 1 - Personnel and core personnel in Aquaculture Development Plan
The training of top-level aquaculturists would require a high-level training institute. Such an institute does not exist in Sudan and the Government will not be able to establish and maintain such an institute. It is therefore desirable that a high-level aquaculture training institute is established and financed by international organizations, such as FAO, UNDP and/or IBRD. It will require some time to make the necessary arrangements and establish such an institute. For the interim period, a short-term and practical training course should be arranged on a regional basis for training a number of core personnel who will immediately undertake pilot production programmes and train field extension workers on a national basis.
9. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICES
9.1 Organization of Demonstrations
For the development of aquaculture at all the levels mentioned in the text (subsistence, small-scale and large-scale), it is of paramount importance to demonstrate applicable techniques and impart technical expertise. In Equatoria Province there are a number of old ponds and a number of demonstration units will be required to be established in strategic areas; similar arrangements will be required for rain-fed reservoirs in Western Sudan,
In the small- and large-scale demonstrations, a number of private poultry farms will be chosen for demonstration of integrated fish-cum-poultry farming systems. For large-scale demonstration, the Government-established irrigation schemes, such as Essillat, Gezira, etc., will initiate pilot production operations.
9.2 Technical Assistance
The production of fish through aquaculture depends to a large extent upon the supporting services that can be provided. As has been mentioned earlier, such services will be provided by the Government through field extension service workers. For subsistence-level aquafarm development, well trained-extension workers will be required to render technical assistance in farm design, construction and management to individual farmers. For large-scale aquafarm development, technical assistance will be required at various stages, e.g., the preparation of introduction of new techniques, control of pests, predators, weeds, diseases, etc.
9.3 Procurement and Distribution of Inputs
The major inputs required for extensive and semi-intensive levels of aquafarm production are fish seed, fertilizers and, to some extent, supplemental feeds. Fish seed will be provided by the Government hatcheries at, the initial stage of development but future requirements will be met from production of private hatcheries or of the production farms themselves.
The major inputs for intensive production (large- or industrial-scale farms) are also seed, manure and feeds. At the initial stage of development, fish seed will be provided by Government hatcheries. Future large-scale supply will come from private hatcheries. Government will provide the necessary incentives for private hatchery establishment. Poultry will be the main source for supplying the required manure for aquafarm development. Since poultry production in Sudan has become well established in recent years, it is expected that the local manure supply would be sufficient to meet the requirements at least for the foreseeable future.
Feeds required for aquafarms are low-quality animal feeds, such as rice and wheat brans and oil seed residues. Since Sudan is a major agricultural country, these feeds are available locally and their costs are relatively low.
9.4 Budget for Experimental and Pilot Demonstration Phase Activities
Under the public and private sectors, several activities can be undertaken for developing aquaculture in the haffirs of Western Sudan, the ponds of Equatoria Province, the irrigation schemes and the ponds to be established by the Animal Production Corporation. The budget for such activities is detailed in Table 1 and total expenses for public and private sectors amount to £.Sd. 10 767 200 and £.Sd. 9 264 100 respectively. To undertake these activities, financial assistance of international organizations is very essential.
10. PLAN AND PROGRAMMING FOR PRODUCTION
10.1 Area to be Developed and Phasing of Production
Between 1976 and 1979 a three-year programme will be initiated to provide the essential inputs and facilities for research activities with a view to evolving the appropriate technology for a viable aquaculture industry. After this period is over, the production phase will start.
Table 2 gives details of the areas to be developed between 1979 and 1988 for subsistence-level aquaculture in the haffirs of Western Sudan and the old ponds in Equatoria Province, through the small- and industrial-scale aquaculture in the irrigation schemes and by the Government production corporation,
The production through subsistence-level farming will be 9 000 tons in the public sector and 20 040 tons in the private sector in the haffirs, and 11 000 tons in the public sector and 26 950 tons in the private sector in the old ponds of Equatoria Province. In small- and industrial-scale aquaculture, the production will be 22 500 tons in the public sector and 52 490 tons in the private sector in the irrigation schemes, while the total production by the Government production corporation will be 100 650 tons. This would result in a total annual production of 57 000 tons by the end of the programme period,
10.2 Financing and Credit Facilities
In Equatoria Province the farmers will be grouped together in multi-purpose cooperatives and credit will be made available through the Regional Ministry of Agriculture and the People's Cooperative Bank. The other levels involved in the production programme will receive financial support in terms of grants, soft loans, etc., from the Animal Production Corporation, Financial assistance may also be made available through the World Bank.
