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DocumentWage Inequality in International Perspective: Effects of Location, Sector, and Gender 2009
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No results found.This paper uses the well-known Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique to understand the determinants of wage-gaps between men and women, between urban and rural workers, and between those employed in the rural agricultural versus the rural non-agricultural sectors, for the 14 developing and transition economies in the RIGA-L dataset. The unexplained male-female wage gaps (i.e. the gaps that remain after controlling for a host of observable characteristics of the job and the worker) provide esti mates of labor market discrimination against women that are consistent with prior estimates from other countries, and are generally similar in rural and urban areas. We argue that countries with large unexplained urban-rural gaps, such Tajikistan and Malawi, are those in which rural to urban migration is likely to persist even in face of high urban unemployment rates. Furthermore, we find that large unexplained wage gaps in favor of non-farm employment, versus paid labor in farming, exist in T ajikistan (53%), Ecuador (44%), Nepal (36%), Nicaragua (32%), and Nigeria (30%); these would then appear to be the countries for which a shift of existing workers, with their current attributes, from the farm to the non-farm sector would have the largest impact on rural incomes. -
Book (stand-alone)Levelling the farm fields: A cross-country study of the determinants of gender-based yield gaps
Background paper for The status of women in agrifood systems
2024Also available in:
No results found.The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–11 brought to global attention the problem of female farmers lagging in terms of agricultural productivity compared with male farmers. This study returns to the question of gender-based differences in farm productivity, decomposing differences in farm yields between males and females. We identify one part of the gap explained by differences in attributes and access to productive assets, and another part explained by differences in returns to assets and attributes (i.e. “unexplained” differences). This paper applies the Kitagawa-Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to gender-based productivity gaps using nationally representative household surveys from 11 developing countries in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. We estimate productivity models for each country utilizing a comparable set of explanatory assets and attributes. We also implement a comparable decomposition of observed productivity gaps. The cross-country analysis shows that observed total gaps in productivity by gender do not always favour male farmers; the decomposition of these gaps, however, reveals that female farmers face gender-specific constraints that manifest as lower returns to attributes and assets.This background paper was prepared to inform Chapter 2 of FAO’s report on The status of women in agrifood systems. -
BookletGender gap in agricultural labour productivity: A cross-country comparison
Background paper for The status of women in agrifood systems
2024Also available in:
No results found.Women in sub-Saharan Africa constitute almost half of the agricultural workforce, yet they are limited in their ability to access productive resources, such as land, water, improved seeds and fertilizers, and are subjected to discriminatory practices that hinder their productivity. While previous research has consistently identified a significant gender gap in land productivity, the literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of the gender gap in agricultural labour productivity. This paper's findings reveal varying gender gaps across the sampled countries, ranging from 47 percent in Nigeria and the United Republic of Tanzania to 2 percent in Ethiopia, which is the only country with no significant gender gap in labour productivity. On average, the gender gap amounts to 35 percent, with the largest portion (27 percent) attributed to the endowment effect. This background paper was prepared to inform Chapter 2 of FAO’s report on The status of women in agrifood systems.
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