APPENDIX II: Household interviews

T1: Background Information

(a) Co-management (Ndaje)
Household No.	Sex	Age (years)	Ethnic Group	Marital status	Type of marital status	F, times husband at home	Years resident in village	No. in household	No. of orphans
1	F	70	Lomwe	Widow	Mono	Monthly	>5	1	Nil
2*	F	40	Yao	Separated	Poly	No husband	40	7	2
3	M	43	Yao	Married	Mono	Male respondent	40	5	Nil
4	F	47	Chewa	Married	Mono	Full time	34	2	Nil
5*	F	28	Yao	Married	Mono	Full time	29	3	Nil
6*	F	34	Yao	Widow	Mono	Full time	>5	6	Nil
7	M	76	Yao	Separated	Mono	No husband	15	7	Nil
8*	M	37	Yao	Widower	Mono	Male respondent	>5	2	Nil
9	F	?	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	<3	6	Nil
10	M	76	Yao	Married	Mono	Male respondent	70	7	Nil
11	F	65	Ngoni	Widow	Mono	Full time	43	2	Nil
12*	F	73	Yao	Married	Mono	Full time	73	6	2
13*	F	43	Yao	Separated	Poly	No husband	28	7	Nil
14	F	43	Yao	Married	Poly 2nd wife	Weekly	43	5	Nil
15	F	72	Yao	Remarried	Mono	Full time	40	5	Nil
16*	F	48	Chewa	Widow	Mono	Full time	25	8	Nil
17	M	52	Nya	Remarried	Mono	Male respondent	<20	5	Nil
18	F	51	Yao	Widow	Mono	Full time	24	5	Nil
19	F	65	Lomwe	Widow	Mono	Full time	36	4	Nil
20	M	66	Yao	Married	Mono	Male respondent	50	7	Nil
21	F	32	Yao	Separated	Mon	No husband	>5	7	Nil
(b) Customary (Nkula)
1*	F	40	Lomwe	Widow	Mono	Full time	>5	8	7
2*	M	91	Yao	Married	Mono	Male respondent	30	8	7
3	F	52	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	>5	9	2
4	F	52	Lomwe	Divorced	Mono	Full time	>5	6	1
5*	F	38	Lomwe	Widow	Poly	No husband	>5	7	Nil
6*	F	55	Lomwe	Widow	Mono	Full time	>5	6	Nil
7	F	?	Lomwe	Widow	Poly	Mono	50	2	Nil
8	F	26	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	>5	4	Nil
9	M	24	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Male resondent	>5	4	Nil
10	M	34	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Male respondent	6	4	Nil
11	M	68	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Male respondent	42	5	Nil
12	M	55	Yao	Married	Mono	Male respondent	>5	5	3
13	F	43	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	>20	3	Nil
14*	F	47	Yao	Widow	Mono	Full time	>5	4	Nil
15	M	70	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Male respondent	>5	2	Nil
16	F	23	Lomwe	Separated	Mono	Full time	>5	2	Nil
17*	F	65	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	30	10	8
18*	F	19	Lomwe	Single	N/A	N/A	15	4	4
19	F	48	Lomwe	Married	Mono	Full time	48	6	Nil
20	M	50	Lomwe	Remarried	Mono	Male respondent	20	7	Nil

* Households suspected of being afflicted with HIV/AIDS

(c) Co-management (Chimaliro)