10.3 Arrangements for Construction Work
As can be realized from the foregoing account, a large number of fish ponds have to be constructed or repaired, hence the necessity for mechanical equipment, such as bulldozers, etc. As the Rural Water Corporation is responsible for digging artesian wells and haffirs in Sudan, arrangements will be made during the initial stages of aquacultural development to utilize the existing facilities and expertise of this Corporation, However, during later stages, the extension service will develop its own mechanical section to carry out construction work. Such work can also be handled by the newly established Animal Production Corporation which includes a separate fisheries section in its organization.
10.4 Seed Production. Feed Preparation and Fertilizer Procurement
For the successful undertaking of aquacultural activities, it is of paramount importance to ensure the availability of seed, feed and fertilizer. Seed is essential for both small-and large-scale aquaculture, while feed and fertilizer may not be required in subsistence-level aquaculture.
At the initial stages, the seed will be supplied by the hatchery of the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara. When seed production proves to be economically feasible, the private sector and the Animal Production Corporation will undertake seed production on a commercial scale.
Feed, in the form of oil seed cakes, is available at reasonable prices in the well established oil mills now existing in Sudan, However, the private poultry and animal feed mills can be encouraged to produce special fish feeds. Also, the Animal Production Corporation can develop the industry for fish feeds.
As far as organic manures are concerned, there is no major problem in obtaining the necessary quantities locally. Inorganic fertilizers have to be imported and difficulties arise when their need is on a small scale. However, Sudan is an agricultural country and the Agricultural Corporation imports thousands of tons of fertilizers every year. Adequate quota for culture purposes can be ordered through the Agricultural Corporation or through the Animal Production Corporation.
10.5 Health Inspection and Disease Control Measures
Infection of stock and mortality due to disease form one of the major biological risks, particularly in high density systems adopted for large-scale culture. The extension service workers will be able to solve minor problems in this respect while major problems will have to be handled by specialist staff of the Experimental Fish Farm.
10.6 Organization of Harvesting and Marketing
Through the assistance of the extension service, harvesting of fish will be carried out. The marketing will be undertaken either by the Animal Production Corporation or the marketing section of the capture fisheries agency.
10.7 Organization of Research
The research programme at the Experimental Fish Farm at Shagara will be production oriented. All the production problems faced in the field will be included in the research programme so that immediate practical solutions can be evolved.
