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Evaluating the impacts of cash and complementary agricultural support interventions in fragile settings

The case of Somalia









Valli, E., Daidone, S., Sitko, N.J. & Staffieri, I. 2022. Evaluating the impacts of cash and complementary agricultural support interventions in fragile settings – The case of Somalia. Rome, FAO.



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    Resilience is often associated with multivalued and multi-faceted strategies, programs, and projects. After approximately 15 years of empirical evidence in the literature, few research questions remain unexplored and unanswered, especially with the recent occurrence of a global pandemic. In this paper, we are assessing whether there are few and consistently relevant elements that determine resilience capacity as well as investigating which shocks are most dramatically reducing resilience. We also investigate which coping strategies are most frequently adopted in the presence of shocks. Our results show that diversification of income sources, education, access to land, livestock, and agricultural inputs, are the main drivers of households’ resilience capacity. Moreover, the most prevailing shocks are found to be natural, health and livelihood-related shocks. In addition to this, we show that reducing the quantity and quality of food consumed, seeking an extra job, selling assets, taking credit, relying on relatives and social networks are the most adopted coping strategies. Finally, we found that coping strategies are able to mitigate the adverse effects of shocks on resilience capacity; however, they are not sufficient to offset their long-term negative consequences. Our conclusion is that adequate investments in resilience are conditional to a) engaging with activities that are broadly consistent across countries and b) fine-tuning the interventions based on context-specificity.
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    Poor rural households often depend on agriculture for their livelihoods and face a series of constraints in terms of their equitable access to productive resources, finance, markets and services – which trap them into poverty. They are also disproportionately affected by shocks and crises. Evidence shows that agriculture and social protection can jointly optimize their impacts in combating hunger and poverty. To promote those synergies, FAO works, in both stable and fragile/protracted crisis contexts, to improve the welfare of poor households and the resilience of their livelihoods in rural areas. FAO has developed a specific intervention in both humanitarian and development settings: Cash+, which combines cash transfers with productive assets, inputs, and/or technical training and activities to enhance the livelihoods and productive capacities of poor and vulnerable households. The cash component enables beneficiary households to address their immediate basic needs, including for food, while the ‘plus’ component supports investment in household production, helping to protect, restore and develop livelihoods. Recent experience and research showed that this approach can significantly improve agricultural production, income, asset ownership, economic empowerment, dietary diversity and food security, while reducing beneficiaries’ resort to negative coping mechanisms in response to shocks. FAO is supporting the design and implementation (by Governments as well as by FAO country offices) of Cash+ interventions in several countries, following a normative, evidence-based and context-specific approach, to ensure greater impacts on beneficiaries. While different type of Cash+ interventions exist, different entry points to promote Cash+ at country level are used, depending on the existence and maturity of national social protection schemes, the level of coordination and involvement of the Ministry of Agriculture, the livelihoods context, the objectives of the programme, among others.

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