Household No.	Sex	Age (years)	Ethnic Group	Marital status	Type of marital status	F, time husband at home	Years resident in village	No. in household	No. of orphans
1	M	66	Tumbuka	Remarried	Mono	Male respondent	<17	6	Nil
2*	F	60	Tumbuka	Widow	Mono	Full time	50	3	1
3	F	63	Tumbuka	Married	Mono	Full time	<50	5	Nil
4*	F	32	Chewa	Widow	Poly	Weekly	<5	8	4
5*	M	66	Ngoni	Married	Mono	Male respondent	17	6	3
*6	F	22	Tumbuka	Married	Mono	Full time	<1	4	2
7*	F	36	Chewa	Divorced	Poly	Weekly	4	5	Nil
8*	F	70	Tumbuka	Widow	Poly	No answer	30	5	Nil
9	F	75	Ngoni	Widow	Poly	?	71	2	1
10	F	47	Ngoni	Widow	Poly	3 quarters of the time	9	2	Nil
11	F	51	Ngoni	Married	Mono	Full time	>5	5	Nil
12*	F	36	Ngoni	Married	Mono	Full time	>5	5	1
13	M	?	Tumbuka	Married	Mono	Full time	>5	4	Nil
14	M	63	Tumbuka	Married	Mono	Full time	52	4	Nil
15	M	54	Chewa	Married	Mono	Full time	3	4	Nil
16	F	32	Ngoni	Remarried	Poly	Weekly	>1	7	Nil
17*	F	65	Tumbuka	Widow	Mono	Full time	>5	4	Nil
18*	F	>60	Ngoni	Widow	Poly	Most of the time	>5	4	Nil
19*	F	37	Tumbuka	Widow	Mono	In the field (PMF)	< 5	2	Nil
20*	F	60	Ngoni	Married	Mono	Full time	11	7	3
21*	F	69	Tumbuka	Married	Poly	Rarely	48	6	5

Legend

Wid: Widowed

Tu: Tumbuka

Che: Chewa

Poly: Polygamous marriage

Mono: Monogamous marriage

Wkly: Weekly

Rem: Remarried

Marr: Married

Sep: Separated

^* Households suspected to be afflicted with HIV/AIDS

Household profile

Information from the results of the household surveys given above show that 21 households were interviewed at the Chimaliro co-management site, of which more than a half (12) were HIV/AIDS-affected or afflicted. The majority of households interviewed were female headed (16; 76 percent). The average age of household heads was 51 years, with most of them being of the Tumbuka (10) tribe, seconded by the Ngoni (8), with the Chewa being in minority (3). The majority of household heads were married (9; 43 percent), with fewer households (7; 33 percent) headed by widows. Most of the households (13; 62 %) had monogamous marriages, while 8 (38 %) were polygamous. Most household heads interviewed (17; 81 percent) had lived in the village for more than five years. The average number of members per household was 4.7, ranging from two to eight members per household. Although most of the households did not keep orphans (62 percent), eight out 21 households did, on average having two orphans per household, ranging from one to five orphans.

Of the female-headed households, 52 percent (11 out of 16) were HIV/AIDS-afflicted or affected. The average age of these household female heads was 50 years, ranging from 32 to 75 years. The majority of these women (8) were widowed, 44 percent of them having orphans to look after, and most of them (13 out of 16) having lived in the village for more than five years.

Twenty-one households were interviewed in Ndaje co-management site, of which less than a half (7) were HIV/AIDS-affected or afflicted. The majority of households interviewed were female-headed (15; 71 percent). The average age of household heads was 53 years, with most of them being of the Yao (15) tribe, with Lomwe (3), Chewa (2) and Ngoni (1), very much in the minority. The majority of household heads were married (10; 48 percent), with fewer households (7; 33 percent) headed by widows. Most of the households (18; 86 percent) had monogamous marriages, while 3 (14 percent) were polygamous. Most household heads interviewed (15; 71 percent) had lived in the village for more than five years. The average number of members per household was five, ranging from one to eight members per household. Most of the households did not keep orphans (19; 91 percent), only two households did with two orphans each per household.

Of the female-headed households, 40 percent (6 out of 15) were HIV/AIDS-afflicted or affected. The average age of these household female heads was 51 years, ranging from 28 to 73 years. There were equal proportions (6 out 15; 40 percent) of women that were married and those that were widowed, with only three separated. Most of the widowed (10 out of 15; 71 percent) had lived in the village for more than five years.

