UN Enviroment Programme

Chapter 9. Status of soil pollution in Latin America and the Caribbean

References

ACDI. 2008. ESTUDIO DE PAÍS Barbados. 54 pp.

Acosta, E. & Wyrwal, G. 2018. Strengthening the capacities to address harmful pesticides: How the Rotterdam Convention is working in Latin America., p. 16. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (also available at http://www.fao.org/documents/card/es/c/CA1200EN/).

Actualitix. 2016. Breeding of cattle and buffaloes (stocks)

Aguilar, Y., Calero, B., Rodriguez, D. & Muniz, O. 2015. Cuba’s polygon program—agricultural land rehabilitation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 15: 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2015.09.003

Alegria, V. 2009. Land –Based Sources of Pollutants to Coastal Waters of Southern Belize – Comparison of Predictive Model with Empirical Data. University of South Florida. (Graduate Theses and Dissertations). (also available at https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1825).

Alfaro, M.R., Montero, A., Ugarte, O.M., do Nascimento, C.W.A., de Aguiar Accioly, A.M., Biondi, C.M. & da Silva, Y.J.A.B. 2014. Background concentrations and reference values for heavy metals in soils of Cuba. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(1): 4198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4198-3

Amandala Newspaper. 2017. 24 tons of deleterious DDT stockpiled by Belize headed to France for destruction | Amandala Newspaper. Amandala Newspaper, 2017. (also available at https://amandala.com.bz/news/24-tons-deleterious-ddt-stockpiled-belize-headed-france-destruction-2/).

Anglin-Brown, B., Armour-Brown, A. & Lalor, G.C. 1995. Heavy metal pollution in Jamaica 1: Survey of cadmium, lead and zinc concentrations in the Kintyre and Hope Flat districts. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 17(2): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00146708

Anglin-Brown, B., Armour-Brown, A., Lalor, G.C., Preston, J. & Vutchkov, M.K. 1996. Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 18(3): 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01771289

Archdaily. 2018. Prohibida en 65 países, regulación permitirá que el asbesto vuelva al mercado estadounidense. (also available at https://www.archdaily.co/co/899854/prohibida-en-65-paises-regulacion-permitira-que-el-asbesto-vuelva-al-mercado-estadounidense).

Asthon, M. 2013. Central and South American Officers Train to Prosecute Hazardous Waste Trafficking. In: SDG Knowledge Hub [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://sdg.iisd.org/news/central-and-south-american-officers-train-to-prosecute-hazardous-waste-trafficking/

Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente. 2014. Informe del Estado del Ambiente-GEO-2014

Balluz, L., Moll, D., Martinez, M.G.D., Colindres, J.E.M. & Malilay, J. 2001. Environmental pesticide exposure in Honduras following hurricane Mitch. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(4): 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862001000400004

Barreto Cajina, G., Medina, M., Mairena, D., Navarro, R., Sánchez, C., Miranda, M. & Ramírez, C. 2004. Estado del ambiente en Nicaragua 2003 II informe GEO.

Basel Convention. 2011. Basel Convention > The Convention > Overview [online]. [Cited 26 December 2019]. http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/1271/Default.aspx

Basel Convention. 2021. Parties to the Basel Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.basel.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesSignatories/tabid/4499/Default.aspx

BCN. 2009. Núm. 656 - Santiago, 12 de septiembre de 2000. (also available at https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=180143).

BID. 2018. PROCESO REGIONAL DE LAS AMÉRICAS FORO MUNDIAL DEL AGUA 2018. AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE / RESUMEN EJECUTIVO. 18 pp.

BID. 2019. BID anuncia solución innovadora para abordar contaminación por plástico de océanos Haití

Briceño, O. 2016. Analisis de la Situcación de Plaguicidas Altamente Peligrosos (PAP) registrados en Honduras. Revista CAS-Contaminación, Ambiente y Salud, Ambiente e innovación., 9: 24–32.

Brown Morrison, J. 2013. STATUS, PRIORITIES AND NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE SOIL MANAGEMENT IN JAMAICA. In: Rural Physical Planning Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries [online]

Burger, M. & Pose Román, D. 2010. Plomo, Salud y Ambiente. Experiencia en Uruguay., p. 248. Montevideo, Uruguay, World Health Organization. (also available at https://www.paho.org/uru/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&category_slug=publicaciones-salud-y-ambiente&alias=31-plomo-salud-y-ambiente-experiencia-en-uruguay&Itemid=307).

Caribbean Agricultural Science and Technology Network. 2005. State of Land Resources of Trinidad and Tobago. 116 pp. (also available at http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/752c9611-9938-49e5-b87c-a0fa014a4b1f).

CARIBSAVE. 2012. CARIBSAVE Climate Change Risk Profile for The Turks & Caicos. 24 pp.

Carmo, F.F. do, Kamino, L.H.Y., Junior, R.T., Campos, I.C. de, Carmo, F.F. do, Silvino, G., Castro, K.J. da S.X. de, Mauro, M.L., Rodrigues, N.U.A., Miranda, M.P. de S. & Pinto, C.E.F. 2017. Fundão tailings dam failures: the environment tragedy of the largest technological disaster of Brazilian mining in global context. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15(3): 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.06.002

Carrere, R. 2004. Minería: Impactos sociales y ambientales. 180 pp.

Carvalho, F., Montenegro-Guillen, S., Villeneuve, J., Cattini, C., Tolosa, I., Bartocci, J. & Cruz-Granja, A. 2003. Toxaphene residues from cotton fields in soils and in the coastal environment of Nicaragua. Chemosphere, 53(6): 627–636.

Carvalho, F.M., Tavares, T.M. & Lins, L. 2018. Soil contamination by a lead smelter in Brazil in the view of the local residents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102166

Castillo, C.E. & Rodríguez, P.R. 2011. Diagnóstico del Uso del Mercurio en Honduras. Revista Contaminación,Ambiente y Salud de la Secretaría de Energía, Recursos Naturales, Ambiente y Minas (MiAmbiente, 9: 57–62.

