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Book (stand-alone)The convergence of food diets: Characterizing consumption patterns, food diversity, and the relationship to trade
Background paper for The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2020
2020Also available in:
No results found.Since the 1990s, technological advancements, growing incomes, increased trade, and urbanization have significantly impacted consumption patterns. Worldwide, there is growing evidence of some convergence of diets being facilitated by rapid changes in global food systems including the increasing market share held by supermarkets at all income levels. The formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the emergence and rapid spread of the Internet have also played important roles in facilitating trade and increasing the variety of food available to consumers. Empirical evidence to examine these impacts has mostly been gathered at the household level and, at the global level, the focus has been on the effect of globalization on obesity and health. Using data from the periods 1994–1996 (WTO formation and emergence of the Internet) and 2015–2017 (rapid spread of the Internet), this paper analyses whether global diets are, in fact, converging. In the comparison of these two periods, the author finds that, as trade intensity increases for cereals, sugars, vegetable oils, and meat – which account for more than two-thirds of calories consumed – so does diversity of products consumed from within each group. The relationship between greater trade intensity and caloric consumption diversity is strongest for cereals, meat, and sugars. The author suggests that further research should undertake a disaggregated trade analysis in order to understand whether the increased food diversity is coming from imports of more diverse foods or other factors. -
Book (stand-alone)ANALYSIS OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR OF JAPANESE HOUSEHOLDS 2003
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No results found.The objectives of this research are to analyse food consumption patterns in Japan and to conduct an econometric analysis of Japan’s food demand structure. Two specific food demand studies were undertaken for this report: 1) the demand for 11 aggregate food groups, including rice; and 2) the demand for seven meats. The basic conclusion of the paper suggests that rice is consumed in Japan as a normal good, contrary to the results of previous studies. In addition, Marshallian uncompensated and Hick sian compensated own-price elasticities for rice are highly elastic, while the own-price elasticity for meat is relatively price-inelastic. Results from the meat model show that meat expenditure and price elasticities are very similar to those of Western nations. These results show that the Japanese meat consumption pattern has become Westernized. This paper makes a significant contribution to the literature on the consumption patterns. -
Book (stand-alone)Food and nutrition in numbers 2014 2014
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No results found.Overcoming malnutrition in all of its forms – caloric undernourishment, micronutrient deficiencies and obesity – requires a combination of interventions in different areas that guarantee the availability of and access to healthy diets. Among the key areas, interventions are required in food systems, public health systems and the provision of safe water and sanitation. This pocketbook not only focuses on indicators of food security and nutritional outcomes but also on the determinants that contri bute to healthy lives. The pocketbook is structured in two sections: Thematic spreads related to food security and nutrition, including detailed food consumption data collected from national household budget surveys; Comprehensive country and regional profiles with indicators categorized by anthropometry, nutritional deficiencies, supplementation, dietary energy supplies, preceded by their "setting". The setting provides demographic indicators as well as health status indicators based on mor tality patterns and the provision of safe water and sanitation. Anthropometry indicators provide information not only on the prevalence of acute and chronic forms of under-nutrition but also on the prevalence of obesity. Their co-existence is often referred to as the double burden of malnutrition. Nutritional deficiency indicators reveal food security issues at the national level based on the adequacy of energy supplies; they also reveal the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies, often refe rred to as “hidden hunger”. Combined with anthropometric measurements, they allow for the identification of the triple burden of malnutrition (under-nutrition, obesity and hidden hunger). Regarding hidden hunger, indicators concerning iodine and vitamin A have been selected. Dietary indicators are based on national food supplies and inform on the overall quality of diets. Focus is also on the importance of diets during the first 1 000 days of an infant’s life, with indicators selected on the qu ality of breastfeeding, dietary diversity and meal frequency.
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