Annex B

Table B1. Distribution of six agro-ecological zones within 29 madda or madda groups in the southern rangelands.
Table B2. Per cent average basal cover for herbaceous (grass, legume and forte) and small shrub. vegetation on and off protected calf pastures (kalo) in the southern rangelands.
Table B3. Average per cent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by camels in the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.
Table B4. Average percent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by goats at the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.
Table B5. Average per cent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by sheep in the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.
Table B6. Summary of population trend, diet preference for livestock and abundance of browse species in the Beke Pond area of the southern rangelands.
Table B7. Scientific and vernacular name, growth form, importance value and traditional household uses of native plants in the southern rangelands.
Table B8. Occurrence of apparently encroaching woody species on the central Borana Plateau as recorded in a survey of 801 field sites in 1989.
Table B9. Principal grass and shrub forages for hand-reared and grazing calves curing dry seasons of average rainfall, dry and drought years in the southern rangelands as ranked by 32 Borana herd owners in 1988.

Table B1. Distribution of six agro-ecological zones within 29 madda or madda groups in the southern rangelands.¹

Madda	Agro-ecological zones
	Subhumid	Upper semi-arid	Lower semi-arid		Arid	Bottomlands2
			Basement complex soil	Mixed soils
Arbele	0	<1	4	56	40	0
Arero	41	43	4	0	0	12
Bidiru	0	0	0	84	8	8
Cheri Liche	0	37	0	35	28	0
Dibegayo	5	39	5	49	5	0
Did Hara	1	70	6	0	1	21
Did Yabelo	46	47	1	0	0	6
Dilo Goraye	<1	0	2	34	60	3
Dokole	38	10	10	42	0	0
Dubluk	<1	0	79	20	0	0
Elwaya	0	4	11	77	0	8
Gelchet	0	5	9	40	41	5
Gobso	22	6	16	50	3	3
Gololcha	52	11	12	16	9	0
Harwe-U/Deritu	20	6	23	46	3	1
Hidi Lola	0	65	10	20	0	4
Hobok	0	0	2	6	88	4
Kadim	0	0	1	23	76	0
Marmaro	0	8	0	87	<1	5
Medecho	0	14	54	19	2	11
Orbate Gedi	3	11	7	50	26	3
Orbate Oli	13	2	0	31	46	7
Roms/Mega	2	0	25	42	9	22
Saki/Megado	0	4	0	58	38	0
Sarite	5	7	0	32	15	41
Soda/lgo	0	7	72	3	1	17
Votalo	63	23	14	0	0	0
Web/Gayu/Melbana	0	25	54	0	<1	21

¹ See text for description of agro-ecological zones. See Figure 2.10 and Figure B1 for map details.

² Includes Vertisols.

Source: D. L. Coppock (ILCA, unpublished data based on results from Assefa Eshete et al (1986)).

Table B2. Per cent average basal cover for herbaceous (grass, legume and forte) and small shrub. vegetation on and off protected calf pastures (kalo) in the southern rangelands.¹

Local no.	Kalo	Per cent average basal cover
		Grass	Forbs	Legume	Total herbaceous	Shrub
1	Off	40.4	2.0	0.0	42.5	57.5
	On	56.1	0.0	3.2	59.3	40.2
2	Off	39.7	0.2	3.8	43.7	55.8
	On	50.9	0.4	4.5	55.8	43.7
3	Off	37.0	0.2	10.8	51.6	48.0
	On	35.0	2.1	9.8	20.5	46.9
4	Off	31.1	3.5	28.4	63.1	28.4
	On	50.2	0.4	3.3	45.7	53.8
5	Off	67.4	0.3	9.5	77.2	22.3
	On	69.6	1.0	19.4	90.5	9.5
6	Off	40.8	0.2	5.6	46.6	53.4
	On	65.5	0.2	0.3	66.5	33.4
7	Off	30.7	0.1	0.2	31.3	68.7
	On	64.8	0.0	0.9	65.7	34.3
8	Off	39.3	3.4	28.2	70.8	29.2
	On	29.5	6.7	16.9	53.6	46.4

¹ Where protected sites had been removed from continuous grazing pressure for at least seven years. Cover was determined using the method of Daubenmire (1959) with 60 plots/site.

