An important contribution to animal genetic resources is provided by pastoralism, a specific livelihood based on traditional ways of organizing grazing, mainly characterized by movements of animals (often across national boundaries), common use of natural resources and exploitation of species and breeds adapted to harsh climatic conditions. Pastoralists base their livelihoods on the breeding of large herbivores (e.g. cattle, camelids, deer, yaks, horses) and small herbivores (e.g. sheep and goats). The diversity of pastoral breeds reflects the different landscapes and ecosystems in which pastoralism is practised. If well managed, they help to create a healthy environment for local wild flora and fauna. Thanks to these breeds, pastoralists are resilient and can adapt to variable climatic conditions. For instance, pastoral animals are usually adapted to undertaking long-distance movements, which allows herders to respond to water shortages and adverse weather conditions.

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