CEPALSTAT. 2019. Irrigated Area [online]. https://cepalstat-prod.cepal.org/cepalstat/tabulador/ConsultaIntegrada.asp?idIndicador=1739&idioma=i

Cesar, R., Egler, S., Polivanov, H., Castilhos, Z. & Rodrigues, A.P. 2011. Mercury, copper and zinc contamination in soils and fluvial sediments from an abandoned gold mining area in southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64(1): 211–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0840-8

CETESB. 2017. Áreas Contaminadas [online]. [Cited 6 September 2020]. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/areas-contaminadas/

Chicas, S. 2008. Study on cleaner production opportunities for the sugar industry in Belize. National Central University, Taiwan ROC. (Master’s Thesis). (also available at http://www.gcpcenvis.nic.in/Thesis/953310602.pdf).

Circle, St.C. 1996. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: COUNTRY REPORT TO THE FAO INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE. 77 pp.

Clapp, J. 1994. The Toxic Waste Trade with Less-Industrialised Countries: Economic Linkages and Political Alliances on JSTOR. Thrid World Quaterly, 15(3): 505–518. (also available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993297?seq=1).

COMERCIO, E. 2017. Áreas remediadas en la Amazonía alcanzan el millón de metros cúbicos

Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja. 1996. Antipersonnel Mines in Central America: Conflict and Post-Conflict. 13 pp.

Condarco, G. 2017. “PROGRAMA DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE SITIOS CONTAMINADOS” PISCO - BOLIVIA 2017

CostaRica, P. 2013. Decreto No. 37.847/S. Costa Rica, Presidencia de la República.

Covarrubias, S.A. & Peña Cabriales, J.J. 2017. Contaminación ambiental por metales pesados en México: Problemática y estrategias de fitorremediación. Revista Internacional de Contaminacion Ambiental, 33: 7–21. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2017.33.esp01.01

Cruz-Granja, A., Dorea, J. & Romero, M. 2001. Organochlorine pesticides in adipose tissue of Nicaraguan mothers. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 60(1–4): 139–147.

Cuadra, S. 2005. Child labour and health hazards: Chemical exposure and occupational injuries in Nicaraguan children working in a waste disposal site. Faculty of Medicine, Lund University.

DEHS. 2013. Shanty Town Project 2013., p. 78. Department of Environmental Health Services.

Del Rosario, J. 2017. Residuos sólidos urbanos en República Dominicana: desafío y oportunidad para una gestión de desechos ambientalmente sostenible., p. 12. Vicepresidencia de la República Dominicana.

Department of Environment Belize. 2012. Wealth Untold: A Glimpse of Belize´s Natural Resources. 240 pp.

Diez, S.M., Patil, P., Morton, J., Rodriguez, D.J., Vanzella, A., Robin, D., Maes, T. & Corbin, C. 2019. Marine Pollution in the Caribbean. Not a Minute to Waste., p. 104. Washington, D.C., The World Bank Group. (also available at http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/482391554225185720/pdf/Marine-Pollution-in-the-Caribbean-Not-a-Minute-to-Waste.pdf).

Dong, S., Neilsen, D., Neilsen, G.H. & Fuchigami, L.H. 2005. Foliar N application reduces soil NO − 3 -N leaching loss in apple orchards. : 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-004-0333-1

Drahansky, M., Paridah, M. t, Moradbak, A., Mohamed, A.Z., Owolabi, F. abdulwahab taiwo, Asniza, M. & Abdul Khalid, S.H.P. 2016. Heavy Metal Contamination in Brazilian Agricultural Soils due to Application of Fertilizers. Intech, i(tourism): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57353

ECLAC. 2010a. Más de 60% de la tierra en algunos países podría degradarse en 2100. In: Notas de la CEPAL, n. 65 [online]. [Cited 18 August 2020]. https://www.cepal.org/notas/65/Titulares2.html

ECLAC. 2010b. Sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean: trends, progress, and challenges in sustainable consumption and production, mining, transport, chemicals and waste management. Santiago, Chile, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (also available at https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/3160/S201054_en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y).

ECLAC. 2012. Sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean: trends, progress, and challenges in sustainable consumption and production, mining, transport, chemicals and waste management. Santiago de Chile.

ECLAC. 2018. Estado de situación de la minería en América Latina y el Caribe: desafíos y oportunidades para un desarrollo más sostenible. Paper presented at IX Conferencia Anual de Ministerios de Minería de las Américas CAMMA, 20 November 2018, Lima, Peru. https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/presentation/files/181116_extendidafinalconferencia_a_los_ministros_mineria_lima.pdf

ECLAC. 2019. Social Panorama of Latin America, 2018. Santiago221 pp.

ECLAC, FAO & IICA. 2015. The Outlook for Agriculture and Rural Development in the Americas: A perspective on Latin America and the Caribbean 2015-2016., p. 211. San José, Costa Rica, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). (also available at https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/39024/OutlookforAgriculture2015-16_en.pdf).

ECLAC, N. 2010c. Time for equality: closing gaps, opening trails. Thirty-third session of ECLAC. (also available at https://repositorio.cepal.org//handle/11362/3066).

Effen, M.A. 2010. Health risks caused by mining pollution and their impact on children. scielo: 1–21.

EPA. 2018. Superfund [online]. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/what-superfund

Escandon, G.L. 2006. Los restos explosivos de guerra *. Agenda Internacional, 23: 151–197.

Escobari, J. & Malky, A. 2005. Problemática ambiental

Fallas, F.R. 2012. Gestión de las Excretas y Aguas Residuales en Costa Rica

FAO. 2002. Obsolete Pesticides: Latin America and the Caribbean. In: Prevention and disposal of obsolete pesticides [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/obsolete-pesticides/where-stocks/latin-stocks/en/

FAO. 2015a. Farmer’s compost handbook. Experiences in Latin America. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/i3388e/I3388E.pdf).

