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Book (stand-alone)Country Study on Status of Land Tenure, Planning and Management in Oriental Near East Countries
Case of Egypt
2012Also available in:
No results found.The share of agriculture in the GDP declined from 16 percent in the 1990s to almost 14 percent in 2010. Meanwhile, those employed in agriculture as a percent of total labor force is declining since 1960 to 2006. Despite losing labor and share of the GDP, agriculture is, and will continue to be, among the major economic activities in Egypt, and a generator for economic growth. The balance between agriculture and other productive sectors of the economy require proper spatial and land use planning. Land tenure is central to this planning exercise. Land property right is the result of common factors, such as occupation and religion i.e. Islam, and agro-climatic conditions. Land property rights are multiple and complex. They are inherited from pre-Islamic rules (Orf), Islamic (Sharia) and colonial as well as post-colonial legislation. All these rules are co-existed. There are number of land status (regimes) such as private ownership (melk), collective land (waqf). Also there is a dichotomy (rural-urban).Land policy formulation and management in Egypt have been transforming in close association with institutional transformations. Since the Ottomans, to Mohamed Ali, to the Nasser‟s regime, and ending by the Mubarak administration, each period of time had its dogma and accordingly its land tenure systems. Today, Egypt has investment opportunities map till 2017 that defines land uses for the overall development. Today there are number of institutions responsible for planning the uses of this land and the mechanism to transfer the ownership of this land.The land question can be framed in the current status of dwarf and fragmented holdings. This is the result of complicated procedures to secure property right, inheritance, and increased prices and/or rents per unit of land used for agricultural or non-agricultural uses. Consequences include persisted rural poverty, violent disputes as a result of increased population densities and informality. The impacts are a multitude of ec onomic inefficiency and idle land markets.Laws and regulations that govern land markets come in ten sets of groups. Islamic, customary and civic laws co-exist next to each other. The institutional framework that governs land markets need serious transformations including, but not limited to, redefining the mission and mandate of public bodies responsible for land distribution and sectoral development, and adopting principles of good governance.For perfectly competitive land markets, there is a n eed for updated cadastral and registry of land by which each parcel of land has a national identification number. The registry has to include specification of each parcel, information concerning the owner(s), sub-divisions, etc. Aside of these corrective and preventive measures, there is a need for a wide range of supportive measures. Educating and enlightening the public with their rights and means to access land is essential for perfectly competitive markets. Applying taxes on wind-fall gains is another measure to control freezing savings and money in the form of land and vacant dwellings. Also levying an annual tax on unused land and closed dwellings is prone to divert money needed for investment away and curb the tendency to speculative practices. This recommendation is in line with Islamic Shariya where the owners of utilized assets, in the form of land, gold, real estate, etc. have to pay 2.5 percent of its assessed value in the form of zakat. This recommendation will free frozen assets, and will avail money for investment that can generate employment opportunities. -
Book (stand-alone)Guidelines on strengthening gender equality in land registration – Southeast Europe 2021 2021
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The present Guidelines form part of a joint effort by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) to help countries achieve indicator 5.a.2 of Target 5.a in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations in 2015. Target 5.a is to “Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources in accordance with national laws” and is measured by two indicators:- Indicator 5.a.1: (a) Percentage of people with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land (out of total agricultural population), by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure.
- Indicator 5.a.2: Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control.
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ArticleThe making of resource frontier spaces in the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia: A critical analysis of narratives, actors and drivers in the scientific literature
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Forest frontiers are rapidly changing to production of commodity agriculture throughout the tropics, with far-reaching transformations in landscapes and livelihoods. Diverse land uses in frontiers – often mixed swidden cultivation systems and forest mosaics under forms of customary tenure –generate multiple ecosystem services, support local societies, and are being lost with increasingly high costs. Many of the dynamics that drive frontier commoditization are well-rehearsed. Policies to deregulate markets, privatize land tenure, improve connectivity and open borders to trade have stimulated resource exploitation. The accompanying territorial interventions such as new enclosures, property regimes and claims are purposefully employed to create space and labor, and have radically reconfigured the relationships of millions of people to land and rule. Within these politico-economic landscapes, local people navigate and execute agency to pursue their own development aspirations. Narratives of what is an opportunity for whom, who should benefit from these spaces, and what is a problem in need for a solution have shaped these policies and practices over time. They are also employed to legitimize development choices in frontiers. Science plays a critical role in these processes, by putting forward (and discarding) particular knowledge and understandings, contributing to problematisations and suggesting new solutions. In this paper, we ask how science has portrayed forest frontiers in the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia over time. Specifically, we analyse the storylines put forward in the scientific literature and how these have contributed to the creation of spaces for resource frontiers of the colonial and post-colonial state. Which actors have what roles in the frontiers, and how are processes of territorialization justified or challenged? This analysis allows for a deeper understanding of how commodification of frontiers came about, and what role science plays within. Keywords: Forest frontiers, narratives, territorialization, Congo Basin, Southeast Asia ID: 3488085
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