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指标 5.a.2 - 包括习惯法在内的国家法律框架保障妇女有权平等享有 土地所有权和(或)控制权的国家所占比例

该指数收集了所有现有的国家政策目标、条款草案、法律条款和执行立法资料,反映了保障妇女平等拥有和/或控制土地权利的良好做法。这是一个法律指标,用以衡量可持续发展目标5.a的进展。

具体目标 5.a

根据各国法律进行改革,给予妇女平等获取经济资源的权利,以及享有对土地和其他形式财产的所有权和控制权,获取金融服 务、遗产和自然资源。

Indicator 5.a.2: Progress Assessment

影响

指标5.a.2 用于衡量妇女在土地所有权和控制权方面的不利程度,以及是否享有土地所有权的平等法律权利。连同指标5.a.1,它为旨在确保平等机会和获得权利及资源的政策措施提供了证据基础。

关键信息

大多数国家仍需进行重大改革,以废除歧视性法律条款和/或缩小土地和财产权方面的性别差距。 

从代表不同区域、宗教和文化背景以及法律制度的52个报告国收集的证据表明,在国家法律中,妇女的土地权通常比男性的受到更少保护。大约46%的法律框架为妇女土地权提供了有限度的保护,而近25%的法律框架提供的保护属于中等程度。只有29%的报告国在法律框架中为妇女土地权提供了充分保护。 

继承法领域的相关工作取得了显著进展。大约64%的国家为配偶和子女提供平等的继承权,但在非正式结合或一夫多妻家庭中妇女的权利通常不受保护。在习惯法和/或宗教法管辖家庭事务的国家,妇女和女童的继承权往往不受保护。 

婚姻制度中财产权的管理和控制情况好坏不一。一方面,56%的报告国保护配偶不被剥夺婚姻财产,土地交易需要配偶同意。另一方面,虽然60%的国家具有将全部或部分共有财产作为默认婚姻财产的制度,但只有39%的国家通过强制的方式(85%)或为此提供经济激励(15%)来鼓励联合土地登记。因此,在守寡和离婚的情况下,妇女的婚姻财产权基本得不到保障。此外,只有23%的国家为处于非正式结合关系中的妇女提供了权利保护,主要是拉丁美洲和欧洲国家。 

在承认习惯法的国家(65%),只有一半将冲突时的不歧视原则置于优先地位。还值得注意的是,虽然35%的国家不承认习惯法,但土地事务通常受习惯做法管辖。在这些情况下,特别是在父权制盛行的情况下,妇女的土地权仍然没有保障。 

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