FAO. 2015b. AQUASTAT Country profile - Bahamas., p. 12. FAO AQUASTAT Reports. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/ca0430en/CA0430EN.pdf).

FAO. 2017a. Eleven Caribbean countries remove significant amounts of obsolete pesticides stocks and hazardous wastes. In: FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/americas/noticias/ver/en/c/1068631/

FAO. 2017b. Reutilización de aguas para agricultura en América Latina y el Caribe: estado, principios y necesidades., p. 133. Santiago de Chile, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7748s.pdf).

FAO. 2019. Aquastat. (also available at http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/results.html).

FAO. 2021. Regional partnerships of the Global Soil Partnership. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 24 May 2021]. http://www.fao.org/global-soil-partnership/regional-partnerships/en/

FAO & ITPS. 2015. Status of the world’s soil resources (SWSR): Main Report. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils.

FAOLEX. 2019. FAOLEX Database | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 27 December 2019]. http://www.fao.org/faolex/en/

FAOSTAT. 2018. Data: Pesticide use. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data

FAOSTAT. 2019a. Pesticides indicators [online]. [Cited 17 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EP/visualize

FAOSTAT. 2019b. Manure applied to soils. In: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/GU

FAOSTAT. 2019c. Pesticides Use

FAOSTAT. 2020a. Fertilizers use by nutrients. In: Statistical Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. [Cited 2 June 2020]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN

FAOSTAT. 2020b. Land Use: Agriculture [online]. [Cited 17 August 2020]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL

Figueredo Reinaldo, O. 2018. Cuba: Política y acciones contra los focos contaminantes. Cubadebate, 20 September 2018. (also available at http://www.cubadebate.cu/especiales/2018/09/20/cuba-politica-y-acciones-contra-los-focos-contaminantes/).

Fitz, C.H. 2016. Using Trace Elements to Detect Oil Refinery Pollution on Curacao. Pennsylvania State University

Fontaine, G., Quiñónez, I. & Cisneros, P. 2008. Geo Ecuador 2008: Informe sobre el estado del medio ambiente

Forno, E. & Pauwels, G. 2010. Contaminación ambiental y actores sociales en Bolivia : Un balance de la situación Environmental pollution and social groups in Bolivia : a situation assessment. Dossier temático y diálogo académico: 1–26.

FUNAM & Montenegro, R. 2008. Los diez principales problemas de argentina [online]

García, W., Luizaga, C.G. & Herbas, E. 2016. Análisis del riesgo ambiental producto de pasivos ambientales de YPFB, generados en la limpieza de contenedores en inmediaciones de la Refinería Gualberto Villarroel (Cochabamba-Bolivia) y propuesta de medidas correctivas. Acta Nova, 7(3): 334–351.

GEF. 2013. Belize Chemicals and Waste Management Programme PIF. Global Environment Facility. [Cited 6 September 2020]. https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/project_documents/02-13-2013%2520ID5094%2520PIF.pdf

GEF. 2019. Report of the Global Environment Facility to the Ninth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants., p. 131. Global Environment Facility of the United Nations Environment Programme. (also available at https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/documents/GEF_Report_SC_COP_9_POP.pdf).

Gerald, L., Bryan, M. & Vutchkov, S. 2007. Blood lead levels of Jamaican children island-wide. sciencedirect, 374(2–3): 235–241.

Gilles, B. & Alain, F. 2005. Pesticide contamination of the coastline of Martinique. ScienceDirect, 51(5–7): 612–619.

Gomero Osorio, L. & Lizárraga Travaglini, A. 2010. Plaguicidas en la sierra peruana. LEISA revista de Agroecología, 15(1 & 2). (also available at http://www.leisa-al.org/web/index.php/volumen-15-numero-2-1/2450-plaguicidas-en-la-sierra-peruana).

Gongora, A. & Villafranco, D. 2018. Sugarcane bagasse cogeneration in Belize: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 96: 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.034

González, G.L. 2010. Residuos sólidos en Argentina. Tratamiento y disposición final. Situación actual y alternativas futuras., p. 63. Area de pensamiento estratégico. Cámara Argentina de la construcción.

Gonzalez, R. & Sarmiento, H. 2018. Utopia : critical zone observatory as a scientific tool in Colombia to reduce social violence and investigate environmental crimes., 6(3): 128–133. https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00196

Gore-Francis, J. 2013. Antigua and Barbuda SIDS 2014 Preparatory Progress Report., p. 47. Ministry of Agriculture, Housing, Lands, and the Environment. (also available at http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8437/Antigua_and_Barbuda.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y).

Granma. 2018. Suelos en Cuba, cuestión de hoy para el mañana [online]. http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2018-05-09/suelos-en-cuba-cuestion-de-hoy-para-el-manana-09-05-2018-21-05-34

Grau, J., Terraza, H., Rodríguez, V., Diana, M., Rihm, A. & Sturzenegger, G. 2015. Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean., p. 3. Inter-American Development Bank. (also available at https://publications.iadb.org/en/solid-waste-management-latin-america-and-caribbean).

Grupo RRP. 2018. Perú produce 23 mil toneladas diarias de basura: la alarmante gestión de residuos sólidos. In: RPP [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. https://rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/peru-produce-23-mil-toneladas-diarias-de-basura-la-alarmante-gestion-de-residuos-solidos-noticia-1147951

Guida, Y.S., Capella, R., Carvalho, G.O., Azevedo-Silva, C.E., Torres, F.B.M., Lino, A.S., Parente, C.E.T., Meire, R.O., Torres, J.P.M. & Weber, R. 2019. Challenges and insights during the National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention in Brazil. Organohalogen Compounds. p. 4. Paper presented at International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants 2019, 2019, Kyoto, Japan.