TABLE 1. Budgetary Requirement
|
1. ESTIMATED COST FROM PUBLIC SECTOR |
£.Sd. ('000) |
|
|
1.1 Fish farming in haffirs |
||
|
|
Pilot production programme (1976-78) |
20.0 |
|
Operation expenses |
110.5 |
|
|
Extension service: |
|
|
|
- Expended demonstration programme |
25.0 |
|
|
- Technical assistance |
38.5 |
|
|
- Research |
25.0 |
|
|
1.2 Fish farming development in Equatoria
|
||
|
|
Pilot production programme (1976-78) |
106.3 |
|
Extension service: |
|
|
|
- Expended demonstration programme |
123.8 |
|
|
- Technical assistance |
102.0 |
|
|
- Research |
250.0 |
|
|
1.3 Fish farming development in irrigation chemes
|
||
|
|
Pilot production programme |
47.9 |
|
Extension service: |
|
|
|
- Expended demonstration programme |
59.9 |
|
|
- Technical assistance |
34,0 |
|
|
- Research |
250,0 |
|
|
1.4 Fish farming development by Government corporation
|
||
|
|
Pond construction |
5 850,0 |
|
Operation expenses |
3 474.3 |
|
|
Research |
250.0 |
|
|
Sub-total |
10 767.2 |
|
|
2. ESTIMATED COST FROM PRIVATE SECTOR
|
||
|
2.1 Fish farming development in Equatoria
|
||
|
|
Pond construction |
1 316.0 |
|
Operation expenses |
1 338.3 |
|
|
2.2 Fish farming development in irrigation chemes
|
||
|
|
Pond construction |
4 387.5 |
|
Operation expenses |
2 222.3 |
|
|
Sub-total |
9 264,1 |
|
|
Grand Total |
20 031,3 |
|
TABLE 2. Phased Development of the Aquaculture Production Programme
|
|
Area to be developed |
Phased production |
Total production |
||
|
|
Public sector |
Private sector |
|
||
|
1. SUBSISTENCE LEVEL |
|||||
|
1.1 Haffirs in Western Sudan |
|||||
|
|
1976-79 |
1 500 |
900 |
- |
900 |
|
1980 |
1 800 |
900 |
180 |
1 080 |
|
|
1981 |
2 300 |
900 |
480 |
1 380 |
|
|
1982 |
2 900 |
900 |
840 |
1 740 |
|
|
1983 |
3 600 |
900 |
1 260 |
2 160 |
|
|
1984 |
4 500 |
900 |
1 800 |
2 700 |
|
|
1985 |
5 700 |
900 |
2 520 |
3 420 |
|
|
1986 |
7 200 |
900 |
3 420 |
4 320 |
|
|
1987 |
8 900 |
900 |
4 440 |
5 340 |
|
|
1988 |
10 000 |
900 |
5 100 |
6 000 |
|
|
Component total |
|
9 000 |
20 040 |
29 040 |
|
|
1.2 Old ponds in Equatoria Province |
|||||
|
|
1976-79 |
750 |
1 100 |
- |
1 100 |
|
1980 |
930 |
1 100 |
300 |
1 400 |
|
|
1981 |
1 100 |
1 100 |
550 |
1 650 |
|
|
1982 |
1 450 |
1 100 |
1 100 |
2 200 |
|
|
1983 |
1 800 |
1 100 |
1 600 |
2 700 |
|
|
1984 |
2 250 |
1 100 |
2 700 |
3 800 |
|
|
1985 |
2 800 |
1 100 |
3 100 |
4 200 |
|
|
1986 |
3 500 |
1 100 |
4 200 |
5 300 |
|
|
1987 |
4 400 |
1 100 |
5 500 |
6 600 |
|
|
1988 |
6 000 |
1 100 |
7 900 |
9 000 |
|
|
Component total |
|
11 000 |
26 950 |
37 950 |
|
|
2. SMALL-SCALE AND INDUSTRIAL SCALE |
|||||
|
2.1 Irrigation scheme |
|||||
|
|
1976-79 |
750 |
2 250 |
- |
2 250 |
|
1980 |
930 |
2 250 |
540 |
2 790 |
|
|
1981 |
1 100 |
2 250 |
1 050 |
3 300 |
|
|
1982 |
1 400 |
2 250 |
1 950 |
4 200 |
|
|
1983 |
1 800 |
2 250 |
3 150 |
5 400 |
|
|
1984 |
2 200 |
2 250 |
4 350 |
6 600 |
|
|
1985 |
2 800 |
2 250 |
5 900 |
8 150 |
|
|
1986 |
3 600 |
2 250 |
8 550 |
10 800 |
|
|
1987 |
4 500 |
2 250 |
11 250 |
13 500 |
|
|
1988 |
6 000 |
2 250 |
15 750 |
18 000 |
|
|
Component total |
|
22 500 |
52 490 |
74 990 |
|
|
2.2 Government production corporation |
|||||
|
|
1976-79 |
950 |
2 850 |
|
2 850 |
|
1980 |
1 200 |
3 600 |
|
3 600 |
|
|
1981 |
1 500 |
4 500 |
|
4 500 |
|
|
1982 |
1 900 |
5 700 |
|
5 700 |
|
|
1983 |
2 400 |
7 200 |
|
7 200 |
|
|
1984 |
3 000 |
9 000 |
|
9 000 |
|
|
1985 |
3 800 |
11 400 |
|
11 400 |
|
|
1986 |
4 800 |
14 400 |
|
14 400 |
|
|
1987 |
6 000 |
18 000 |
|
18 000 |
|
|
1988 |
8 000 |
24 000 |
|
24 000 |
|
|
Component total |
|
|
|
100 650 |
|
|
Grand Total |
|
|
|
242 630 |
|
[1/ Prepared by K, Ibrahim, Freshwater Fisheries Institute, Mwanza]
1. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
