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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting in collaboration with OIE on Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance: Role of the Environment, Crops and Biocides

Meeting report












FAO and WHO. 2019. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting in collaboration with OIE on Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance: Role of the Environment, Crops and Biocides – Meeting report. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series no. 34. Rome.




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    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microorganisms to survive or proliferate in the presence of antimicrobial drugs, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. It increases healthcare and food production costs, and the misuse of antimicrobials exacerbates the problem. Effective stewardship and balancing the trade-offs between financial investments and societal benefits are crucial challenges in addressing AMR. Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is increasing, with foodborne transmission contributing significantly. Contaminated food accounts for nearly 20% of infections caused by resistant Escherichia coli. The economic burden of foodborne antimicrobial resistance includes productivity losses and premature deaths, estimated at USD 50 billion in 2019. The World Bank projects a decline in global GDP, livestock production, and exports due to AMR by 2050, with potential negative impacts on international trade. In conclusion, AMR represents a genuine societal cost, affecting humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, policies are needed to minimize AMR, strengthen food control systems, support responsible antimicrobial use, and promote data sharing.
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    The performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing programmes relevant to aquaculture and aquacultural products 2019
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    This Circular addresses best practice guidelines for the performance of these susceptibility tests. Section 1 discusses the relevance of this document to The FAO Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2016-2020. Section 2 provides a general background to the principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Section 3 discusses the current status of the standard protocols that can be recommended for use in antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from aquatic animals. Following a consideration of 44 species of bacteria that represent those most frequently isolated from aquatic animals, it demonstrates that the currently available standardized protocols are adequate for the determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility of 37 of them (84 percent). Section 4 discusses the importance of the design of programmes aimed at monitoring or surveillance of antimicrobial resistance associated with the use of antimicrobial agents in the rearing of aquatic animals. In this paper four designs are outlined, each of which will provide data for programmes aimed at answering different questions. Section 5 provides some conclusions, while Section 6 gives a list of references. The Circular is supported by four annexes that provide: (i) a listing of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) documents cited in the paper; (ii) a list of the antimicrobial agents most commonly used in aquaculture; (iii) notes on the selection of test protocols for selected Gram-positive cocci; and (iv) guidance on the possible use of epidemiological cut-off values in a clinical context.
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    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health threat and a food safety issue of primary concern. Governments and international organizations have recognized that the issue has to be approached in a multidisciplinary manner, addressing animal, plant and human health as well as the environment under the One Health approach. This publication brings together the three Codex texts, two guidelines and a code of practice, that will support governments in designing and running a successful strategy to tackle foodborne AMR.

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