Hernández Berriel, M.C., Taboada González, P., Lima-Morra, R. & Eljaiek-Urzola, M. 2016. Generación y composición de los residuos sólidos urbanos en América Latina y el Caribe. Revista Internacional de Contaminación ambiental, 32: 11–22. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.02

Hernández-Colorado, R., Alvarado, A.L. & Romero, R.M. 2012. Acumulación de cobre en plantas silvestres de zonas agrícolas. Ciencia y Tecnologia, 28(1, 2): 55–61.

Hernández-Rodríguez, A., Alceste-Oliviero, C., Sanchez, R., Jory, D., Vidal, L. & Constain-Franco, L.-F. 2001. Aquaculture Development Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. pp. 317–340. Paper presented at Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, 2001, Bangkok, Thailand. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/ab412e/ab412e20.htm).

Hess, A. 2000. Legislación Argentina sobre el Asbesto – Estrucplan [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. https://estrucplan.com.ar/legislacion-argentina-sobre-el-asbesto/

Hilson, G., Zolnikov, T.R., Ortiz, D.R. & Kumah, C. 2018. Formalizing artisanal gold mining under the Minamata convention: Previewing the challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science & Policy, 85: 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.026

IDB. 2015. Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean. 3 pp.

IDB. 2018a. PROCESO REGIONAL DE LAS AMÉRICAS FORO MUNDIAL DEL AGUA 2018. AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE / RESUMEN EJECUTIVO., p. 18. Inter-American Development Bank. (also available at https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/news/files/informe_regional_america_latina_y_caribe.pdf).

IDB. 2018b. Retos ambientales de Costa Rica. 66 pp.

Index mundi. 2019. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Environment - current issues. In: Index mundi [online]

El Informador. 2019. Huracán ‘Dorian’ provocó una fuga de petróleo en Bahamas [online]. https://www.informador.mx/internacional/Huracan-Dorian-provoco-una-fuga-de-petroleo-en-Bahamas-20190908-0036.html

INS. 2018. Evaluación de riesgos ambientales en salud, Trimestre III-2018, Grupo de Factores de Riesgo Ambiental Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública

INS. 2019. INFORME CARGA DE ENFERMEDAD AMBIENTAL EN COLOMBIA. Instituto Nacional de Salud.

INSP. 2019. Línea de investigación en Salud ambiental [online]. https://www.insp.mx/lineas-de-investigacion/saludambiental.html

IUCN. 2000. Contaminación por explosivos sin detonar en los sitios de prácticas militares de los Estados Unidos en la República de Panamá. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/resrecfiles/WCC_2000_REC_84_ES.pdf

IWEco. 2016. Targeting Land Degradation and Effective Land Management through the Development of Innovative Financing Methodologies ANTIGUA & BARBUDA. 1–78 pp.

JICA & ADN. 2006. El Estudio del Plan de Manejo Integrado de Desechos Sólidos en el Distrito Nacional, Santo Domingo de Guzmán República Dominicana., p. 41. Santo Domingo, Agencia de Cooperación Internacional del Japón y Ayuntamiento del Distrito Nacional. (also available at http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/171027_01.pdf).

Justicia, M. de. 2007. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Cuba.

Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P. & Van Woerden, F. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. The World Bank. (also available at http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0).

LaRed21. 2002. Uruguay prohibió uso del asbesto, un mineral altamente cancerígeno. LARED21, 24 May 2002. (also available at //www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/80560-uruguay-prohibio-uso-del-asbesto-un-mineral-altamente-cancerigeno).

Lechtenböhmer, S., Altmann, M., Capito, S., Matra, Z., Weindrorf, W. & Zittel, W. 2011. Repercusiones de la extracción de gas y petróleo de esquisto en el medio ambiente y la salud humana., p. 95. No. IP/A/ENVI/ST/2011-07. Brussels, Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the European Parliament. (also available at http://www.fracturahidraulicano.info/sites/default/files/media/documentos/shale-gas_parlamento_europeo-es_0.pdf).

Legg, E.D., Ouboter, P.E. & Wright, M.A.P. 2015. Small-scale gold mining related mercury contamination in the Guianas: a review., p. 61. WWF Guianas. (also available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Ouboter/publication/279549371_Small-Scale_Gold_Mining_Related_Mercury_Contamination_in_the_Guianas_A_Review/links/5596c00308ae99aa62c8b7bd.pdf).

Lino, J. dos S. & Aquino, A.R. de. 2019. A study of contaminated land in São Paulo city, Brazil and mainly adopted remediation process face a deficient database. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Remediation, 7: 23–35. https://doi.org/10.11159/ijepr.2019.003

Liu, C., Kroeze, C., Hoekstra, A.Y. & Gerbens-Leenes, W. 2012. Past and future trends in grey water footprints of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to major world rivers. Ecological Indicators, 18: 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.005

Lodos, G.D.E., La, Y.E.D.E., Un, B.D.E., Autores, N.D.E.L.O.S., Passeggi, M. & Lieberman, L. 2000. Asociación Interamericana De Ingeniería Sanitaria Y Ambiental - Aidis

Lopera, J. & Campos, M. 2011. Desarrollo De Capacidades En El Uso Seguro De Aguas Residuales Para Agricultura. Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural(7): 22.

López, R. 2002. DEGRADACION DEL SUELO CAUSAS, PROCESOS EVALUACION E INVESTIGACION. Mérida, Venezuela280 pp.

Lowe, H., Smith, R., Campbell, N. & Morrison, E. 2002. Lead pollution and amelioration measures in the community of Frazers Content, St Catherine, Jamaica. europepmc, 51(3): 160–163.

Magaña, R. 2010. Resumen Ambiental Nacional El Salvador. In: United Nations Environment Programme [online]

Mandal, A. & Voutchkov, M. 2011. Heavy Metals in Soils around the Cement Factory in Rockfort, Kingston, Jamaica. Scientifit research, 2: 7.