Tanzania presently produces over 160 000 tons of fish, giving a per caput consumption for the country of about 11.0 kg. In the next two decades the population in Tanzania is expected to increase at the rate of about 5 million a decade. Thus, by 1995, for a population of over 25 million, and presuming a reasonable increase in per caput consumption of fish to 25 kg, Tanzania will require about 625 000 tons of fish. This will necessitate an increased production of about four times the present catch. Although Tanzania's major fishery sources, such as the large natural lakes, the sea and the rivers, are being exploited at reasonable levels now, there are indications that some of these sources may not be able to meet this high demand due to depletion of stock, overfishing for selected species and increase in cost of fuel, etc. The coastal waters of Tanzania are not highly productive and the presence of coral reefs, a relatively narrow continental shelf, and the increase in fuel costs, are constraints that may limit considerable increase in this sphere of fish production. Thus, it is evident that other sources must be considered to fill this gap and provide the people with the required amount of fish as a much needed animal protein.
Aquaculture is not new to Tanzania. For many years people in Tanzania have been practising aquaculture on a limited scale and their keen interest has been demonstrated in the construction of over 10 000 ponds with a surface area of approximately 1 000 ha by 1963. However, in time these ponds turned out to be mostly uneconomical and non-productive due to lack of proper management, technology, and possibly due to other factors too. Developmental priorities were given to more immediately needed exploitation of natural waters, and lack of fish farms and technology delayed aquaculture research and development.
However, some preliminary attempts carried out in recent years have shown that aqua-culture, when carried out using modern methods, could be very productive and yield over 4 000 kg/ha in a four-month period with tilapia.
Extensive potential exists in Tanzania for the development of aquaculture in the large number of ponds already constructed; in several hundred small dams and reservoirs constructed for other purposes like irrigation, drinking water, etc.; and in the development of the coastal belt through brackishwater aquaculture, Stocking of small dams and reservoirs, though initiated in various regions, still has not gained much momentum or any significant dimensions.
2. OBJECTIVES
Given proper technology and direction, there is ample opportunity to develop aquaculture in the rural areas as an integrated accelerated development plan, particularly through the broader national programme of rural development, i.e., ujamaas2/. This accelerated aqua-culture development in the rural areas, in addition to providing the much needed fish, will also generate employment opportunities and reduce the population drift into urban areas, This may be planned in three phases:
[2/ In the ujamaa system, villagers living in scattered and far-off places are encouraged to assemble together and live as a society where the Government could make available modern amenities and encourage cooperative effort. This is the Government's national policy.]
2.1 Long-term Aquaculture Development Plan
Over the next 20 years, develop aquaculture through rural development schemes, which include large-scale fish production through utilization of brackish- and freshwater areas to meet the increasing demands.
2.2 Medium-term Aquaculture Development Plan
Start aquaculture production through small farms in selected regions and develop fish production in dams and reservoirs through stocking over a period of 10 years.
2.3 Short-term Aquaculture Development Programme
Covering a period of five years, the short-term plan should include:
(a) a short-term survey to identify and pinpoint potential zones for aquaculture development;(b) initiation of a programme to increase productivity through rehabilitation of existing ponds, placing special emphasis on ujamaas;
(c) conducting a short crash programme of training field officers in aquaculture;
(d) demonstration of techniques and economic viability of aquaculture through the proposed Central Fish Culture Farm.
