This study explores the evolving concept of Alternative Food Networks (AFN) over the past two decades, aiming to provide greater conceptual clarity. Employing a three-stage systematic literature review, the analysis synthesizes existing research to identify key attributes and recurring themes that define AFN.

The findings highlight that while no singular definition of AFN exists, common characteristics include "alterity," emphasizing alternatives to industrialized food systems; "proximity," fostering closer producer-consumer relationships; "connectedness," integrating stakeholders across the food chain; and "sustainability," prioritizing ecological and social well-being. Additionally, the study distinguishes AFN from short food supply chains, noting overlap but identifying civic food networks as a subset emphasizing community engagement and civic participation. Importantly, AFN are not inherently local food systems, nor do all local food systems align with AFN principles.

To navigate these nuances, this paper introduces guiding questions for researchers, offering a structured approach to studying and reporting on AFN. By elucidating core attributes and providing a roadmap for inquiry, this research supports informed decision-making and policy development, ensuring that efforts to advance AFN are grounded in their complexities and potential to transform food systems.