 |
Trees outside forestsTowards a better awareness |
FAO
|
|
Trees outside forestsTowards a better awareness |
FAO
|
Ronald Bellefontaine
Sandrine Petit
Michelle Pain-Orcet
Philippe Deleporte
Jean-Guy Bertault
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
ISBN 92-5-104656-5
All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing and Multimedia Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected]
© FAO 2002
List of abbreviations and acronyms
PART ONE
Trees outside forests, a key factor in integrated urban and rural management
Definition, interests and scope of the concept
Mounting interest in Trees outside forests
Relevant domains and disciplines
Functions and significance for development
A multi-purpose, multi-use resource
Trees outside forests: the under-counted economic benefits
The dynamics of Trees outside forests
Policy and legislation on forest and agricultural land
Tree ownership and resource access
Establishing rights and land security
Appropriation and local usages
Traditional and local practices and lore
Cultural and religious representations
Local rationale or the technical option, can they be compatible?
Peasant practices and economic constraints: dysfunction or balance?
Town and country: clash or fusion of ecological imperatives?
Support and promotion strategies
Major international conventions and initiatives
Innovative approaches and legislative renewal
Conceivable orientations and actions
Trees outside forests and production systems
Agroforests: a forest-oriented agricultural strategy?
Coffee plantations: reconciling ecological and economic imperatives?
Linear tree systems: strategic components of integrated land management
Assessment: challenges and objectives
Assessment or inventory of Trees outside forests: bibliographical review
Classification of Trees outside forests and major types of assessments
Assessment: methods and arrangements
Sociocultural and economic approach
Reviewing patterns of change at different times and places
PART TWO
Trees outside forests, transmitting a universal lore
Trees Outside Forests: Costa Rica
Trees outside forests: Morocco
Trees outside forests: Namibia
Annex I: Forest Resource Assessment Definitions (FAO)