Source: Menwyelet Atsedu (1990).

Table B3. Average per cent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by camels in the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.¹

Species	Season2
	Cool dry	Short rains	Warm dry	Long rains
Acacia brevispica	23±31	67±11	10±16	56±15
Rhus natalensis	32±5	10±10	3±10	4±14
Grewia tembensis	2±3	4±4	-	11±9
Commiphora africana	-	2±6	-	3±3
Acacia etbaica	-	3±6	-	3±2
Acacia tortilis	-	-	6±6	2±2
Cadaba farinosa	6±12	-	17±14	-
Dichrostachys cinerea	1±12	1+2	-	4±4
Ormocarpum mimosoides	1±2	-	-	1±1
Euclea shimperi	1±3	1±3	5±6	-
Balanties spp	-	1±12	17±9	-
Acacia seyal	-	-	1±2	2±1
Phyllanthus somalensis	4±8	-	-	-
Acacia nilotica	2±2	-	-	1±2
Acacia goetzii	4±5	-	-	-
Boscia angustifolia	-	3±3	4±5	-
Albizia amara	6±6	-	-	-
Acacia drepanolobium	3±3	4±4	-	-
Caucanthus auriculatus	1±2	-	-	2±4
Commiphora habessinica	-	-	-	2±2
Grewia bicolor	2±5	-	-	-
Vemonia cinerascens	-	-	-	4±5
Dahlbergia microphylla	-	-	-	2±2
Capparis tomentosa	5±11	-	-	-
Acacia bussed	-	-	-	2±4
Total per cent identified	93	96	63	99

¹ See text for methodological details.

² The cool dry season is from July to September, the short rains occur in October and November, the warm dry season is from December to March and the long rains occur in April to June.

Source: Woodward (1988).

Table B4. Average percent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by goats at the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.¹

Species	Season2
	Cool dry	Short rains	Warm dry	Long rains
Acacia brevispica	27±15	40±12	16±15	34±8
Rhus natalensis	19±5	12±9	12±5	4±5
Grewia tembensis	-	10±9	1±2	9±5
Commiphora africana	-	2±3	1±3	3±2
Acacia etbaica	5±9	4±6	3±4	9±8
Acacia tortilis (leaf)	-	-	3±6	3±2
Acacia tortilis (flower)	-	-	36±37	-
Cadaba farinosa	2±3	-	5±7	-
Dichrostachys cinerea	-	2±3	2±2	3±3
Ormocarpum mimosoides	-	3±7	-	9±7
Euclea shimperi	2±2	-	6±7	-
Balanites spp.	2±2	1±2	-	-
Acacia seyal	-	-	2±3	3±2
Phyllanthus somalensis	4±5	2±3	-	-
Acacia nilotica	-	-	-	2±3
Acacia goetzii	4±5	-	2±5	-
Boscia angustifolia	-	-	2±4	-
Albizia amara	2±3	-	-	-
Acacia drepanolobium	3±4	-	-	-
Caucanthus auriculatus	5±8	-	-	-
Commiphora habessinica	2±4	-	-	-
Grewia bicolor	6±8	-	-	-
Vemonia cinerascens	-	2±3	-	4±5
Lannea floccossa	-	-	7±15	1±3
Plectranthus ctilongipes	-	2±3	-	-
Total per cent identified	80	80	98	84

¹ See text for methodological details.

² The cool dry season is from July to September, the short rains occur in October and November, the warm dry season is from December to March and the long rains occur in April to June.

Source: Woodward (1988).

