Sentinel 2 data from November 2022 and September 2023 was used as a baseline for comparison with November 2023 for NDVI-based change assessment. Significant change in cropland greenness was identified as cropland damage. A decrease of 0.2 or greater was considered as an abrupt change and a potential indication of affected cropland. The severity of the impact on cropland was determined by calculating the percentage and hectares of the damaged area by cropland types. The grid depicts the severity of damage in localised areas; in each tile the area of damaged cropland was divided by the total cropland area. The 2021 land cover map was used as an input to categorize cropland damage (https://www.fao.org/publications/card/ en/c/cb7167en).