Mantovi, P., Bonazzi, G., Maestri, E. & Marmiroli, N. 2003. Accumulation of copper and zinc from liquid manure in agricultural soils and crop plants. Plant and Soil, 250(2): 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022848131043

MARENA. 2010. Geo IV. Informe del Estado del Ambiente Nicaragua 2007-2008., p. 347. Ministerio del Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Nicaragua. (also available at http://www.marena.gob.ni/Enderedd/wp-content/uploads/Docs/Documentos%20Tecnicos/Geo%20IV.pdf).

MARN. 2016a. Estrategia Nacional de Saneamiento Ambiental – MARN [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. https://www.marn.gob.sv/estrategia-nacional-de-saneamiento-ambiental/

MARN. 2016b. Plan Nacional de Implementación de Guatemala sobre Contaminantes Organicos Persistentes 2016-2025., p. 171. Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Guatemala. (also available at http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NIP-Guatemala-COP5.Spanish.pdf).

MARN. 2017. Informe Ambiental del Estado de Guatemala., p. 274. Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Guatemala. (also available at https://www.marn.gob.gt/Multimedios/8879.pdf).

Marrugo-Negrete, J., Pinedo-Hernández, J. & Díez, S. 2017. Assessment of heavy metal pollution, spatial distribution and origin in agricultural soils along the Sinú River Basin, Colombia. Environmental Research, 154: 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.021

Martínez Sepúlveda, J.A. 2018. Contaminación y remediación de suelos en Colombia: aplicación a la minería de oro

MGAP. 2019a. MGAP prohibió la importación, registro y renovación de agroquímicos a base del Fentión. Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, 2019. (also available at https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/noticias/mgap-prohibio-importacion-registro-renovacion-agroquimicos-base-del-fention).

MGAP. 2019b. 2 de setiembre, ‘Día de la Conservación del Suelo’

MGAP. 2019c. MGAP Proyectos [online]. http://www.mgap.gub.uy/

MINAE-Ministerio de Ambiente y Energia. 2017. Informe Estado del Ambiente Costa Rica 2017

Minamata Convention. 2021. Parties of the Minamata Convention. In: Mercury Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Countries/Parties/tabid/3428/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Minamata Convention on Mercury. 2019. Minamata Convention on Mercury > Home [online]. [Cited 26 December 2019]. http://www.mercuryconvention.org/

Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. 2007a. Inventario preliminar deCompuestos BifenilosPoliclorados (PCB)existentes en Colombia

Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. 2007b. Inventario de Plaguicidas

Ministerio de Ambiente Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. 2007c. Inventario Nacional deFuentes y Liberacionesde Dioxinas y Furanosen Colombia

Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. 2016. Gestión Sostenible del Suelo. 6–86 pp.

Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. 2019. En el día mundial del suelo Colombia conforma Alianza Nacional por los suelos [online]. https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/noticias-minambiente/4566-alianza-colombia-conservacion-suelos

Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2016. Guatemala, un país aún con poca conciencia ambiental. In: Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales del Gobierno de la Republica de Guatemala [online]

Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Guatemala. 2017. Informe Ambiental del Estado de Guatemala-2016. Guatemala274 pp.

Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, P. 2009. Decreto Ejecutivo No. 2. Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas.

Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2019. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente en conjunto con varias instituciones celebran el “Día Mundial del Suelo”. (also available at https://ambiente.gob.do/ministerio-de-medio-ambiente-en-conjunto-con-varias-instituciones-celebran-el-dia-mundial-del-suelo/).

Ministerio de Salud. 2001. Decreto 656 del Ministerio de Salud que prohibe el uso del asbesto en productos que indica. [Cited 25 January 2020]. https://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=180143

Ministerio de Salud - República de Panamá. 2017. Bolletín Estadístico 2017. 87 pp.

Ministerio de Salud Pública. 2019. Ministerio de Salud Pública, academia y sociedad civil analizan acciones para enfrentar los factores sociales, económicos y ambientales relacionados con el cáncer [online]. https://www.salud.gob.ec/ministerio-de-salud-publica-academia-y-sociedad-civil-analizan-acciones-para-enfrentar-los-factores-sociales-economicos-y-ambientales-relacionados-con-el-cancer/

Ministerio del Ambiente. 2019. Avanza remediación de suelos contaminados en Lago Chinchaycocha de Junín. Plataforma Digital Única del Estado Peruano, 2019. (also available at https://www.gob.pe/institucion/minam/noticias/24240-avanza-remediacion-de-suelos-contaminados-en-lago-chinchaycocha-de-junin).

Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador. 2017. Ministerio del Ambiente compartió sus experiencias en el tratamiento de sitios contaminados con PCB

Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. 2018. Cuarto reporte del estado del medio ambiente. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Chile. 273 pp. (also available at https://sinia.mma.gob.cl/cuarto-reporte-del-estado-del-medio-ambiente-2/).

Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, C. 2012. Guía Metodológica para la Gestión de Suelos con Potencial Presencia de Contaminantes. Santiago de Chile147 pp.

Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Planes, N. y R. & Ambiental. 2018. Cuarto reporte del estado del medio ambiente. suelos: 191–204.

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 2001. First National Communication on Climate Change. UNFCCC(April).

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 2018. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Dominica Emergency Agricultural Livelihoods And Climate Resilience Project (DEALCRP)., p. 173. (also available at http://agriculture.gov.dm/images/documents/dominica_EALCRP_ESMF.pdf).

Ministry of Health. 2011. Política Nacional de Salud Ambiental 2011-2020. [Cited 6 September 2020]. http://www.digesa.minsa.gob.pe/publicaciones/descargas/POLITICA-DIGESA-MINSA.pdf

Ministry of Health & the Environment. 2017. Antigua & Barbuda National Environment Statistics Guidance Document. 10 pp.