Table B5. Average per cent feeding time (±SE) spent on various browse species by sheep in the Beke Pond region of the southern rangelands during four seasons in 1985-86.¹

Species	Season2
	Cool dry	Short rains	Warm dry	Long rains
Acacia brevispica	14±13	11±13	5±10	34±21
Rhus natalensis	14±9	9±14	7±11	-
Grewia tembensis	-	6±11	1 ±4	11 ±7
Commiphora africana	-	2±3	-	4±9
Acacia etbaica	-	-	-	1±2
Acacia tortilis (leaf)	-	-	4±10	-
Acacia tortilis (flower)	-	-	58±45	-
Cadaba farinosa	3±7	-	-	-
Dichrostachys cinerea	-	6±9	2±2	43±7
Ormocarpum mimosoides	-	-	-	9±16
Euclea shimperi	-	-	1 ±4
Acacia seyal	-	1 ±2	-	1 ±3
Phyllanthus somalensis	1 ±3	-	1 ±3	2±2
Albizia amara	1 ±2	-	-	-
Acacia drepanolobium	3±2	-	-	-
Caucanthus auriculatus	4±7	-	-	-
Grewia bicolor	3±4	-	-	-
Vemonia cinerascens	-	-	2±5	-
Lannea floccossa	-	-	1±1	-
Dahlbergia microphylla	1±4	-	-	-
Cordia gharaf	-	-	3±3	-
Capparis tomentosa	-	11±15	-	-
Combretum moue	-	-	-	2±4
Total per cent identified	44	46	85	68

¹ See text for methodological details.

² The cool dry season is from July to September, the short rains occur in October and November, the warm dry season is from December to March and the long rains occur in April to June.

Source: Woodward (1988).

Table B6. Summary of population trend, diet preference for livestock and abundance of browse species in the Beke Pond area of the southern rangelands.¹

Plant species	Indicators
	Trend		Preference				Abundance
	Hill	Low	CD	SR	WD	LR	>10%V	>10%D
Acacia brevispica	S	-	N	S	S	S	X	X
Acacia drepanolobium	I	I	-	A	A	-	X
Acacia etbaica	I	-	N	N	N	N		X
Acacia tortilis	I	-	-	-	N	N		X
Albizia amara	-	I	A	A	-	-	X
Balanites spp	-	-	-	N	S	-		X
Cadaba farinosa	-	-	S	-	S	-		X
Capparis tomentosa	-	-	-	-	S	-		X
Commiphora africana	I	-	A	A	-	A	X
Dichrostachys cinerea	I	-	A	-	N	N		X
Euclea shimperi	-	I	A	A	N	-	X	X
Grewia bicolor	-	-	S	-	-	-		X
Grewia tembensis	I	I	N	N	-	S		X
Lannea floccossa	I	-	A	A	N	A	X
Ormocarpum mimosoides	-	-	-	N	-	N		X
Rhus natalensis	I	S	S	S	S	N		X

¹ Where trend is segregated according to hillsides (Hill) or flats and depressions (Low) and S indicates a stable population, I indicates increasing populaition (larger percentage of smaller individuals); - indicates very low abundance such that trend could not be determined. Preference according to season (where CD = cool dry; SR = short rains; WD = warm dry; and LR = long rains) and ranked as N (neutral; no preference), S (selected for), A (avoided) or - (insufficient data). Abundance categorised as relative occurence in vegetation (V; greater than 10% of cover) or occurrence in diet (D; greater than 10% of diet); × indicates species equalled or exceeded 10% in the respective category.

Source: Woodward (1988).

Table B7. Scientific and vernacular name¹, growth form, importance value and traditional household uses of native plants in the southern rangelands.

