From alpacas to Bactrian camels, dromedaries, guanacos, llamas, vicuñas and wild camels, camelids contribute to food security, nutrition and economic growth. They provide transport and produce milk, meat and fibre, even under the most extreme climatic conditions. Camelids also hold strong cultural significance and make an important contribution to the conservation of fragile ecosystems. Crucially, they build resilience to the impacts of the climate crisis – particularly in mountains and drylands.This volume forms part of the series Camelids: Heroes of Deserts and Highlands, Nourishing People and Culture, developed within the framework of the International Year of Camelids 2024, declared by the United Nations. It presents a comprehensive overview of the diverse production systems in which camelids are raised around theworld, including regions where their presence has recently emerged or expanded, highlighting the wide range of products and services that camelids provide. This volume also explores the role of camelids and their products in both national and international markets, emphasizing their growing economic importance. Finally, it assesses efforts to manage wild camelid species.