Twenty households were interviewed at the Nkula customary land site, of which less than a half (7) were HIV/AIDS-affected or afflicted. The majority of households interviewed were female-headed (13; 65 percent). The average age of household heads was 47 years, with most of them being of the Lomwe (17) tribe; the Yao (3) being in the minority. The majority of household heads were married (12; 60 percent), with fewer households (5; 25 percent) headed by widows, and the divorced (2) and a single girl (1). Most of the households (17; 85 percent) had monogamous marriages, while two were polygamous. All household heads interviewed (100 percent) had lived in the village for more than five years. The average number of members per household was five, ranging from two to ten members per household. Most of the households kept orphans (13, 65 percent), on average having five orphans per household, ranging from one to eight orphans.

Of the female-headed households, 46 percent (6 out of 13) were HIV/AIDS-afflicted or affected. The average age of these household female heads was 42 years, ranging from 19 to 65 years. There were equal proportions (5 out 13; 39 percent) of women that were married and those that were widowed, with only two separated and one single. Of the widowed women only 5 (39 percent) looked after orphans The majority of the women (8) were widowed, 44 percent of them having orphans to look after, on average having four orphans per household, ranging from one to eight orphans.

T2: Collection and use of forest/tree products

(a) Co-management (Ndaje)

Household No.				Forest/tree products
				Twigs	Firewood			Twigs		Firewood
1		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
2*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
3		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
4		Rank		1	0	How		Collected
5*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
6*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
7		Rank		0	1	How				Collected
8*		Rank		1	2	How				Female adult
9		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
10		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
11		Rank		1	0	How		Collected		Purchased
12*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected & purchased		Collected & purchased
13*		Rank		2	1	How		Purchased		Purchased
14		Rank		1	1	How		Collected		Collected
15		Rank		1	2	How		Collected & purchased		Collected & purchased
16*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
17		Rank		0	1	How				Collected
18		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
19		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
20		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
(b) Customary (Nkula)
1*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
2*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
3		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
4		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
5*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
6*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
7		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
8		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
9		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
10		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
11		Rank		2	1	How		Collected & purchased		Collected & purchased
12		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
13		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
14*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
15		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
16		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
17*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
18*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
19		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
20		Rank		1	2	How		Produced		Produced
(c) Co-management (Chimaliro)
1		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
2*		Rank		1	0	How		Collected		N/A
3		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
4*		Rank		1	0	How		Collected		N/A
5*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
*6		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
7*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
8*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
9		Rank		2	1	How		Buys (full ox-cart)		Buys (full ox-cart)
10		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
11		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
12*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
13		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
14		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
15		Rank		1	0	How		Collected		Collected
16		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
17*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
18*		Rank		2	1	How		Collected		Collected
19*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
20*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
21*		Rank		1	2	How		Collected		Collected
(a) Co-management (Ndaje)				Twigs					Firewood
1		Who		Female adult					Collected
2*		Who		Adult female & girls					Adult female & girls
3		Who		Female adult					Adult female
4		Who		Female adult
5*		Who		Male and female adult					Male and female adult
6*		Who		Girls					Girls
7		Who							Girls
8*		Who							Collected
9		Who		Female adult					Female adult
10		Who		Female adults and boys					Female adults and boys
11		Who		Casual labour					Female adult (herself) and casual labour
12*		Who		Girls
13*		Who		Female adult, girls and boys					Female adult, girls and boys
14		Who		Female adult					Female adult
15		Who		Male and female adult					Male and female adult