Scientific name	Vernacular name	Growth form2	Value3	Traditional utilisation
Acacia brevispica4	hamaresa	S	VI	Wood for construction (termite resistant); root extracts have medicinal value.
Acacia bussei4,5	halo	T	VI	Extracts for tanning, pigments; hard wood for fencing, firewood and utensils; indicator of onset of wet seasons by green flush; bark strips for rope and matting.
Acacia drepanolobium4	fulesa	T	-	Edible gum during drought.
Acacia elatior	-	T	I	Firewood; fencing.
Acacia etbaica	alkebesa	T	I	Firewood; fencing; shade tree
Acacia goetzei	bura	T	VI	Wood for fencing and incense; ceremonial and shade tree; bark extracts for red dyes; charcoal for fumigation of milk utensils and people (sauna).
Acacia mellifera	sapansa	T	I	Bark burned for fumigation; wood for fencing.
Acacia nilotica	burquqe	T	Vl	Firewood; fencing; bark extract for red dyes; pod extract for black dyes.
Acacia nubica	wanga	T	-	Bark extract has medicinal value (boiled for colds); bark tied around fence at encampment for disease prevention (spiritual belief).
Acacia reficiens4	sigirso	T	I	bark and cortex; wood for corral doors.
Acacia Senegal	hidado	T	VI	Gum Arabic; firewood; fencing.
Acacia seyal5	wachu	T	VI	Extracts for red pigments; bark extracts to make paint for wooden handicrafts; fencing; firewood; gum; root has medicinal value for camels.
Acacia tortilis	tedecha	T	VI	Shade tree; wood for axe handles.
Acacia tortilis	urbu	P	VI	Soup from boiled seeds and pods for people during drought.
Acacia fruticosa	diri-boranto	S	-	Ceremonial branches; construction wood for making weapons and traditional beds.
Albizia anthelmintica	wachu	S	-	Root extracts used for treatment of tape- worm and roundworm.
Aloe sp	hargessa	F	-	Pith chewed for snakebite cure; sap protects wounds; root extracts in milk as medicine for colds, flu; extracts for stomach ache, eye drops; when a son is born, a piece of Aloe will be placed on the top of the hut.
Alysicarpus sp	bobra	F	-	Edible roots.
Amaranthus hybridus	rafu	F	-	Edible leaves.
Asparagus	ergemsa	F	Vl	Root fibres for weaving milk containers; other ceremonial values
Balanites aegyptica5	badana okolo/luo	T	Vl	Leaves of new shoots chewed into paste for application for lesions; edible fruit; scent wood; gum; fumigation wood for milk containers; wood for utensils like butter whisk and butter spoons; construction wood firewood.
Boscia angustifolia	kalkacha	T	Vl	Carving wood for mortars and pestles for grinding grain and making coffee cups; twigs used as cleaning utensils.
Boscia coriacea	kalkacha	T	-	Carving wood; twigs used as cleaning utensils.
Boswellia hildebrantii	dakara	T	Vl	Bark extracts for medicines, paste and dyes; edible root; incense; good firewood.
Cadaba heterotrichaduse	duse	T	-	Shade tree.
Calotropis procera	boa	S	-	Ceremonial grave marker; medicinal sap; leaves used in milk processing.
Canthium bogosensis	laden	S	-	Edible fruit; incense; charcoal for fumigation of milk utensils and people (sauna); wood made into butter pots.
Canthium schimperianum	galle	S	-	Edible root and fruit; fibres for utensils, containers, binding and home construction
Canthium setiflorum	laden	S	-	Edible fruit; scent wood; fumigation wood.
Capparis tomentosa	gore gel	S	-	Fruit has medicinal value.
Carissa edulis	dagamsa	S	-	Edible fruit; spines for utensils and piercing ears; seed for dyes; medicine for toothaches.
Carissa schimperi	quararu	T	-	Cortex fibres for rope; edible fruit; bark extracts for emetics; firewood; poison sap for arrows from female fruit; male fruit is edible.
Carthamus tinctorius	boria	F	-	Medicinal sap for stomach problems.
Catha edulis	chati	S	-	Leaves chewed as a stimulant.
Caylusea abyssinica	erenchi	F	-	Edible leaves and stems.
Ceropegia sp	kakalla	S	-	Edible roots which contain water in dry seasons
