The multiple and complex interconnections between rural and urban spaces, people and enterprises and how these affect poverty and food insecurity are all too often overlooked. Small towns are an important but often neglected element of rural landscapes and food systems. They perform several essential functions, from market nodes for food producers and processors to providers of services, goods and non-farm employment to their own population and that of their surrounding rural region. They are also home to about half the world’s urban population and are projected to absorb much of its growth in the next decades. Such is their importance that they cannot and should no longer be ignored by policies concerned with poverty reduction, and food and nutrition security.