Conclusions
This module has introduced the concept of energy-smart food systems and the important role they can play in transitioning to climate-smart agriculture. One of the module's key messages is that the dependence of agrifood chains on fossil fuels represents a major threat to food security and contributes significantly to climate change. The challenge of reducing this dependency can be met by scaling up energy-smart food chains, which improve energy efficiency, increase the use and production of renewable energy, and broaden access to modern energy services. The case studies indicate how different technological solutions and integrated chains can be both energy- and climate-smart. Low-cost machinery, biofuels, integrated food-energy chains, modern technologies and new types of cross-sectoral collaboration are some of the examples of the interventions needed for making the shift to energy-smart food chains. In addition to synergies between energy-smart food and climate-smart agriculture objectives, there are also possible trade-offs that need to be recognized. The shift to the new approach, which must be initiated without delay, requires long-term vision and commitment, and multidisciplinary efforts.