16*		Who		Girls					Girls
17		Who		Female adult					Female adult
18		Who							Female adult
19		Who		Female adult (daughter in-law)					Female adult (daughter in-law)
20		Who		Female adult					Female adult
21		Who		Female adult & boys					Female adult & boys
(b) Customary (Nkula)
1*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
2*		Who		Female adult & youth					Forest reserve
3		Who		Female adult & youth					Female adult & youth
4		Who		Female adult & youth					Female adult & youth
5*		Who		Female adult & youth					Female adult & youth
6*		Who		Female adult & youth					Female adult
7		Who		Youth					Youth
8		Who		Female adult					Female adult
9		Who		Female adult					Female adult
10		Who		Male and female adult					Male and female adult
11		Who		Youth (girls)					Youth (girls)
12		Who		Youth					Youth
13		Who		Female adult					Female adult
14*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
15		Who		Female adult					Male adult
16		Who		Female adult					Female adult
17*		Who		Female adult & youth					Female adult & youth
18*		Who		Youth					Youth
19		Who		Female adult and youth					Female adult and youth
20		Who		Family					Family
(c) Co-management (Chimaliro)
1		Who		Female adult					Female adult
2*		Who		G/daughter					N/A
3		Who		Female adult					Female adult
4*		Who		Female adult & girls					N/A
5*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
*6		Who		Female adult &orphans children					Female adult &orphans children
7*		Who		Female adult & daughter					Female adult & daughter
8*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
9		Who		Hired labour					Hired labour
10		Who		Female adult					Female adult
11		Who		Female adult					Female adult
12*		Who		Female adult					Collected
13		Who		Female adult & girls					Female adult & girls
14		Who		Female adult & girls					Female adult & girls
15		Who		Female adult					Female adult
16		Who		Female adult					Female adult
17*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
18*		Who		Daughter-in-law					Daughter-in-law
19*		Who		Female adult & girls					Female adult & girls
20*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
21*		Who		Female adult					Female adult
Household No.			Forest/tree products
			Twigs				Firewood
(a) Co-management (Ndaje)
1	Source						Forest reserve
2*	Source						Forest reserve
3	Source		Female adult				Female adult
4	Source		Forest reserve & own homestead indigenous forest				Forest reserve & own homestead indigenous forest
5*	Source		Homestead stead forest				Wood vendors
6*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
7	Source						Forest reserve
8*	Source						Forest reserve
9	Source		Female adult				Female adult
10	Source		Forest reserve & own homestead indigenous forest				Forest reserve & own homestead indigenous forest
11	Source		Homestead stead forest				Wood vendors
12*	Source		From govt. eucalyptus plantation in the F/reserve
13*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
14	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
15	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
16*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
17	Source		Forest reserve &woodlot				Forest reserve & woodlot
18	Source						Forest reserve
19	Source		Forest reserve and homestead indigenous forest				Forest reserve and homestead indigenous forest
20	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
21	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
(b) Customary (Nkula)
1*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
2*	Source		Own woodlot				Own woodlot
3	Source		Customary land forest/farm land				Customary land forest/farm land
4	Source		Forest reserve				Own woodlot
5*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
6*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
7	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
8	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
9	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
10	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
11	Source		Govt. fuel wood plantation & forest reserve				Govt. fuel wood plantation & forest reserve
12	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
13	Source		A long streams (customary land)				A long streams (customary land)
14*	Source		Farm land				Forest reserve
15	Source		A long streams (customary land)				A long streams (customary land)
16	Source		A long streams (customary land)				Forest reserve
17*	Source		A long streams & farm land (customary land)				A long streams & farm land (customary land)
18*	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
19	Source		Forest reserve				Forest reserve
20	Source		Homestead				Homestead
(c) Co-management (Chimaliro)
1	Source		F/reserve				F/reserve
2*	Source		Planted trees & indigenous forest around homestead				N/A
3	Source		F/reserve & farmland				F/reserve & farmland
4*	Source		Village forest				N/A
5*	Source		Zintambwe VFA				Zintambwe VFA
*6	Source		Zintambwe VFA				Zintambwe VFA
7*	Source		F/reserve				F/reserve
8*	Source		F/reserve & farmland				F/reserve & farmland
9	Source		Customary land				Customary land
10	Source		Customary land				Customary land
11	Source		Customary land				Customary land
12*	Source		Customary land				Customary land
13	Source		F/reserve				F/reserve
14	Source		Customary land				Customary land
15	Source		Customary land				Customary land
16	Source		Farmland				Farmland
17*	Source		Customary land				Customary land
18*	Source		Farmland				Farmland
19*	Source		Customary land				Customary land
20*	Source		Customary land				Customary land
21*	Source		Customary land				Customary land