Montero, D. 1998. MERCOSUR - A Toxic Waste Dump? In: Inter Press Service. Environment - Latin America [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.ipsnews.net/1998/02/environment-latin-america-mercosur-a-toxic-waste-dump/

Multigner, L., Kadhel, P., Rouget, F., Blanchet, P. & Cordier, S. 2016. Chlordecone exposure and adverse effects in French West Indies populations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(1): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4621-5

Nascimento, R.A., Nunoo, D.B.O., Bizkarguenaga, E., Schultes, L., Zabaleta, I., Benskin, J.P., Spanó, S. & Leonel, J. 2018. Sulfluramid use in Brazilian agriculture: A source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to the environment. Environmental Pollution, 242: 1436–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.122

Nash, N. 1991. Latin Nations Getting Others’ Waste - The New York Times. The New York Times, 1991. (also available at https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/16/world/latin-nations-getting-others-waste.html).

National Assessment Team of Antigua and Barbuda. 2007. Living Conditions in Antigua and Barbuda: Poverty in a Service Economy in Transition

Navarro, V. 2009. Los desastres en su interacción con la ciencia, la tecnología y la sociedad. MediSur, 4(2).

Nolasco, S. 2011. Impactos de la Mineria Metalica en Centroamerica., p. 78. Observatorio de Conflictor Mineros de America Latina. (also available at https://www.ocmal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Impactos_de_la_Mineria_Metalica_en_Centroamerica.pdf).

OLCA. 2015. Organización social dominicana pide audiencia a ministra Salud para tratar contaminación minera de Barrick Gold. In: Observatorio Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales [online]

ONEI. 2019. Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información [online]. www.one.cu

OPS. 2012a. Islas Turcas Caicos. SALUD EN LAS AMÉRICAS, p. 11

OPS. 2012b. Antigua y Barbuda Salud en las americas. OPS, p. 15 pp.

Organización Panamericana de la Salud. 2012. Salud en las Américas. 18 pp.

Otromundoesposible. 2013. Shell: el legado tóxico que dejó en Curazao. (also available at https://www.otromundoesposible.net/shell-el-legado-toxico-que-dejo-en-curazao/).

Oviedo-Anchundia, R., Moina-Quimí, E., Naranjo-Morán, J. & Barcos-Arias, M. 2017. Contaminación por metales pesados en el sur del Ecuador asociada a la actividad minera. Revista Bionatura supports the Sustainable Development Goals, 2(4): 437–441. https://doi.org/10.21931/RB/2017.02.04.5

PAHO. 2012. Dominca. SALUD EN LAS AMÉRICAS, p. 4

PAHO. 2014. Proyecto deCooperación Técnica entre Países (TCC): “Fortalecimiento de las capacidades locales en evaluación de riesgos a la salud humana por exposición a residuos peligrosos en sitios contaminados”, entre Brasil y Paraguay

PAHO. 2019. Toxicology Network of Latin America and the Caribbean [online]. https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8707:2013-red-toxicologia-america-latina-caribe&Itemid=40144&lang=en

Portafolio. 2019. En firme, ley que prohíbe uso de asbesto en Colombia a partir de 2021. (also available at https://www.portafolio.co/economia/en-firme-ley-que-prohibe-uso-de-asbesto-en-colombia-a-partir-de-2021-531474).

Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Corvalán, C., Bos, R. & Neira, M. 2016. Preventing disease through healthy environments., p. 176. WHO. (also available at https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204585/9789241565196_eng.pdf?sequence=1).

Ramírez Sánchez, A. 2017. Evaluación del potencial fitorremediativo para el control de la exposición al plomo y otros metales y restauración ambiental en Haina, República Dominicana

Rauert, C., Harner, T., Schuster, J.K., Eng, A., Fillmann, G., Castillo, L.E., Fentanes, O., Villa Ibarra, M., Miglioranza, K.S.B., Moreno Rivadeneira, I., Pozo, K. & Aristizábal Zuluaga, B.H. 2018. Atmospheric Concentrations of New Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Chemicals of Concern in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) Region. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(13): 7240–7249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00995

Rawlins, B.G., Ferguson, A.J., Chilton, P.J., Arthurton, R.S., Rees, J.G. & Baldock, J.W. 1998. Review of agricultural pollution in the Caribbean with particular emphasis on small island developing states. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36(9): 658–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00054-X

Reeder, P. & Shapiro, L. 2003. Lead Contamination of Soils in Belize City, Belize, Central America. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 38(12(2003)): 2785–2805.

Regeneration International. 2019. Belice: transitando hacia la regeneración [online]

Reyes, G.& C.J. 2017. Intensidad en el uso de fertilizantes en América Latina y el Caribe (2006-2012)

Riojas-Rodriguez, H., Schilmann, A., López-Carrillo, L. & Finkelman, J. 2013. La salud ambiental en México: situación actual y perspectivas futuras. Salud Pública de México, 55: 638–649.

Rivera, R.S. 2013. La Problemática de la contaminación por causa de las Fuentes Dispersas en Puerto Rico Causas y Recomendaciones. 44 pp.

Rodriguez, E. 2018. EPA Announces Proposal to Improve Cleanup at Tutu Wellfield Superfund Site on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. In: United States Environmental Protection Agency [online]

Rodríguez García, A. 2019. La protección del medioambiente en Cuba, una prioridad gubernamental. Revista Novedades en Población, 15(30): 113–122. (also available at http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1817-40782019000200113&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es).

Rodríguez López, D. & Burucua, A. 2015. Pasivos ambientales e hidrocarburos en Argentina Pasivos ambientales e hidrocarburos en Argentina. Análisis de casoss y marcos jurídicos para un debate urgente. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Ediciones del Jinete Insomne. 105 pp. (also available at https://media.business-humanrights.org/media/documents/files/documents/Libro-Pasivos-Ambientales-web.pdf).

Rojas, M., Videla, S., Guijón, A., Arndt, D. & Peña, C. 2015. Por los Suelos. https://www.induambiente.com/actualidad/debate/por-los-suelos

Rotterdam Convention. 2010. Rotterdam Convention [online]. [Cited 26 December 2019]. http://www.pic.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/1044/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Rotterdam Convention. 2021. Status of ratifications of the Rotterdam Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://www.pic.int/Countries/Statusofratifications/tabid/1072/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Sanchez, Nancy., Rodriguez, Manuel. & Sarria, Victor. 2006. Pesticidas Obsoletos en Colombia. revista de ingenieria, 23: 13–22.

