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Evaluation of the project "Improved Land Tenancy in Sindh Province

Project code: GCP/PAK/137/EC











Annex 1. Trends in the evolving landlord-tenant relationship

Annex 2. Project logical framework and progress reported in January 2022

Annex 3. ILTS activity status and explanations, February 2022

Annex 4. Basic information on ILTS awareness-raising and extension activities

Annex 5. ILTS staffing, original and current

Annex 6. Project considerations for village selection

Annex 7. Project interventions for climate-smart agriculture and productivity enhancement

Annex 8. Evaluation team analysis of the ILTS database on informal landlord-tenant agreements

Management response

Follow-up report


FAO. 2022. Evaluation of the project "Improved Land Tenancy in Sindh Province". Project Evaluation Series, 09/2022. Rome.



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    Rural poverty in Pakistan is generally characterized by fragmented landholdings, landlessness, low skills, illiteracy, poor access to social and economic services and political disempowerment, a situation perpetuated by stratified social relations. These constraints particularly affect Sindh Province, the poorest and most food insecure province in the country with 53 percent of the population in rural Sindh living below the poverty line and 71 percent of all households suffering from food insecurity. Farm sizes vary considerably across the province, with medium and large farms generally run by tenants (haris). Most harislack clear and legally enforceable tenure rights over the land on which their livelihoods depend, leaving them vulnerable to poverty and exploitation. Arrangements between landlords and tenants (haris) are mainly informal and often result in indebtedness for the latter, leading to bonded labour. The objective of the project was to improve the governance of land (and in particular tenure security) and water in Sindh Province in line with Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the context of National Food Security (VGGT), with a particular focus on female and male smallholder farmers and other disadvantaged populations (haris).
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    In line with the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure (VGGT), public and private investments globally are increasingly recognising responsible land governance as a determinant for the success and sustainability of their achievements. Investment managers understand that preventing and mitigating tenure related issues is a necessary step to achieve their objectives. While a wide range of tools, community-based participatory approaches, and technologies are available to help clarify, protect and secure tenure rights, navigating this landscape requires expertise which is often not available to investment projects. This guide provides readers with a basic understanding of the functional linkages between land tenure and land-based investments. It illustrates the process of protecting and securing legitimate tenure rights through recordation, describes how to use fit-for-purpose technology to strengthen / support the process, identifies choices in selecting the appropriate technology based on objectives and context, and provides clear criteria to inform the choice.
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    The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT) are an unprecedented international agreement on the governance of tenure that promotes secure tenure rights and equitable access to land, fisheries and forests as a means of eradicating hunger and poverty, supporting sustainable development and enhancing the environment. The VGGT are designed to benefit all people in all countries, although there is an emphasis on vulnerable and marginalized people. The Bilateral Trust Fund (BTF) has requested an independent evaluation of its projects with a direct link to the VGGT and the development of communication material on lessons learned from their implementation.

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