Indigenous Peoples have long held a deep connection with nature and have a profound understanding of their surrounding ecosystems. In their rich tapestry of traditional knowledge, Indigenous Peoples have recognized the crucial role played by bees, especially wild and stingless species. These creatures, often overlooked in mainstream discussions, are integral to the delicate balance of ecosystems and hold immense cultural and ecological significance for Indigenous Peoples. This article explores the unique relationship between Indigenous Peoples and wild, stingless bees, highlighting their importance.

Ecological Importance of Wild and Stingless Bees

Besides Apis mellifera, there are other 11 known honeybee species & hundreds of stingless bees. Wild and stingless bees, also known as Indigenous Peoples’ bees, are key pollinators that play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and supporting food security. These species, which include the stingless bees (Meliponini), have co-evolved with local plant species over millennia. Unlike honeybees (e.g. Apis mellifera), which are non-native to many regions, these wild bees have adapted to local climates and vegetation, making them uniquely suited for pollination in their specific habitats.

The rapid decline of both wild and managed bee colonies has become a global cause for concern, particularly due to its impact on pollination. In this context, stingless bees stand out as crucial ecological contributors. These remarkable pollinators play a vital role in the pollination of various wild plant species and hold potential as alternative pollinators for commercial purposes. Their significance in sustaining biodiversity and ensuring effective pollination makes them valuable candidates for future pollination strategies.

Indigenous Peoples’ Knowledge Systems and Traditional Honey Hunting

Indigenous Peoples have traditionally recognized and harnessed the significance of wild and stingless bees, often integrating them into their cultural practices and knowledge systems. Across the different regions of the world, Indigenous Peoples have developed unique and sustainable techniques for beekeeping and honey hunting, always respecting these vital pollinators.

For example, the Baka people from Africa venture deep into the wilderness, guided by their profound connection with the land. To find honey, the Baka trace the buzzing trails of the bees. They observe bees that fly high and others that fly low, while also relying on their acute hearing to follow the queen bee's distinct sound, known as nyabome. They employ sustainable techniques to extract honey from wild beehives nestled high within the forest canopy. Their ancestral knowledge and intimate understanding of the rainforest enable them to navigate its hidden pathways and identify opportune moments to safely harvest the honey. This timeless wisdom ensures a harmonious relationship between humans and the wild, respecting the vital role of bees. 

In Asia, a remarkable connection exists between the Kurumba tribe and the Apis dorsata, the Giant Rock Bee. These remarkable bees construct their nests in exposed locations high above the ground, such as on tree branches or under cliff overhangs. Within these nests, they produce a rare and uniquely bitter honey. During the honey-hunting season, which typically occurs from April to May each year, Kurumba tribesmen venture deep into the dense forests for 15-20 days. They embark on this journey barefoot, carrying essential supplies such as rice, utensils, bamboo, ropes, ladders, axes, and honey jars.

To access the honey, the bees are gently driven away using smoke from smouldering grass. This disorients the bees, allowing the honeycombs to be safely harvested. More importantly, the Kurumba practice sustainable honey collection methods, ensuring that after harvesting a hive, the honeybees can return and rebuild their nests in the same location.

As custodians of the planet's food and genetic resources, Indigenous Peoples understand the importance of protecting and preserving wild and stingless bees. Unfortunately, they face numerous challenges that pose a threat to these essential pollinators' delicate existence. Habitat loss, climate change, pesticide use, and the encroachment of invasive species all contribute significantly to the endangerment of these vital pollinators.

Collective efforts are essential to safeguard the future of wild and stingless bees. Collaborating with Indigenous Peoples, researchers, organizations, and governments can pave the way for sustainable conservation practices. By acknowledging and respecting Indigenous Peoples' food and knowledge systems and actively addressing the challenges they face, we have the opportunity to safeguard biodiversity and preserve the invaluable cultural heritage embedded within Indigenous Peoples' knowledge.

Check our infographic on wild and stingless bees, and spread the word! #WorldBeeDay