SE. 2019. Uruguay recicla solo el 5% de sus residuos y entierra toneladas de gran valor. Sudestada.

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2017. Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU). In: gob.mx [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. http://www.gob.mx/semarnat/acciones-y-programas/residuos-solidos-urbanos-rsu

Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2018. Programa Nacional de Remediación de Sitios Contaminados (PNRSC). In: gob.mx [online]. [Cited 23 January 2020]. http://www.gob.mx/semarnat/documentos/programa-nacional-de-remediacion-de-sitios-contaminados

SEMARNAT. 2004. NOM-147-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2004. Mexico, Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.

SEMARNAT. 2012a. El medio ambiente en México 2013.2014 [online]

SEMARNAT. 2012b. NOM-138-SEMARNAT/SSA1-2012. Mexico, Estados Unidos Mexicanos.- Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.

SEMARNAT. 2014. Sitios contaminados [online]. https://apps1.semarnat.gob.mx:8443/dgeia/informe_resumen14/07_residuos/7_4_1.html

SEMARNAT. 2019. Press [online]. https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/es/archivo/prensa#documentos

Senado República de Chile. 2019. Desertificación y sequía: resaltan compromiso para avanzar en una Ley General de Suelos [online]. https://www.senado.cl/desertificacion-y-sequia-resaltan-compromiso-para-avanzar-en-una-ley/senado/2019-06-06/172748.html

SERNA-Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente & CESCCO-Centro de Estudios y Control de Contaminantes. 2009. Plan Nacional de Implementación del Convenio de Estocolmo para la Gestión de los Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes (COPs) en Honduras

Silva, F.B.V., Nascimento, C.W.A., Alvarez, A.M. & Araújo, P.R.M. 2018. Inputs of rare earth elements in Brazilian agricultural soils via P-containing fertilizers and soil correctives. Journal of Environmental Management, 232: 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.031

SMART. 2020. Nitrogen Management. In: Smart Fertilizer [online]. [Cited 18 August 2020]. https://www.smart-fertilizer.com/articles/nitrogen/

Somerville, M.F. & Liebens, J. 2011. DDTs in soils affected by mosquito fumigation in Belize. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 20(3): 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2011.560982

Statista. 2020. Mining in Latin America., p. 71. Statista. (also available at https://www.statista.com/topics/5436/mining-in-latin-america/).

Steinmann, P., Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. 2006. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 6(7): 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70521-7

Stepping, K. 2016. Urban Sewage in Brazil: Drivers of and Obstacles to Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Governing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Series

Stockholm Convention. 2019. Stockholm Convention - Home page [online]. [Cited 26 December 2019]. http://chm.pops.int/

Stockholm Convention. 2021. Status of ratifications of the Stockholm Convention [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. http://chm.pops.int/Countries/StatusofRatifications/PartiesandSignatoires/tabid/4500/Default.aspx

Subsecretaría de Salud Pública. 2017. Plan de Gestión Ambiental. Proyecto de Apoyo al Sector Salud., p. 17. Santiago de Chile, Ministerio de Salud, Gobierno de Chile. (also available at https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Plan-de-Gestión-Ambiental-Proyecto-Salud-Chile-9-de-marzo-2017.pdf).

Tello Espinoza, P., Martínez Arce, E., Daza, D., Soulier Faure, M. & Terraza, H. 2010. Informe de la evaluación regional del manejo de residuos sólidos urbanos en América Latina y el Caribe 2010. Paper presented at, 2010.

The Government of the Bahamas. 2019. Environmental Protection (Control of Plastic Pollution) Act, 2019. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/44bdbad5-c451-467d-ae6d-964790d44344/20+december+2019.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

The Ministry of Labour Technological Development and Environment (ATM). 2013. Suriname: The Fourth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. (December): 58.

Thomas-Hope, E.M. 1998. Solid Waste Management: Critical Issues for Developing Countries. Canoe Press, University of the West Indies. 300 pp.

Torres, J.P.M., Fróes-Asmus, C.I.R., Weber, R. & Vijgen, J.M.H. 2013a. HCH contamination from former pesticide production in Brazil—a challenge for the Stockholm Convention implementation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(4): 1951–1957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1089-4

Torres, J.P.M., Leite, C., Krauss, T. & Weber, R. 2013b. Landfill mining from a deposit of the chlorine/organochlorine industry as source of dioxin contamination of animal feed and assessment of the responsible processes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(4): 1958–1965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1073-z

Tovar, J. 2007. Estructura y Poder de Mercado en el Sector de Agroquímicos en Colombia. Bogotá106 pp.

Towle, J., Pierre Bacle, J., Lindsay, K., Gore, S., Petrovic, C., Rolli, C., Georges, N., Kent, M., McDevitt, C. & Delaney-Smith, R. 2015. An Environmental Profile of the Island of TORTOLA, British Virgin Islands. BR I T ISH VI R G I N I S L A N DS EN VI RO N M EN T A L P R O FI L E SE R IES, 4(1): 351.

UN. 2020. Map of the World. United Nations. [Cited 27 March 2021]. https://www.un.org/geospatial/file/3420/download

UN Environment. 2017. Eliminating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations Environment Program. [Cited 7 September 2020]. https://app.mapx.org/?project=MX-6D4-562-1UT-E3X-4YY&language=en

UNEP. 2002. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic subtances. Central America and the Caribbean Regional report., p. 145. Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Environment Programme - Chemicals. (also available at http://www.oas.org/dsd/Quimicos/Central%20America%20Caribbean%20Report%20UNEP.pdf).

