Use of INFIC nomenclature on crop residues and byproducts produced in Kenya

H. Kayongo-Male and Abdullah N. Said
Department of Animal Production, University of Nairobi,
P O Box 62084, Nairobi, Kenya
Jackson A. Kategile
IDRC
P O Box 62084, Nairobi, Kenya

Introduction
Methodology
Discussion
References
Appendix I

Introduction

The accelerated increase in human population in many developing countries and especially in Kenya (currently estimated at 3.9% per annum) has created a high pressure on agricultural land. In many cases land that is set aside for livestock production is getting smaller. For example, it is estimated that the per capita land availability in high and medium potential areas of Kenya is currently 0.51 hectares, in comparison with 0.64 hectares in 1979 (Said, 1980). Unfavourable land-to-human and land-to-animal ratios call for changes in livestock feeding systems. One such development has been the use of crop residues and byproducts for animal feeding - the mandate of the African Research Network for Agricultural Byproducts (ARNAB) and the theme of this workshop.

Agro-industrial byproducts have been used-as livestock feeds since time immemorial. However, scientific studies on systematic utilization of such products started only at the turn of this century. Since then work has concentrated on the quantification and utilization by livestock of the available agricultural byproducts (Owen, 1976; Jackson, 1978; Kategile, 1981; Kategile et al, 1981; Said, 1982; Kayongo-Male and Kategile, 1984). One of the problems existing between various countries and researchers is the use of different local names in describing crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts. For example, maize bran and germ meal produced in rural areas by a pestle and mortar is called madeya in Malawi, pumba in Tanzania and wishwa on the Kenyan coast.

It is our contention that there is a need for the developing countries to describe feed crop residues and byproducts in such a manner that they will be understood internationally, in line with the International Systems for describing and naming feeds given by Harris et al (1980). In North America, such a need was realized and cooperating International Network of Feed Information Centers (INFIC) were established. The network assigns internationally acceptable names and numbers to some of the feedstuffs which are used for reference by research workers in different parts of the world. This paper discusses a study undertaken to identify and assign INFIC names and numbers to some of the common agro-industrial byproducts produced in Kenya.

Methodology

Materials

The crop residues and byproducts used were divided into two categories: farm crop residues and industrial byproducts. The main farm crop residues included were cereal straws of wheat, barley, oats, rice, the stovers of maize and sorghum and the haulms of beans, peas and groundnuts. Also included in this category were sweet potato vines, sugar-cane tops and banana stems, leaves and peelings.

The industrial byproducts included major groups such as the wastes of sisal, coffee, pineapple and sugar-cane, rice polishings, brans of cereal grains, cakes from oil seeds and nuts, brewers' wastes and-pyrethrum marc. There were also some home extracted wastes such as chicha from coconut and wishwa (maize bran and germ meal).

Sampling and chemical analyses

Samples were collected from different parts of Kenya using the techniques for inventory as given by Kayongo-Male and Kategile (1984). For each sample, careful field notes were taken which included location, origin, physical description (part of the plant, stage of maturity, structure, texture, etc.) and processing technique. The samples were then analysed for moisture, ash, crude protein and fibre content according to AOAC (1980) to facilitate identification and assignment to the INFIC system.

Assignment of INFIC nomenclature

Assignment was based on the International Feed Description outlined by Harris et al (1980). The methodology stresses the importance of considering the six facets described in detail in the INFIC publication quoted. Briefly, the facets used are:

Facet 1 - Original material or origin (plant, animal, other basic material);
Facet 2 - Parts of the material used as feed as affected by processes;
Facet 3 - Processes or treatments to which the material has been subjected;
Facet 4 - Stage of maturity;
Facet 5 - Cutting or crop (for plants only);
Facet 6 - Grade (quality) for those feeds that do not fall within the descriptors describable in facets 1 to 5. For this facet descriptors used are expressed in terms of "more than" (minimum), "less than" (maximum) and "from to" of designated contents of crude fibre, protein, fat, etc.

Assignment of the INFIC international number was adopted from the INFIC tables which take into consideration the eight feed classes given by Harris et al (1980).

Results of the study

For some of the samples, the physical descriptors using facets 1 to 5 were sufficient to enable the assignment of the INFIC description and numbers. These samples are given in Tables 1a, 1b, and 1c.

Table 1a. Samples assigned INFIC descriptions and numbers using physical descriptors only (Facets 1-5).