3. LEVELS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT
Development of aquaculture is planned as a small-scale rural industry to be carried out at the individual fish farmer level, leading to establishment of feasible commercial aquaculture through pilot-scale demonstrations at regional fish farms.
4. PRODUCTION TARGETS AND MEANS FOR ACHIEVING THEM
Assuming an increased per caput consumption of about 25 kg by 1995, 625 000 tons of fish will be required to feed the expected 25 million people in Tanzania. As a result of accelerated development efforts in exploitation of natural resources, even if the present production of over 160 000 tons could be increased three fold, there would still be a considerable deficit of about 145 000 tons. This has to be produced through aquaculture systems, such as pond culture of tilapia, aquaculture in dams and reservoirs, and coastal aquaculture for species, such as mullets, tilapias, etc. Development of brackishwater fish culture for prawns and oysters, etc., would also provide an excellent export production in addition to increasing local fish production. It is proposed that an initial survey be made to determine the production potentials and magnitude of these sources. About 2 000 tons of fish could be produced from existing ponds, based on a conservative production figure of 2 tons/ha; and a production of 750 tons could also be anticipated from about 3 000 ha of small dams and reservoirs at a low estimate of 250 kg/ha. The balance will have to be raised from increased pond areas, dams and reservoirs and through coastal aquaculture. At a rough estimate, about 10 000 tons of fish could be produced by expanding aquaculture in about 40 000 ha of small dams and reservoirs, about 120 000 tons of fish through expanded fish culture in newly developed ponds and the remaining 12 250 tons through newly initiated coastal aquaculture. This is a rough estimate, but the proposed survey should provide final production figures.
5. SYSTEMS AND SPECIES SELECTED
An experimental period of 4-5 years will be heeded to demonstrate pilot-scale production of tilapia in ponds, dams and reservoirs, and coastal aquaculture. Tilapia nilotica, which has fared very well in other parts of Africa, should be preferred over other species for accelerated commercial production and trials. The species is available in Tanzania, After establishing the Central Fish Culture Farm, carp culture, composite culture of compatible species, and other systems could be experimented with under local conditions. In brackish water, economically important species, such as mullets, shrimps and oysters, have been identified as having potential for culture in Tanzania.
6. STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY
To a certain extent, technology related to tilapia culture exists in the country and elsewhere, and the major requirement is to transfer this effectively to aquaculturists, Import of technology will be needed for further improvement of duck-cum-fish culture and paddy-cum-fish culture that have already been tried, and in the initiation of coastal aqua-culture programmes. For the initial survey to identify and pinpoint areas of potential for aquaculture, technical assistance will be needed.
7. TRAINING OF CORE PERSONNEL
For effective implementation of the various aquaculture development programmes, training of personnel at different levels will be most essential. This may be done as follows:
7.1 Fellowships
Award of fellowships by FAO/UNDP, or similar organizations, to two graduate fisheries officers in tropical fish culture. One will be trained in freshwater aquaculture at the Freshwater Fisheries Institute, Nyegezi, and the second will be trained in brackishwater fish culture at the Marine Fisheries Institute, Kunduchi. A fellowship period of 12 months for each candidate will be needed. These two officers will later be involved in local training of aquaculture personnel.
7.2 Aquaculture Orientation Course
In Tanzania, regional fisheries officers are responsible for all fisheries developmental activities in the state and hence it is essential to give them an orientation course to make them understand the significance and importance of aquaculture development. This has to be organized at a national level for a duration of one week, with participation of the FAO Regional Fisheries Officer and an aquaculturist from FAO Headquarters.
7.3 Training of Core Personnel - Aquaculturists
This may be done on a regional basis in collaboration with other countries, with FAO/UNDP providing training, personnel and financing. These officers maybe called regional aquaculturists and should hold Kunduchi Fisheries Diplomas. They will be responsible for all aquaculture developmental activities including initiation and implementation of projects, and providing technical guidance, and will be under direction of the Regional Fisheries Officer for administrative purposes. A total of about 25 will be needed for all regions. The training programme will have to be phased over a period of 5 years, training 5 aquaculturists each year.
8. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXTENSION SERVICES
A dynamic extension service is essential for successful implementation of all aquaculture developmental programmes. Initially, the existing fisheries extension services should be used and accordingly, they should be given short training courses in aquaculture at one or probably both of the Tanzanian fisheries institutes. However, at the same time, action should be taken to establish aquaculture extension services to train the required staff at the district level. These should be assistant field officers (i.e., the two-year fisheries certificate holders) who have received intensive training in aquaculture extension techniques at either one or both of the institutes. They may be called District Aquaculture Extension Officers under the District Fisheries Officer. A total of about 100 extension officers will be required and a phased programme may have to be initiated for their training. A training course of 6 months and an annual intake of about 10 candidates may meet the requirements.
9. EXPERIMENTAL AND PILOT DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME
A Central Fish Culture Farm should be established at a suitable place under the Freshwater Fisheries Institute and built with external technical and financial assistance. This farm will be responsible for production-oriented and adaptive research and training in aquaculture on a national level. A farm of about 50 ha will be ideal for this purpose.
Six regional pilot-scale demonstration farms may then be established in suitable regions, including brackishwater farms. These may be financed through Regional Development Boards but technical assistance, if needed, should be sought from outside. Farms of about 50 ha would be convenient for management.
9.1 Budget - Central Fish Culture Farm (50 ha)
The estimated costs for construction of a Central Fish Culture Farm are as follows:
|
|
Tan.Sh.1/ |
Term |
|
Construction |
800 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Laboratory buildings, etc. |
250 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Staff quarters |
1 300 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Staff salary |
229 000.00 |
Annual |
|
Workers/labourers |
90 000.00 |
Annual |
|
Transport vehicles |
160 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Equipment |
200 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Operating costs, etc, (feed, seed, fertilizers, etc.) |
50 000.00 |
Annual |
|
Total |
3 079 000.00 |
1/ U.S.$ 1,00 - Tan.Sh. 7.00
9.2 Budget - Regional Administration Farm (50 ha)
|
|
Tan.Sh. |
Term |
|
Construction |
800 000,00 |
Initial |
|
Buildings |
125 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Staff salary |
33 000.00 |
Annual |
|
Workers/labourers |
96 000.00 |
Annual |
|
Staff quarters |
120 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Equipment |
200 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Transport vehicles |
160 000.00 |
Initial |
|
Running costs |
50 000,00 |
Annual |
|
Total |
1 584 000.00 |
So, for six farms the estimated cost would be Tan.Sh, 9 504 000,00, giving a total cost for aquaculture development including the Central Fish Culture Farm of Tan.Sh, 12 583 000,00.
9.3 Phased Expenditures for the Farms
|
|
Tan.Sh. | |
|
(a) Central Fish Culture Farm | ||
|
|
Initial |
2 710 000.00 |
|
|
Annual |
369 000.00 |
|
(b) Regional Demonstration Farms | ||
|
|
Initial |
1 405 000.00 × 6 = 8 430 000.00 |
|
|
Annual |
179 000.00 × 6 = 1 074 000.00 |
10. REHABILITATION OF EXISTING PONDS
A crash programme will have to be undertaken through Regional Development Authorities to rehabilitate the existing non-productive ponds. This is essential to improve the present fish culture practices in the country and to obtain reasonable production from these ponds,
11. PLAN FOR EXPANSION
Areas of aquaculture with the most potential for expansion include the already existing ponds, which could provide substantial fish production when rehabilitated, the small dams and reservoirs, and coastal aquaculture. The establishment of farms for research and pilot-scale demonstration will be undertaken through the public sector while large-scale development of dams and reservoirs for aquaculture through Government and cooperative sectors. In the private sector, development of aquaculture through individual pond owners would be encouraged. However, considerable stress will be laid on development of small-scale rural aquaculture through ujamaas.
