Nitrogen is an essential element in the natural environment, forming critical compounds necessary for all living organisms. As it cycles through air, soil, and water, nitrogen is fundamental to ecosystem functionality. However, improper management of nitrogen in agrifood systems can degrade air, water, and soil quality, while excessive extraction from soils leads to soil degradation, biodiversity loss, and exacerbation of climate change. This FAO report provides a comprehensive overview of nitrogen's role, and the challenges associated with its use in agrifood systems. It explores solutions for improving nitrogen management in crop and livestock systems to enhance nitrogen use efficiency while reducing pollution. Additionally, it highlights the potential of circular bioeconomy approaches to optimize nitrogen management and minimize nitrogen losses. By adopting balanced nitrogen practices, agrifood systems can be transformed to ensure food security, improved nutrition, and sustainable livelihoods for farmers while minimizing negative environmental impacts.