Name and species	International feed number	International feed description	Local name
Banana
Musa spp.	2-12-851	Stems, fresh	Banana stems
	2-09-902	Leaves, fresh	Banana leaves
	4-26-158	Peelings, fresh	Banana peelings
Barley
Hordeum vulgare	1-00-492	Aerial part, sun-cured, mature	Barley straw
	4-00-521	Chaff and/or dust	Barley cleanings
	4-25-407	Brewer's solubles, wet	Brewer's yeast
Beans
Phaseolus vulgaris	1-00-598	Straw	Bean haulms
Coffee
Coffea arabica	1-13-456	Fruit without seeds, sun-dried	Coffee pulp
Cowpea
Vigna unguiculata	1-01-646	Aerial part without seeds, sun-dried	Cowpea haulms
Cassava
Manihot esculenta	2-29-060	Browse, fresh	Cassava top vines.
	4-11-491	Peelings, fresh	Cassava peelings
Cashew nut
Anacardium occidentale	4-26-857	Kernels with coats grade inferior	Cashew nut chips
Coconut
Cocos nucifera	5-30-143	Kernels with coats oil residue, mechanical extracted, caked	Coconut cake/copra

Table 1b. Samples assigned INFIC descriptions and numbers using physical descriptors only (Facets 1-5).

Name and species	International feed number	International feed description	Local name
Groundnut
Arachis hypogaea	1-03-623	Aerial part, sun-cured, mature	Groundnut haulms
	5-03-648	Seeds without coats oil residue
Maize
Zea mays	4-02-841	Bran	Maize bran
	5-13-768	Bran with germs	Maize bran with germ (wishwa)
	1-08-390	Aerial part, sun-cured, weather damaged	Maize stover
	5-02-896	Germs	Maize germ meal
	1-02-780	Cobs, dehydrated, coarse ground	Maize cobs
	4-09-754	Chaff and/or dust	Maize waste
	5-14-649	Brewer's grain, dehydrated	Maize cleanings
Oats
Avena sativa	1-03-305	Chaff	Oat cleanings
	1-03-285	Straw	Oat straw
Pigeon pea
Cajanus cajan	2-13-914	Aerial part, fresh, mature	Pigeon pea vines
Pineapple
Ananas comosus	3-26-968	Process residue, wet	Pineapple waste
Rape seed
Brassica napus	5-15-410	Seeds, oil residues, solvent extracted	Rapeseed meal
Rice
Oryza sativa	1-12-328	Aerial part, without heads, sun-cured, mature	Rice straw
Sorghum
Sorghum bicolor	1-11-596	Bran	Sorghum bran
	1-0-302	Aerial part without heads and sun-cured	Sorghum stover

Table 1c. Samples assigned INFIC descriptions and numbers using physical descriptors only (Facets 1-5).

Name and species	International feed number	International feed description	Local name
Soybean
Glycine max	5-04-600	Seeds oil residue, mechanical extracted, ground	Soybean meal
Sugar-cane
Saccarum officinarum	2-04-692	Top aerial part with leaves, fresh	Sugar-cane tops
	4-14-454	Molasses, condensed	Molasses
	1-04-689	Bagasse, dehydrated or sun-cured	Bagasse
Sunflower
Helianthus spp.	1-24-573	Seed heads without seeds, sun-cured	Sunflower heads
	5-30-146	Seeds without hulls, oil residue, mechanical extracted, caked	Sunflower cake
Sweet potato
Ipomea batatas	2-10-522	Aerial part, fresh, mature	Potato vines
	4-10-515	Peelings, fresh	Potato peelings
Wheat
Triticum aestivum	4-05-190	Bran, dry milled	Wheat bran
	1-20-823	Aerial part, sun-cured, dough stage	Wheat straw
	1-23-823	Chaff and/or dust	Wheat cleanings

Table 2 lists the samples whose assignment to INFIC nomenclature was based on both the physical descriptions (facets 1 to 5) and also chemical descriptions (facet 6) such as moisture, crude protein, crude fibre and ash content.

Table 3 lists those samples that do not exist in the INFIC data bank but were described using INFIC guidelines, style and country names. Descriptions of their physical forms have been included. If a byproduct is not exactly described in the INFIC data bank write to INFIC Type I member (see Appendix 1) providing the description and the descriptors of the feedstuffs and their chemical compositions.

Table 2. Samples assigned INFIC descriptors and numbers using physical and chemical descriptors (Facets 1-6).