12. FINANCING AND CREDIT FACILITIES
Subsequent to the increased activities related to improvement of the existing subsistence-level aquaculture, as well as development of new systems involving dams and reservoirs and coastal aquaculture, there will be considerable demand for financial inputs. This will have to be channelled through Rural Development Banks, Cooperative Unions and ujamaas. For development of aquaculture in the ujamaas, large-scale financial assistance may have to be requested from the World Bank or through other aid agencies.
13. FISH SEED REQUIREMENTS
The present demand for fish seed is very low because of lack of interest in aquaculture. At the present level of activity for the existing pond areas and the available dams and reservoirs that could be stocked, about 8 million tilapia fry will be needed annually, this conservative estimate could go up by at least 2 or 3 times when coastal aquaculture is initiated and aquaculture in dams and reservoirs developed over the next 10 years. Thus, this increased demand for fish seed will have to be met through the regional pilot-scale demonstration farms and seed production centres at district levels,
14. FEEDS AND FERTILIZERS
Although feed may be available locally at present in the form of brewery wastes, rice bran, mill sweepings, oil cakes, etc. for an expanded fish culture industry, reliable sources will have to be developed and should be made available at cheaper or subsidized rates. The extent of availability of raw materials will also have to be looked into in the proposed short-term survey,
Fertilizers needed should be made available through ujamaas and cooperative societies, and aquaculturists should be able to procure fertilizers as agricultural peasants. That is, the same source should be made available to fish farmers as for those engaged in agriculture,
15. HEALTH INSPECTION AND DISEASE CONTROL MEASURES
In large-scale aquaculture, relatively minor problems should be tackled by the extension workers, while those of a larger magnitude should be investigated by the Central Fish Culture Farm where better technical facilities will be available.
16. ORGANIZATION OF MARKETING AND HARVESTING
At the individual small pond owner's level, marketing of produce will not be a major problem. However, in medium-sized units, like dams and reservoirs, marketing could be carried out through cooperatives and ujamaa villages themselves could organize marketing. Depending on the distance from the site to disposal areas, fish could either be sold fresh or processed, When processed fish has to be transported, small-scale processing and storage facilities will have to be provided at the site.
17. MANPOWER REQUIREMENT AND TRAINING PERSONNEL
17.1 Graduate Fisheries Officers
Two fellowships through FAO/UNDP (one in brackishwater and one in freshwater culture),
17.2 At the Central Fish Farm
(a) Six Field Officers (Aquaculturists), having Kunduchi Diplomas in Fisheries,
(b) Six Assistant Field Officers, with Fisheries Certificates,
(c) Six Field Assistants, with Std.VII education.
17.3 At Regional Fish Farms
(a) Two Field Officers (Aquaculturists), for each farm, having Kunduchi Diplomas.
(b) Two Assistant Field Officers, for each farm, with Fisheries Certificates,
17.4 Regional Aquaculturists
Twenty Regional Aquaculturists having Kunduchi Diplomas need to be trained in aquaculture at the Regional level by FAO/UNDP.
17.5 Extension Officers
One hundred Extension Officers at District level, with Fisheries Certificates, should be trained at Institute level in Tanzania.
18. ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH
Production-oriented aquaculture research will be organized at the proposed Central Fish Farm and will be conducted under the national projects manned by the Central Government. The research will be directed toward improvement and standardization of the existing techniques in tilapia culture, development of new systems and techniques, and other aspects essential to the general improvement of aquaculture in Tanzania,
19. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE NEEDED
19.1 Technical Assistance
(a) Initial survey to identify and pinpoint potential areas for aquaculture development, Short-term project.
(b) Training of twenty core aquaculture development personnel.
(c) Fellowships (2) to Graduate Fisheries Officers with one being in brackishwater aquaculture, and the other in freshwater aquaculture.
(d) Technical assistance in establishment of fish farms.
19.2 Financial Assistance
(a) Required for establishment of the Central Fish Farm and Regional Demonstration Fish Farms.
(b) Large-scale financial assistance from the World Bank or other funding agencies for implementation of small-scale rural aquaculture development programmes through ujamaas.