T3: Changes in use of fuel in the last 5 years and reasons for the changes

T6: Households skipping a meal due to lack of cooking fuel

	Households		Total No. of households		Households %
Community	Yes	No	Yes	No.	Yes	No
Co-management (Ndaje)	3	1, 2*, 4, 5*, 6*, 7, 8*, 9, 10, 11, 12*, 13*, 14, 15, 16*, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21	1	20	5	95
Customary (Nkula)	6*, 7, 18*	1*, 2*, 3, 4, 5*, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14*, 15, 16, 17*, 18*, 19, 20	3	18	14	86
Co-management (Chimaliro)		1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21	0	21	0	100

T7: Other forest/tree products for household use

	Consumption			Sale			Female adult			Male adult			Youth			VFA		Forest reserve				Farmland			Woodlot			Government plantation
Products	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch
Firewood	20	20	21	8	8	1	15	12	18	3	2	0	10	10	4	3	0	4	14	15	5	0	3	16	0	2	0	0	1	0
Poles	15	7	21	3	1	0	5	2	3	8	4	9	2	3	0	1	0	5	11	4	6	0	0	9	1	0	0	0	1	0
Fibre	13	9	21	3	0	0	5	3	5	6	5	6	1	1	1	1	1	1	10	4	2	0	2	9	0	0	0	0	0	0
Medicine	6	3	21	1	1	1	6	2	9	4	0	6	0	0	0	0	0	2	5	4	8	0	1	9	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fruits	16	11	21	7	4	2	10	10	13	0	1	6	7	5	11	0	0	2	10	10	12	0	0	12	1	0	0	0	0	0
Mush-rooms	17	15	21	6	9	4	12	7	19	5	3	3	5	8	4	1	0	1	14	10	13	0	0	13	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grass	13	15	21	4	2	5	9	8	13	4	7	0	4	5	3	0	0	0	11	12	11	0	3	12	2	0	0	0	1	0
Honey	0	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fodder	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bamboos	12	6	0	3	1	0	2	4	0	6	6	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	11	3	0	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hoe handles	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Timber	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bushmeat	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

T8: Frequency of collection of tree/forest products for household consumption and for sale

	Consumption															Sale
	Daily			Weekly			Monthly			Yearly			Other			Daily			Weekly			Monthly			Yearly			Other
Products	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch	Nd	Nk	Ch
Firewood	2	3	0	14	9	17	3	4	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	4	1	0	1	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Charcoal	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fruits (Masuku)	2	0	2	5	2	10	0	2	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	2	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Mushrooms	2	0	6	5	3	10	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	6	1	0	3	4	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Poles	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	4	5 yrs	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
Fibre	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Medicine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Grass	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	6	3	10	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0	0
Bamboos	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Bushmeat	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
Honey	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