Coleus ignarius	abune	S	-	Dried leaves chewed as a tobacco-like stimulant; root extracts have medicinal value for children.
Combretum molle	rukesa	T	Vl	Scent wood; shade tree
Commiphora africana4,5	hamessa	T	-	Live fencing; wood for utensils like coffee cup, camel bell, milk pots and bowls.
Commiphora campestis5	-	T	-	Wood for carving milk pots.
Commiphora crenulata4	siltacho	T	I	Leaves for fumigation; wood for incense and fencing; charcoal for fumigation of people (sauna); sticks rubbed together can make sparks to start a fire.
Commiphora fluviflora4	chalaka	T	I	Live fencing; sap used as soap; fibers to construct milk pots and coffee cups; spines are poisonous.
Commiphora paolii4,5	agarsu	T	Vl	Branches to line well paths; bark extracts have medicinal value to accelerate delivery of human after-birth, diluted bark extracts as tick repellent; edible fruit; carving wood to make camel bell; sap as glue for arrows; edible gum; extracts for camel skin disorders; wood for fencing; fibres for weaving milk containers.
Commiphora rivae4	agarsu	T	I	Live fencing; wood for utensils.
Cordia africana	kilta	T	Vl	Shade tree; edible fruit; wood for utensils; presence indicator of close water table; sticky gum for adhesive.
Cordia gharaf4	medera	S/T	Vl	Edible fruit important in drought; gum is chewed; wood for fencing; carving wood for ceremonial sticks.
Cordia ovalis5	medera	S/T	Vl	Carving wood; wood for sticks; edible fruit; wood for fencing.
Croton macrostachys	mekanisa	S	I	Extracts have medicinal value for venereal disease.
Cucumis sp	burate	F	-	Edible fruit.
Cyphostemma sp	chobi loni	F	-	Edible fruit and leaves; root extracts have medicinal value for cattle.
Datura stramonium	qobo/sunki	S	-	Extracts for poison; other extracts for wound healing.
Delonix baccal	balanji	T	Vl	Fencing; wood for utensils like pestle; firewood; shade tree.
Delonix elata5	sukela	T	Vl	Wood carved into mortars used for pounding grain, household containers, camel bells, coffee bowls and milk jugs; shade tree.
Dichrostachys cinerea	jirme	T	-	Firewood; fencing; carved into utensils such as pestles; seed extracts for black dyes; extracts have medicinal value.
Dobera glabra	gerse	T	Vl	Hard seed boiled for food; edible fruit; shade tree; wood for utensils such as stools; extracts have medicinal value.
Dombeya schimperania	darissa	T	-	Edible tuber.
Dracaena sp5	ergamsa	T	-	Root fibres woven into milk containers (gorfa).
Ehretia cymosa	ulaga	S	-	Bark strips for construction.
Endostemen tereticaulis	urgo	F	-	Branches used for sweeping; fumigation wood.
Entada sp	sokela	T	-	Wood carved into household utensils.
Erythrina melanacantha5	walensu	T	Vl	Wood carved into big stools, big milk jugs (amuyou), coffee cups, butter pot (dibe).
Euclea shimperi	miesa	S	I	Important ceremonial (Jila) plant, root extracts as medicine; edible fruit; wood for construction.
Euphorbia tirucalli	ano	Su	.	Live fencing; sap used to heal wounds
Euphorbia candelabrum	adama	T	Vl	Wood for troughs; sap for skin sores; wood beams used to split rocks for well construction.
Ficus glumosa	kilta	T	Vl	Edible fruit; sap produces salivation response.
Ficus sycomorus	ode	T	Vl	Edible fruit; wood for utensils; indicator of accessible water table; seed and root extracts have medicinal value for women after they have given birth.
Ficus thoningii	dembi	T	Vl	Ceremonial grave marker; edible fruit; indicator for high water table; bark extracts for red dyes.
Gardenia volkensii	gambeela	S	-	Wood used for carving utensils; edible fruit; shade tree.
Gnidia stenophylloides	arsa-arsita	F	-	Extract added to milk as medicine for stomach ailments.
Grewia tembensis	deeka	S	Vl	Edible fruit; branches used for arrows and construction.
Grewia tenax	deeka	S	Vl	Similar to Grewia tembensis.
Grewia bicolor	aroresa	S	Vl	Edible fruit; wood used for construction, spears and sticks; tea from boiled seeds; fibre for rope.
