Rice-fish co-culture in southern China dates back more the 1000 years. The rice-fish co-culture system in Qingtian, Zhejiang Province is one of FAO’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS). Co-culture rice with fish provides both rice grain and aquatic protein. Rice-fish farming systems have tremendous potential for increasing food security and alleviating poverty in rural areas; they also use the same land resource efficiently to produce both carbohydrates and animal protein. In rice-fish farming systems, water can be used to simultaneously produce the two basic foods.