T9: Change in the frequency of a household's collection of tree/forest products

Product	Change	Reasons	Household
			Co-management (Ndaje)	Customary (Nkula)	Co-management (Chimaliro)
Firewood & twigs	Reduced	Old age Obtained far due to overexploitation and hence limited time available Scarcity	7 (1, 4, 19, 6*, 8*, 14, 16)	8 (12, 2*, 13, 3, 14*, 4, 19, 7)	5 (4*, 6*, 14, 8*, 17*)
	Increased	Increased family size For sale to boost income Brewing of local beer Scarcity Overexploitation of trees	9 (3, 13*, 18, 7, 15, 9, 21, 15, 20)	5 (8, 16, 10, 5*, 6*)	6 (1, 3, 5*, 21, 7*, 15)
	No change	Ill health Old age Close to the forest reserve Plenty of wood around	1 (22)		4 (2*, 13, 16, 18*)
Mushroom	Reduced	Obtained from far and a lot of time and energy is wasted by walking long distance Niche trees felled Drought	10 (2*, 19, 16*, 16*, 3, 8*, 5*, 21, 6*, 14)	9 (4, 13, 19, 7, 29, 9, 3, 10, 2*)	8 (1, 3, 6*, 13, 8*, 17*, 14, 15)
	Increased	For sale to boost income	3 (8*, 10, 20)	3 (20, 5*, 6*)
	No change	Ill health Old age Very delicious Too busy with farming and beer brewing Plenty of wood around	1 (22)		3 (2*, 5*, 7*)
Fruits	Reduced	Obtained from far and a lot of time and energy is wasted by walking long distance Over exploitation of masuku trees for curios Increased human population Droughts Cut by herd boys Old age	7 (5*, 16*, 6, 18, 14, 19, 21)	4 (7, 8, 4, 2*)	5 (6*, 13, 14, 15, 17*)
	Increased	Collect more for sale and food Freedom of access to the forest reserve due to co-management Decrease in the tree species bearing the fruits	3 (3, 8*, 20)	4 (10, 20, 5*, 6*)	2 (1, 5*)
	No change	Just collected as food Plenty wood around			1 (16)
Grass	Decreased	High demand Increased human population Old age Bush and overgrazing	1 (21)	2 (3, 13)	3 (6*, 8*, 15)
	No change	The same size and number of houses Ill health Too much would rot, no market	1 (9)	2 (1*, 10)	1 (7*)
	Increased	For sale Family size increased Sells some to tobacco growers		2 (9, 16)	2 (10, 21*)
Fibre	Increased	Family size increased		1 (16)
	No change	The same size and number of houses	1 (9)
Bamboos	No change	The same size and number of houses	2 (9, 15)
Timber	Increased	To boost income	1 (17)
Poles	Increased	Increased in number of houses (population)			1 (1)
Honey	Increased	More hives added			1 (5*)

T10: Number of major forest product collection trips made to the forest by a household in the last month

T11a: Pair-wise ranking of forest values - Co-management (Ndaje)

	Fuel	Income	Fodder	Medicine	Food	Score	Rank
Fuel		12	13	10	15	50	1
Income			13	7	3	23	3
Fodder				11	4	15	4
Medicine					6	6	5
Food						28	2

T11b: Pair-wise ranking of forest values - Customary (Nkula)

	Fuel	Income	Fodder	Medicine	Food	Score	Rank
Fuel		14	17	18	16	65	1
Income			10	10	12	32	3
Fodder				4	12	16	5
Medicine					31	31	4
Food						46	2

T12: Pair-wise ranking of forest values - Co-Management (Chimaliro)

	Fuel	Income	Fodder	Medicine	Food	Score	Rank
Fuel		20	17	16	18	71	1
Income			5	6	2	13	2
Fodder				5	6	11	3
Medicine					11	11	3
Food