Grewia villosa	ogombi	S	Vl	Edible fruit; fibres used for weaving; edible root during drought.
Hibiscus micranthus	bungala	S	-	Edible fruit.
Indigofera suaveolens	agagaro	S	-	Twigs for toothbrush.
Ipomea sp	baate	S	-	Incense; fumigation charcoal for animal skins used for bedding.
Juniperus procera	hindesa	T	Vl	Trunks for urban house posts (termite resistant); incense; fencing; shade tree; firewood.
Lannea floccosa	handaraka	T	Vl	Edible fruit; wood carved into utensils; extracts as medicinal stomach anti-acid; ceremonial sticks.
Lantana vibumoides	midan dubera	S	-	Edible fruit.
Lawsonia inermis	elam	S	-	Extracts for hair dye.
Mariscus sp	qundi	-	-	Extracts for perfume used with butter for skin; scent wood; fibres for rope.
Maytenus senegalensis	jimma	T	-	Edible portions; extracts have medicinal value for eye infections.
Mimusops kummel	bururi	T	-	Edible fruit; shade tree.
Ocimum hadiense	urgo dada	S	I	Leaves added to butter to improve taste.
Ocimum suave	anchabi	S	-	Edible leaf extracts as a tobacco-like stimulant.
Olea africana	ejersa	T	-	Edible fruit;- bark strips for construction; fumigation wood; firewood; strong construction wood; shade tree; sticks have ceremonial value.
Oncoba spinosa	akoku	S	-	Edible fruit.
Ormocarpum mimosoides	butiye	S	I	Wood for fencing; extracts have medicinal value.
Pappea capensis	bike	T	-	Edible fruit; firewood; shade tree.
Pennisetum mezianum	ogondo	G	-	Used for thatching roofs of huts.
Phyllanthus sepialis	diri-werses	S	-	Bark strips for fencing and bed construction; fibres for construction and weaving water containers.
Phyllanthus somalensis	diri-wersesa	S	I	Similar to Phylanthus sepialis.
Pittosporum viridifolium	sole	-	-	Leaf extracts have medicinal value for toothache.
Plectranthus sp	baranbaressa	S	I	Twig extracts have medicinal value for punctures and cuts.
Premna resinosa	tateesa	S	-	Edible fruit; fumigation wood.
Rhus natalensis	debobesa	S	I	Edible fruit; Extracts have medicinal value.
Ricinus communis	qobbo	S	-	Seed extracts have medicinal value for venereal disease.
Salvadora persica	ade	T	-	Twigs for toothbrush; extracts have medicinal value; fault fermented for local alcoholic beverage.
Sansevieria abyssinica5	alge/chake	Su	Vl	Sisal - like fibres woven into roofing mats for Gabra huts; bark strips for construction; source of water in dry seasons.
Sansevieria robusta5	alge/chake	Su	-	Similar to Sanseviera abyssinica.
Securinega virosa	damela	S	-	Edible fruit; wood carved into containers.
Solanum somalense	hidi gage	S	-	Seed and root extracts have medicinal value.
Sterculia rhynchocarfa	qarare	T	Vl	Edible fruit; fibres for woven containers; bark straps for well-ladder construction.
Tagetes minute	sunki	F	-	Exotic poisonous weed in cultivated fields. Extracts can heal camel wounds.
Talinum portulacifolium	tuma	S	-	Root extracts have medicinal value for colds and for livestock.
Tamarindus indica	rokha	T	Vl	Edible fruit; fruit; extracts as a cleanser and laxative; wood carved for utensils; extracts have medicinal value for women after birth.
Terminalia brownii	biresa	T	Vl	Incense; fumigation wood; bark extracts for yellow dyes; wood carved into pestles; bark extracts for medicine; shade tree.
Terminalia orbicularis	bissiqa-i	T	-	Wood burned to fumigate utensils; edible root (tuber).
Veronia amygdalina	ebicha	S	-	Pith used as soap; flowers source of carbohydrate for honey production.
Vigna vexillata	singo	F	-	Edible wild "onion" important in drought; extracts for medicine to cure foot-and-mouth disease in livestock.
Vigna sp	chame	F	-	Edible root.
Ximenia americana	huda	S/T	-	Edible.
Zaleya pentandra	arado	F	-	Edible leaves; medicine for calves and sheep to kill worms in nasal cavities.
Ziziphus mauritiana	kukura	T	-	Edible fruit; shade tree.

