A wide variety of approaches have been adopted to support forestry and agroforestry, to ensure future timber supply, household livelihoods and environmental benefits of vegetation in the landscape. This working paper reviews the measures to promote forestry and agroforestry at the national, regional and individual smallholder level in various countries, but with particular emphasis on those trialled, proposed or potentially suitable for Fiji and Vanuatu. In general, measures include command-and-control instruments (most often concerned with environmental protection), market-based instruments (various subsidies and grants, e.g. free seedlings, assistance with planting, payments for early weed control), moral suasion, provision of information (e.g. field days on how to establish a nursery and produce seedlings, plant trees or wildlings, carry out pruning and thinning, and generally to progress to best management practice), plantation joint venture or shared equity schemes, more supportive land-use policy, governance and planning schemes (including removal of impediments to planting and selling produce), and introduction of national and regional greening programs with substantial funding support. Some innovative approaches for funding large-scale programs to support forestry and agroforestry are identified. Research and development to support the provision of information can be a critical input. In general, a mix of instruments is likely to be the most effective approach. On the basis of this evidence, policy implications are drawn for promotion of forestry and agroforestry in Fiji and Vanuatu.