In this chapter, we first examine key concepts that are relevant to understanding the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services. We then review the relationship between biodi-versity and ecosystem services, as well as the complexities arising from such linkages. We then provide an in-depth description of the links between biodiversity and several critical services, provided through different mechanisms and at different scales. Finally, we conclude by offering some new perspectives on addressing the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services and outline the challenges that lie ahead in this area.