LIST OF BOXES
1. Diversity of definitions of forest
2. Definition of Trees outside forests
3. Examples of ambiguities in the definition of Trees outside forests
4. The many facets of Trees outside forests: an overview
5. Selection of local or exotic species
6.Diversity of rônier products
7. Pharmaceutical products from trees
8.Trees outside forests: fuelwood production
9. Agroforestry systems and fuelwood production
10. Cameroon: the trade in non-wood forest products
11. Fruit production in home or village gardens
12. Trees outside forests as a source of livestock feed
13. Gum arabic: a valuable product of Trees outside forests
14. Some environmental contributions of trees outside forested areas
15. Soil protection and water conservation
16. Home gardens and biological diversity
17. Tree-planting to better the urban climate
18. Decline of world forest resources
19. Dynamics of tree advance on farmlands in Nepal
20. Transferring rights to users
21. Legislation concerning urban trees
22. Land insecurity and land markets.
24. Traditional rules of tree and shrub management
25. Improved pruning techniques for fodder trees
26. Local terms which combine plant uses, morphology and properties
27. Shedding light on local lore
28. Social ubiquity of the date palm among the Toubou
29. Indifference to corridor cropping
31. Ecosystem maintenance and slash-and-burn practices
32. Relations between farmers, woodcutters and foresters
33. Ignorance of customs and usages can lead to conflict
34. Labels and eco-certification
35. Agroforestry reconstruction: the example of dammar
36. Coffee production and farm size
37. Shade trees and coffee production
38. Windbreaks and higher yields
39. Riparian buffers as water purification systems
40. Wood and crop productivity in connection with tree rows
42. Windbreaks in the Maggia Valley in Niger
43. Definition of the term `classification'
44. Inventory of village forests in Bangladesh
45. Kenyan woody biomass inventory
46. Inventory of urban trees in Hong Kong
47. The three levels of assessment
48. From forest inventory to the inventory of trees outside forests
49. Assessment methods for non-wood forest products
LIST OF TABLES
1. Country classification by forest cover according to the national definition
2. Trees outside forests, source of a wide range of non-wood products
3. Selected permanent crop sectors: summary (1996 data)
4. Farming systems and coffee farm size in Mexico and Central America
5. Findings of the bibliometric review of 32 selected articles.
6. Quantitative reviews of wood and non-wood products
7. The major challenges by territorial scale
8. Parameter categories by speed and type of results
9. Comparison of forest cover in 1967 and 1977
10. Data summary from the inventory on pasture in Cañas, Guanacaste
11. Extent of linear formations
12. Length of hedgerows by presence of embankments or low walls, and ditches or streams
13. Wood resources: current trends and prospects (`000 ha)
14. National woody biomass inventory, current trends and prospects (productivity in m3/ha.
15. Average per hectare volume and area by diameter class
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Classification of land above water and water
2. Classification of wooded lands (FAO, 1998b).
3. Preliminary classification of Trees outside forests
5. General situation of the Department of Mayenne. The forest regions:
6. Evolving efficiency as a function of plot size. Efficiency. Area of plots.
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Dune Stabilization and crop protection
2. Microafforestation and rural hedgerows near Saint-Floret, France.
3. Trees outside forests or thurifera broom forest?
4. Dune stabilization with Prosopis spp and Leptadenia pyrotechnica in Mauritania.
5. Faidherbia albida agroforestry parkland near Ségou, Mali.
6. Bunds planted with Leucaena leucephala in Cape Verde.
8. Faidherbia albida agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso .
9. Fulani camp in a Balanites aegyptiaca agroforestry parkland in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso
10. Pollarded tree in Puy-de-Dôme, France.
11. Bicycle transport of cailcédrat tree fodder to feed home-reared sheep in Bamako, Mali.
12. Rill erosion and the role of Trees outside forests in Togo.
13. Mountain landscape in south-western China.
16. Agricultural fronts, deforestation and "orphan" trees (Rwegura, Burundi) - © R. Bellefontaine
17. Degraded forest in the mid-altitude range in the Himalayas in Pakistan.
19. Pinus merkusii invades a clearing in Cambodia
20. Integration of walnut trees (Juglans regia) in an arid ecosystem. The Imlit Valley in Morocco.
21. Wood products from poplar windbreaks add to farmer incomes in Ksar el Kébir, Morocco.
22. Tree left standing as a boundary marker at the edge of a rapeseed field in France.
23. Harvesting fodder by drastic pruning of Faidherbia albida in Burkina Faso.
24. Spontaneous natural regeneration by rooting in the dry tropics. Niger.
25. The practice of stumped pollarding in Arles, France
26. Sacred woods and single trees in northern Côte d'Ivoire.
28. Sheanut and néré agroforestry parkland in northern Côte d'Ivoire.
29. Terrace cropping in the Byumba region, Rwanda, with banana and scattered trees in concessions.
30. Hedgerow promotion policy (Calliandra calothyrsus) in the island of la Réunion.
31. Land management and the maintenance of trees, hedgerows and micro-woodlots in rural France.
32 Simplified land management and contractually co-managed ecosystems (Tiger-bush in Niger
33. The production of labelling walnuts grown on pasture is encouraged. Belley, southern Jura.
34. Multi-purpose riparian buffers in Tanzania
35. Growing coffee under shade. Costa Rica
36. Bocage landscape in the Belgian Ardennes near Francorchamps
37. Riparian buffer tree system in the Alagnon Valley of Auvergne, France.
38. Olive grove protected by a cypress windbreak in Volubilis, Morocco.
39. Problems estimating the biomass of thorn trees (Prosopis spp) in Cape Verde
40. Small oasis near Zer-el-ghibli, Mauritania .
42. The potential of standing Prosopis juliflora in Cape Verde is hard to estimate. .
43. Inventory in Mali: Burkea africana
45. Botanical garden in Burundi (Araucaria bidwilli).
47. Woodlot within a barley field
48. Growing coffee under shade. Costa Rica
49. Pruned tree in Auvergne, France
50. Trees lining rural roads are also under threat from agricultural intensification in France.
52. Hedgerows criss-cross a mountain farming district in India .
53. Microreforestation with Eucalyptus.
54. Single trees scattered throughout fields.
55. Growing millet on a sheanut (Vitellaria paradoxa) agroforestry parkland in Mali.
57. Date-palm grove in The Todra Valley, Morocco.