UNEP. 2005. GEO Bahamas 2005. The Bahamas State of the Environment Report., p. 66. Nassau, Bahamas, United Nations Environment Programme. (also available at http://www.best.gov.bs/Documents/GEO%20Bahamas%202005%20Report%20%28webfile%29.pdf).

UNEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers. St-Martin-Bellevue.

UNEP. 2013. Haití - República Dominicana. Desafíos ambientales en la zona fronteriza., p. 158. Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations Environment Programme. (also available at https://news.un.org/es/story/2011/04/1215831).

UNEP & BCCC-SCRC. 2014. Taller regional de lanzamiento de proyectos sobre mercurio – [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. https://ccbasilea-crestocolmo.org.uy/meetings/taller-regional-de-lanzamiento-de-proyectos-sobre-mercurio/

UNIDO. 2019. Scaling up UNIDO´s e-waste management cooperation in Latin America: enhancing the proper disposal of POPs. In: United Nations Industrial Development Organization [online]. [Cited 7 September 2020]. https://www.unido.org/news/scaling-unidos-e-waste-management-cooperation-latin-america-enhancing-proper-disposal-pops

Universidad de Costa Rica-URC. 2018. Combatir la contaminación del suelo es una tarea urgente

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2004. Water resources assessment of the Bahamas., p. 114. U.S. Southern Command Engineer’s Office. (also available at https://www.sam.usace.army.mil/Portals/46/docs/military/engineering/docs/WRA/Bahamas/BAHAMAS1WRA.pdf).

US EPA. 2019a. Third five-year review report for Tutu wellfield Superfund Site St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands., p. 46. New York, U.S. Environment Protection Agency. (also available at https://semspub.epa.gov/work/02/565604.pdf).

US EPA, O. 2014. Reducing Mercury Pollution from Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining. In: US EPA [online]. [Cited 4 September 2020]. https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/reducing-mercury-pollution-artisanal-and-small-scale-gold-mining

US EPA, O. 2017. EPA presenta propuesta de limpieza y remediación ambiental para remover sustancias químicas contaminantes de Lugar de Superfondo en Utuado, Puerto Rico. In: US EPA [online]. [Cited 25 January 2020]. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-presenta-propuesta-de-limpieza-y-remediacion-ambiental-para-remover-sustancias

US EPA, O. 2018. EPA Announces Proposal to Improve Cleanup at Tutu Wellfield Superfund Site on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. In: US EPA [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-proposal-improve-cleanup-tutu-wellfield-superfund-site-st-thomas-us

US EPA, O. 2019b. Superfund: National Priorities List (NPL). In: US EPA [online]. [Cited 14 January 2020]. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/superfund-national-priorities-list-npl

US EPA, O. 2019c. EPA Finalizes Cleanup Plan for Pesticides Storage Facility in Manati, Puerto Rico. In: US EPA [online]. [Cited 26 January 2020]. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-finalizes-cleanup-plan-pesticides-storage-facility-manati-puerto-rico

USACE. 2004. Water resources assessment of Dominica, Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis

Vargas-Fallas, L.C. 2009. Remediación del derrame de hidrocarburos en el caso Barreal-Belén, Costa Rica. Revista Tecnología en Marcha, 22(4): 3. (also available at https://revistas.tec.ac.cr/index.php/tec_marcha/article/view/121).

Vargas-Fallas, L.C. 2011. Avances en la remediación del derrame de hidrocarburos en Barreal-Belén. Propuesta de medidas para la protección de acuíferos. Tecnologia en Marcha, 24(1): 50–63. (also available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279651712_Avances_en_la_remediacion_del_derrame_de_hidrocarburos_en_Barreal-Belen_Propuesta_de_medidas_para_la_proteccion_de_acuiferos).

Viana Ríos, R. 2018. Minería en América Latina y el Caribe, un enfoque socioambiental. Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 21(2): 617–631. https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v21.n2.2018.1066

Vieira da Silva, F.B., Araújo do Nascimento, C.W. & Muniz Araújo, P.R. 2017. Environmental risk of trace elements in P-containing fertilizers marketed in Brazil. Journal of soil science and plant nutrition, 17(3): 635–647. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162017000300007

Villalba, L. 2017. Gestión Efectiva de los Residuos Sólidos: ¿Utopía en Venezuela?

Villaverde del Rio, A. 2019. Aruba: ‘la isla feliz’ que apuesta por la sostenibilidad. Segovia, Universidad de Valladolid. (Bachelor’s Thesis). (also available at http://157.88.20.52/bitstream/handle/10324/37239/TFG-N.1139.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y).

Vincent, F. 2018. Chlordecone: the West Indies poisoned for generations. Le Monde, 6 June 2018. (also available at https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2018/06/06/chlordecone-les-antilles-empoisonnees-pour-sept-siecles_5310192_3244.html).

Weber, R. 2019. National Implementation Plan (NIP) Update for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) for Suriname. Caribbean Public Health Agency. http://chm.pops.int/Portals/0/download.aspx?d=UNEP-POPS-NIP-Suriname-COP4.English.pdf

Who. 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater in agriculture and aquaculture (Vols 1–4). Geneva.

WHO. 2017. Population using safely managed sanitation services (%). In: Global Health Observatory (GHO) data [online]. [Cited 19 August 2020]. https://www.who.int/data/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent/monitor

WHO. 2019. Quantifying environmental health impacts. In: Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks [online]. https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventing-disease/en/

World Bank. 2013. Un 70% de las aguas residuales de Latinoamérica vuelven a los ríos sin ser tratadas [online]. https://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/feature/2014/01/02/rios-de-latinoamerica-contaminados

World Bank. 2019a. Latin America & Caribbean [online]. https://data.worldbank.org/region/latin-america-and-caribbean?view=chart

World Bank. 2019b. Fertilizer Consumption in Latin-America and the Caribbean Region [online]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.ZS?end=2016&locations=ZJ&name_desc=true&start=2002&view=chart

Zolezzi, A. 2017. Salud y medio ambiente en el Perú actual. Acta Médica Peruana, 34(2).