¹ Borana Oromigna.

² Where growth form is indicated as S (multi-stemmed shrub), T (single-stemmed tree), P (pods or dry. dehiscent fruits), F (herbaceous forte or dicot), and Su (succulent).

³ Where value is categorised as VI (very important) or I (important) according to Borana informants. Blanks suggest moderate or minor importance. Values are scored for use by people. Use by livestock as forage is reviewed in Section 3.3.5.1: Livestock food habits.

⁴ Considered as an encroaching species in the rangelands.

⁵ Economic value for handicrafts.

Source: Wilding (1984) and Tesfaye Wogayehu (CARE-Ethiopia, unpublished data).

Table B8. Occurrence of apparently encroaching woody species on the central Borana Plateau as recorded in a survey of 801 field sites in 1989.¹

Species	Number of observations	Frequency (%)
Commiphora spp	99	30.7
Acacia brevispica	63	19.5
Acacia nubica	29	9
Acacia nilotica	23	7.1
Acacia drepanolobium	18	5.6
Acacia seyal	17	5.3
Acacia horrida	17	5.3
Dicrostachyus cinera	15	4.6
Acacia mellifera	14	4.3
Lannea spp	10	3.1
Acacia bussed	8	2.5
Boswellia sp	5	1.5
Aspelia sp	5	1.5
Total	323	100

¹ This list omits A. horrida which is an encroaching species on the western side of the study area (Solomon Kebede, 1989) and A. reficiens which occurs in more arid locations (Pratt, 1987a). It also omits Albizia amara which is regarded as an encroacher in wetter locations (Michel Corra, ILCA, personal communication).

Source: Hacker (1990).

Table B9. Principal grass and shrub forages for hand-reared and grazing calves curing dry seasons of average rainfall, dry and drought years in the southern rangelands as ranked by 32 Borana herd owners in 1988.¹

Species names			Seasons2
Vemacular3		Scientific	WDA	WDD	WDDR	CDA	CDD	CDDR
Grasses
	- ogondo	Pennisetum spp	2.53w	1.97w	1.9w	2.37w	1.71w	2.23w
	- alelo	Chrysopogon sp	4.13x	5.98x	6.18x	4.34x	6.03x	6.15xy
	- metagudessa	Cenchrus ciliaris	5.16xy	6.34y	-	6.34wx	6.35x	6.5yz
	- hido	Cynodon sp	5.94xy	5.95xy	6.18x	6.34xy	6.29x	6.15xy
Shrubs
	- bike	Pappea capensis	-	-	6.21xy	-	-	6.18xy
	- ogomdi	Grewia spp	-	-	6.34xy	-	-	6.31yz

¹ Herd owners were asked to rank forages from most important (1) to least important (6) for various dry seasons. Entries in each column accompanied by the same letter (w, x, y, z) were not ranked significantly different (P>0.05) according to Friedman's test (Steel and Torrie, 1980).

² Where WDA = warm dry season (December to March) of a year having average rainfall; WDD = warm dry season of a lower-than-average rainfall year; WDDR = long dry season of a drought year; CDA = cool dry season (October to November) of a year having average rainfall; CDD = cool dry season of a dry year; and CDDR = cool dry season of a drought year.

³ Borana Oromigna.

Source: Menwyelet Atsedu (1990).

Figure B1. Ecological map of the south-western Borana Plateau. - Source: Assefa Eshete et al (1986). - See Annex C for the accompanying legen. - See fold-out map.

Figure B2a. Aerial extent of stands of Acacia drepanolobium in the north of the study area on the central Borana - Source: Tamene Yigezu (TLDP/ILCA postgraduate researcher, unpublished data).

Figure B2b. Aerial extent of stands of Acacia drepanolobium in the east of the study area on the central Borana Plateau. - Source: Tamene Yigezu (TLDP/ILCA postgraduate researcher, unpublished data).