In the Colombian Andes, agricultural specialization has increased smallholder vulnerability to climate change and market fluctuations, impacting socio-economic and environmental stability. Sustainable agriculture in this region requires a comprehensive understanding of complex agroecosystems. This study assessed the challenges and opportunities for agroecological transitions in small-scale farms in Guachetá using the TAPE (Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation) framework. Ten elements of agroecology and key performance criteria were analyzed across a sample of farms, complemented by interviews with key stakeholders to contextualize findings.

The study revealed that drier climates and erratic rainfall are significant challenges for local production systems. Additional barriers include limited participation in land governance, decreased interest in farming among younger generations, and restricted market access. Farms focused on dairy and potato production showed reduced biodiversity and high dependency on agrochemicals, leading to weaker ecological synergies and lower economic returns.

To address these challenges, the adoption of agroecological practices such as crop diversification, income diversification, and collective action in agricultural development could enhance resilience and sustainability in Guachetá.