Building on existing models for the role of agriculture in industrialized and developing countries, this chapter examines a number of critical aspects of agriculture’s role in Central and Eastern European (CEE) rural development. By reviewing the contributions of this proceedings volume, we focus on the perspectives of small farms, rural factor markets, the impact of the common socialist past, rural poverty, cooperation and social capital, non-traditional development paths for agriculture, and consequences for policy design. Among the findings are that land rental and partly also labor markets in CEE are increasingly capable of fostering differentiation processes even in countries with initially very homogenous farm structures. Non-traditional functions of agriculture, such as farm tourism or energy crops, have usually not passed an experimental stage of implementation. There is a broad consensus that agricultural policy reforms should be pursued further in the direction of a more territorial rural development policy.