T13a: Frequency of use of species collected by households - Ndaje, Machinga

Species	Fuel	Medicine	Poles	Foods	Fibre	Hoe handles	Timber	Fodder	Curios	Other	Total
Pterocarpus angolensis	31	18	15				28		4		96
Uapaca kirkiana	27	8		29			1		8		73
Burkea africana	16	10	15			1	18		7	Pestles	68
Brachystegia bussei	34	2	2		1	9	1		3		52
Pericopsis angolensis	21	5	7			2	3		6		42
Brachystegia speciformis	23		4		2	8	3				40
Brachystegia boehmii	24	1	2		10					Canoe	38
Terminalia sericea	14	8	2			1	6		4	Pestles 2	37
Bauhinia thonningii	17	14		4	1						36
Adina microcephala	15	1	2				16				34
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon	17	10	1	2				1	1		32
Khaya anthotheca	14	4					13				31
Zimmenia caffra	7	4		8							19
Dalbergia nitidula	9		7								16
Dalbergia melanoxylon	7								7		14
Flacourtia indica	4	2		8							14
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia	7	5								War-ship	13
Annona senegalensis	3	1		5		2					11
Colophospermum mopane	5		1				2		1		9
Combretum collinum	3	1	1						2		7
Uapaca nitida	2	1	1	3							7
Vitex mombassae	3			3							6
Parinari curatellifolia	2	1		2			1				6
Brachystegia spiciformis	3				1	1		1			5
Bridelia micrantha	1			2			1		1		5
Strichnos spinosa	2	2		1							5
Azanza garkeana	2	1		2							5
Parinari curaterifolia	1	2		2							5
Parinari curaterifolia	1	1		3							5
Phoenix reclinata	1	3					1				5
Lannea discolor		4									4
Ficus sycomorus	1	1		2							4
Erythrophleum suaveolens		2					2				4
Faidherbia albida	2	1						2			3
Erythrina abyssinica	1	2									3
Uapaca nitidula	1		1	1							3
Ozora reticulata	1	2									3
Arachis hypogea	1	1									2
Brachystegia spp	1					1					2
Cordia abyssinica		1	1								2
Bersama abyssinica	1				1						2
Brachystegia utilis	1				1						2
Senna sengueana	1			1					1		2
Halleria elliptica	1						1				2
Entada abyssinica	1	1									2
Bauhinia pertesiana	1	1									2
Kigelia africana		2									2
Faurea spp	1						1				2
Albizia spp	1						1				2
Ficus natalensis	1	1									2
Vanguelia infausta	1			1							2
Psychotia zombamontane		1									1
Albizia antunesiana	1										1
Psorospermum febrifugum		1									1
Swartzia madagascariensis		1									1
Strychnos spinosa	1										1
Vangueria infausta				1							1
Newtonia buchananni							1				1

T13b: Frequency of use of species collected by households - Nkula, Machinga.

Species	Fuel	Medicine	Poles	Foods	Fibre	Hoe handles	Timber	Fodder	Curios	Other	Total
Pterocarpus angolensis	17	10	9				18		2		56
Uapaca kirkiana	14	3		16					2		35
Burkea africana	8	6	13				7		2	Pestle 2	38
Brachystegia bussei	17	1	1			5			1	Mortar 1	25
Pericopsis angolensis	10	2	6				3		3		24
Brachystegia spiciformis	9		3			4					16
Brachystegia boehmii	8				5						13
Terminalia sericea	6	3	1				1		1	Pestle 2	14
Bauhinia thonningii	8	6		1							15
Adina microcephala	8	2	2				9			Canoe 1	22
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon	9	7		2				1		Gum 1	20
Khaya anthotheca	6	1	1				5			Canoe 1	14
Zimmenia caffra	3	1		4							8
Dalbergia nitidula	6		4							Pestle 1	11
Dalbergia melanoxylon	3								3	Pestle 1	7
Flacourtia indica	2	2		4							4
Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia	6	4									10
Annona senegalensis				1							1
Colophospermum mopane	3		1				1			Pestle	6
Combretum collinum
Uapaca nitida
Vitex mombassae	2			2							4
Parinari curatellifolia
Brachystegia spiciformis	1							1			2
Securidaca longipedunculata		1									1
Parinari curatellifolia				1							1
Parinari curatellifolia	1			2							3
Phoenix reclinata	1	2					1				4
Lannea discolor	1	2									3
Ficus sycomorus	1	1		1							3
Erythrophleum suaveolens
Faidherbia albida	2							2			4
Ozora reticulata	1										1
Albizia spp	2										2
Ficus natalensis	1	1									2
Vanguelia infausta	1			1							2
Psorospermum febrifugum	1										1
Brachystegia boehmii	4				2						6
Dicrostachys cinerea		1									1
Cordyla africana	1			1							2
Afzelia quanzensis	2	2									4