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The objective of this AFD case study is to answer the following questions: How to characterize the current Food Distribution System (FDS) in Niamey? What are its socio-cultural, technical, political and institutional determinants? What are its evolutions? It was based on: the study "Diagnosis of the commercial framework of the city of Niamey" of 2014, supplemented by a survey in 2016 among consumers, traders and transporters. We highlight the resilience of the supply system, largely informal, in a highly constrained world in terms of logistics, public policies, and instability of both supply and demand. We conclude with a list of operational recommendations.