Name and species	International feed number	International feed description	Local name
Cotton
Gossypium spp.	5-10-623	Seed oil residue, mechanical extracted, caked, 36% protein	Cottonseed cake
Rice
Oryza sativa	4-26-201	Bran, more than 12% fibre	Rice bran
Wheat
Triticum aestivum	4-05-205	Flour byproduct less than 9.5% fibre	Wheat middlings
	4-06-753	Flour byproduct less than 15% fibre	Wheat pollard

Table 3. Samples not in the INFIC data bank.

Name and species	Description	Local name
Coconut
Cocos nucifera	Kernels without coats, oil residue, physical extracted, fresh	Coconut chicha
Finer millet
Eleusine coracana	Aerial part without heads and sun-cured	Millet stover
	Bran	Millet bran
Lupine
Lupinus spp.	Seeds without coats, oil residue, mechanical extracted, ground	Lupine seed meal
Pyrethrum
Chrysanthemum cinerariae folium	Flowers, dry, ground, solvent extracted for pyrethrin	Pyrethrum marc
Sisal
Agave cisalana	Leaves, mature sisal, fibre, mechanical extracted	Sisal waste
Sunflower
Helianthus spp.	Chaff and/or dust	Sunflower waste

Discussion

The results given in Tables 1, 2 and 3 cover a small fraction of the number of crop residues and industrial byproducts that are available within the regions in which some of the ARNAB participants work. It is conceivable that in some cases

different scientists may be working on similar or very similar feeds but using different country names. An example has been given in this paper of a byproduct used in Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya under three different names. Harris et al (1980) advocates an international system for describing and naming feeds in order to describe and define them in concise, understandable terms for technical communication within and between various languages. There will also be the advantages of enhancing communication of information on feed composition and quality in national and international trade, and the adaptation of feed information to a coding system compatible with computer software.

It is apparent from Tables 1 and 2 that, in general, facets 1 to 5 were enough to describe the crop residues studied and that for processed agricultural byproducts facet 6 is necessary. There were, however, some "grey areas" in using the INFIC system which need some care. Situations where a percent figure given for a particular nutrient matches but other percent nutrients are different, pose a problem in adopting the INFIC system. Descriptions which are not absolutely specific may pose some problems, for example, when descriptors "green" or "brittle" are used it becomes difficult to describe the shades of "green" or the degree of "brittleness". However, in spite of these shortcomings, the INFIC system remains appealing for its many advantages and this paper advocates consideration for its adoptation by ARNAB workers and in ARNAB newsletters.

References

Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1980. Official methods of analysis. AOAC, Washington DC.

Harris L E, Jager F. Leche T F. Mayr H. Neese U and Kearl L C, 1981. International feed descriptions, international feed names and country feed names. International Network of Feed Information Centers, Publication 5. Prepared on behalf of INFIC by the International Feedstuffs Institute, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.

Jackson M G. 1978. Treating straws for animal feeding. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 10.

Kategile J A, 1981. Agricultural by-products as livestock feeds: Tanzania's experience. In: Crop residues and Agro-industrial by-products in animal feeding. Proceedings of the FAO/ILCA workshop, Dakar, Senegal. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No 32: 101-106.

Kayongo-Male H and Kategile J A, 1984. Quantification of agricultural by-products commonly used in animal feeding. ARNAB meeting, ILCA, Addis Ababa, March 1984.

Owen E, 1976. The efficiency of human food chains and nutrient cycles. In: A N Duckham, J G W Jones and E H Roberts (Eds), Food production and consumption. Amsterdam.

Said A N. 1980. Review of animal production within the small scale farms in the West Kano plains, Lower Nozoia and Upper Nozoia. Ministry of Agriculture, Kenya Documentation Centre, Mimeograph No 40442.

Said A N. Sundstol F. Tubei S K, Musimba N K R and Ndegwa F C, 1982. Use of by-products for ruminant feeding in Kenya. In: Proceedings of a workshop on by-product utilization for animal production, Nairobi, 26-30 September 1982. Bibliography index ISBN 0-86936-365-X IDRC 206e. on. 60-70.

Appendix I

INFIC Type 1 members
Australian Feeds Information Centre
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)
P. O. Box 239
Sydney, N. S. W. 2148
Australia
Director: Dr T F Leche

Dokumentationsstelle der Universitaet Hohenheim
Paracelsusstrasse 2
Postfach 70 05 62
7000 Stuttgart 70
Federal Republic of Germany
Director: Dr H Haendler

International Feedstuffs Institute (IFI)
Utah State University UMC 46
Utah 84322
U.S.A.
Director: Dr Lorin E Harris